Side Of Plane Research Articles

An initial report of robotic-assisted anatomical liver resection with indocyanine green fluorescence navigation using the ultrasound-guided preoperative positive staining technique.

Robotic-assisted surgery has become increasingly popular because of its potential benefits. Anatomical liver resection (ALR) is a valuable strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management. ALR with indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation was reported as an effective solution for segment identification. We reported a simple and convenient "preoperative positive staining technique" for laparoscopic ALR to overcome some limitations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of robotic-assisted surgery in which ALR was performed using this technique. A 69-year-old man presented with a 12-mm HCC in segment 8. Preoperative three-dimensional simulation images showed that the fourth-order branch of the portal vein was a tumor-bearing portal pedicle. After anesthesia induction, 1 mL of 0.025 mg/mL ICG was injected percutaneously into this branch under B-mode ultrasound guidance before pneumoperitoneum. A robotic laparoscope was inserted. The preoperative positive staining area was clearly stained on the liver surface with the Firefly mode on the da Vinci Xi system. Based on the demarcation line, the liver parenchymal resection was started. The ICG fluorescence staining area was checked frequently on the resected side of the liver transection plane. Subsequently, the fourth-order portal branch was identified with the ICG fluorescence technique and ligated. Finally, the specimen was resected. The operation took 352 min, with 10 mL of blood loss, and was completed without any operative problems. Although many cases are required, the proposed preoperative positive staining technique appears useful for accurate and precise surgery given the increasing application of robotic-assisted hepatectomy.

تقييم أداء هوائي المايكروسترب لتقليل إمتصاص الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية في األنسجة البشرية في نطاقات 5جي

The absorption of electromagnetic waves emitted by wireless devices in human tissues is quantified by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) measured for 1g or 10g of body tissues. The primary objective of this research is to identify an effective shield material that can minimize the impact and potential harm of electromagnetic waves on human tissues. The study involves the design of a single radiator Microstrip antenna operating at 28 GHz and the modelling of human tissue layers. SAR calculations for 1g of body tissues are performed based on the distance between the antenna and the head model. To evaluate the influence of antenna position on the head model, SAR calculations are conducted using two different approaches. In the first approach, the head model is positioned on the patch radiator side, while in the second approach, it is placed on the ground plane side. The aim is to determine which configuration yields lower SAR values. Furthermore, SAR calculations are reanalysed by incorporating shielding materials onto the Microstrip antenna. Three different absorbed materials are used as shields, and their impact on SAR reduction and radiation parameters of the Microstrip antenna are evaluated. The objective is to identify the shield material that achieves the highest SAR reduction while minimally affecting the radiation parameters of the antenna.

A scorpion-like NHC Ag(I) complex based on triazinetrione: Preparation, structure and recognition to dihydrogen phosphate

A tri-imidazolium salt LH3·(PF6)3 and its NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) Ag(I) complex 1 were prepared and characterized. The structures of LH3·(PF6)3 and 1 were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analysis. In LH3·(PF6)3, two imidazoles lied on the same side of triazinetrione plane, and the third imidazole lied on another side of triazinetrione plane. Complex 1 was of a scorpion-like structure with a 12-membered macrometallocycle. Additionally, the selective recognition of 1 for H2PO4- was studied on the basis of fluorescent spectra, 1H NMR, MS and IR. The high association constant for 1·H2PO4- (K = 3.3 × 104 M-1) showed that 1 had strong association ability to H2PO4-. The low detection limit (2.54 × 10-10 mol/L) indicated that the detection of 1 to H2PO4- was sensitive.

High ODMR contrast and alignment of NV centers in microstructures grown on heteroepitaxial diamonds

Heteroepitaxial chemical vapor deposition is the most promising option to fabricate wafer-scale monocrystalline diamonds for quantum applications. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility to manufacture functional micrometer-sized pyramids on as-grown heteroepitaxial diamond as well as their quantum optical characteristics. Due to high background signals and microfabrication challenges, these pyramids could not compete with homoepitaxially grown structures. In this study, we overcame these problems with a nominally undoped buffer layer between the heteroepitaxial substrate and the pyramidal microstructure to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio from the substrate on the spin measurements of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Moreover, the microfabrication was improved to reach a higher angle of the pyramidal side plane, corresponding to the {111} facets. These improvements lead to pyramids on which each facet contains almost purely only one of the four possible NV orientations as shown by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). ODMR shows a very high contrast of 19% without an external magnet and of 13% for a single spin resonance in the presence of a magnetic field. The contrast is more than doubled compared to our previous study. The T2* dephasing time of the NV centers of the samples ranges from 0.02 to 0.16 μs. The P1 center is a single substitutional nitrogen center, and the P1 densities range from 1.8 to 5 ppm.

Nonlinear recurrence analysis of piezo sensor placement for unmanned aerial vehicle motor failure diagnosis

This paper is focused on the diagnostics of multicopter UAV propulsion system, in which the temporary transient states occur during operation in faulty conditions (eg. not all motor phases working properly). As a diagnostic sensor, the piezo strip has been used, which is very sensitive to any vibrations of the multi-rotor frame. The paper concerns the precise location of the sensor for more effective monitoring of the propulsion system state. For this purpose, a nonlinear analysis of the vibration times series was carefully presented. The obtained non-linear time series were studied with the recurrence analysis in short time windows, which were sensitive to changes in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle motor speeds. The tests were carried out with different percentage of the pulse width modulation signal used for the operation of the brushless motor and for different locations of the piezosensor (side and top planes of the multicopter arm). In the article, it was shown that the side location of the piezosensor is more sensitive to changes in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle propulsion system, which was studied with the Principal Component Analysis method applied for four main recurrence quantifications. The research presented proves the possibility of using nonlinear recurrence analysis for propulsion system diagnostics and helps to determine the optimal sensor location for more effective health monitoring of multicopter motor.

Aerodynamic noise analysis of tilting rotor in edgewise flow conditions

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of the noise characteristics of an isolated tilt-rotor system under edgewise flight conditions. The investigation explores the effect of rotor tilt on noise and aerodynamics using flow velocity, thrust, and far-field noise measurements. Flow field results show that as the tilting angles vary, there is a change in speed over the rotor blade surface, which influences vortex formation and wake attributes. The far-field noise spectra revealed a significant decrease in sound pressure level with increasing tilt angle, predominantly evident in both the high-amplitude tonal peaks and the broadband signal within the low-to-mid frequency range. The directivity patterns of the overall sound pressure level also demonstrated a reduction in magnitude with the tilting of the rotor. This reduction was observed consistently across all top-plane observation points, with a monopole directivity trend. Meanwhile, in the side plane array, the decrease was primarily evident above the plane of rotation with a dipole directivity pattern. The radiation direction at which the minimum sound pressure level occurs was identified near the rotation plane, irrespective of the tilt angle. Furthermore, the time-dependent noise analyses revealed dominant and persistent signal characteristics at the blade passing frequency, whereas the mid-frequency range exhibited more intermittent behaviour, and the high-frequency range indicated transient characteristics.

Текстура рекристалізації та анізотропії пружних властивостей листів сталі DC04

We studied steel sheets DC04 (0.06% C, up to 0.35% Mn, up to 0.40% Si, ~ 0.025% S and P) with a thickness of 0.95 mm as delivered. Sheets of A4 size were annealed in a laboratory oven (6000C in an argon atmosphere, hold for 1 hour). The structure of DC04 steel sheets after recrystallization annealing was studied. The microstructure of the steel sheets under study is presented from the side of the rolling plane and in the section of the sheet perpendicular to the direction. In the plane of the sheets, the grains are elongated; in the cross section, the grains are approximately equiaxed. Pole figures (PF) were constructed based on the results of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on a LEO 1455 VP electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV from the plane of the sheets and from the section of the sheet perpendicular to the rolling direction. To improve statistics, PF were constructed by averaging reflex stereographic projections from 20 different representative volumes of material relative to the rolling direction and transverse direction. The texture and anisotropy of Young's modulus in the plane and cross section of steel sheets DC04 after recrystallization annealing was studied using EBSD method. A connection has been obtained between ideal orientations that describe the texture in two mutually perpendicular planes and the corresponding integral characteristics of texture (ICT). Rectangular samples with a length of 100 and a width of 10 mm at different angles to the rolling direction every 150 to measure Young's modulus. Samples were processed in a bag to ensure uniform dimensions. Young's modulus was determined by the dynamic method from the frequency of natural transverse vibrations. Three batches of samples were used to construct Young's modulus anisotropy curves. The anisotropy of the Young's modulus in the plane of steel sheets, calculated from the ICT based on the results of EBSD data, is in good agreement with the results of direct measurements. The value of Young's modulus in the direction normal to the plane of the sheet and in the section plane in the direction normal to the plane of the sheet, calculated from the ICT and the values of the compliance constants of iron, coincide. Keywords: texture, pole figure, anisotropy, integral characteristics of texture, Young's modulus.

COMPUTER SUPPORT FOR THE DESIGN OF THE HOB CUTTER

The aim of the work is to create a computer program in the 3D CAD system T Flex CAD allowing the creation of parametric models for the design and construction of a modular hob cutter for the selected gearing. The thesis includes the analysis of the problem of hob cutters for the production of spur gearing with an involute profile, the analysis of the initial surface and the shape of the tool cutting edge for the involute surface, the determination of the basic profile of the cutting edge of the hob cutter (geometry of the basic worm, geometry of the cutting edge) and the calculation of the design parameters of the tool. The individual calculations will be programmed in the 3D CAD system T Flex CAD, which will allow to generate a specific 3D model of the hob cutter based on the change of input requirements for the production of a given spur gear (module, engagement angle, tooth inclination angle), with the possibility of displaying the required tool in a 2D view in its base, normal and side planes, which will be in the form of a standard technical drawing. This paper presents the preparation (unification calculations, introduction) before the final version of the computer program for the creation of the parametric tool models.

Oxygen Reduction Kinetics of Fe-N-C Single Atom Catalysts Boosted by Pyridinic N Vacancy for Temperature-Adaptive Zn-Air Batteries.

The design of temperature-adaptive Zn-air batteries (ZABs) with long life spans and high energy efficiencies is challenging owing to sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and an unstable Zn/electrolyte interface. Herein, a quasi-solid-state ZAB is designed by combining atomically dispersed Fe-N-C catalysts containing pyridinic N vacancies (FeNC-VN) with a polarized organo-hydrogel electrolyte. First-principles calculation predicts that adjacent VN sites effectively enhance the covalency of Fe-Nx moieties and moderately weaken *OH binding energies, significantly boosting the ORR kinetics and stability. In situ Raman spectra reveal the dynamic evolution of *O2- and *OOH on the FeNC-VN cathode in the aqueous ZAB, proving that the 4e- associative mechanism is dominant. Moreover, the ethylene glycol-modulated organo-hydrogel electrolyte forms a zincophilic protective layer on the Zn anode surface and tailors the [Zn(H2O)6]2+ solvation sheath, effectively guiding epitaxial deposition of Zn2+ on the Zn (002) plane and suppressing side reactions. The assembled quasi-solid-state ZAB demonstrates a long life span of over 1076 h at 2 mA cm-2 at -20 °C, outperforming most reported ZABs.

SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF TETRA-3-(4-CYCLOHEXYLPHENOXY)PHTHALOCYANINE ALUMINUM CHLORIDE COMPLEX

This work is devoted to the synthesis and study of the molecular structure of the tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride complex. The synthesis of tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride was carried out by the "nitrile" method. The complex was purified by M60 silica gel column chromatography, eluting with the chromophore. IR-spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) were used for the identification of the obtained compound. The electronic absorption spectrum was obtained in tetrahydrofurane and interpreted by quantum-chemical calculations in TDDFT approximation. The conformational search was performed utilizing the CREST program and GFN2-xTB approximation, followed by DFT calculations of the “single-point” energies of the found conformations. For each configuration, "single-point" energy calculations were carried out in the B3LYP-D3/dgdzvp approximation and the most energetically favorable structure was identified. It has been established that the most energetically favorable structure of the tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride molecule is characterized by a helical mutual arrangement of bulky substituents on the same side of the macrocyclic plane. The interpretation of the electronic absorption spectrum was made on the basis of TDDFT calculations in the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP and CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP approximations with and without solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF) within the C-PCM continuum solvation model. For both approximations, taking into account the solvent leads to a shift of the long-wavelength absorption maximum by 25–33 nm towards the experimental value (704 nm). The best agreement with experiment is achieved with the [PCM] CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP method.The simulated electronic spectrum is compared with the previously obtained spectra for complexes of Al(Cl) with tetrabenzoporphyrin (ClAlTBP) and tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine (ClAlTPyzPA).

Unraveling the enigma of Craig-type Möbius-aromatic osmium compounds.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and the magnetically induced current density (MICD) susceptibility of four osmium containing molecules have been calculated at the density functional theory (DFT) level using three relativistic levels of theory. The calculations were performed at the quasi-relativistic level using an effective core potential (ECP) for Os, at the all-electron scalar exact two-component (X2C) relativistic level, and at the relativistic X2C level including spin-orbit coupling (SO-X2C). In earlier studies, the osmapentalene (1) and the osmapentalynes (2 and 3) were considered Craig-type Möbius aromatic and it was suggested that the analogous osmium compound (4) is Craig-type Möbius antiaromatic. Here, the ring-current strengths were obtained with the gauge including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method by integrating the MICD susceptibility passing through planes that intersect chemical bonds and by line integration of the induced magnetic field using Ampère-Maxwell's law. The ring-current calculations suggest that 1, 2 and 3 are weakly aromatic and that 4 is nonaromatic. The accuracy of the MICD susceptibility was assessed by comparing calculated NMR chemical shifts to available experimental data. Visualization of the MICD susceptibility shows that the ring current does not pass from one side of the molecular plane to the other, which means that the MICD susceptibility of the studied molecules does not exhibit any Möbius topology as one would expect for Craig-type Möbius aromatic and for Craig-type Möbius antiaromatic molecules. Thus, molecules 1-3 are not Craig-type Möbius aromatic and molecule 4 is not Craig-type Möbius antiaromatic as previously suggested. Calculations of the 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts of atoms near the Os atom show the importance of including spin-orbit effects. Overall, our study revisits the understanding of the aromaticity of organometallic molecules containing transition metals.

Usefulness of ultrasound-guided serratus-anterior block in prevention of postoperative pain after breast surgery. A cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate superficial serratus anterior plane block's efficacy and side effects in preventing postoperative pain after breast cancer surgery. MethodologyA prospective cohort study was conducted on 195 adult patients undergoing breast oncological surgery under general anesthesia (Group G, n = 96) or combined general anesthesia with superficial serratus anterior plane block (Group L, n = 99).Validated preoperative data, which are predictors of chronic postoperative pain of patients, were recorded (type of surgery, age, pain in the area of the intervention and the other regions; anesthetic-surgical data, analgesic doses used, duration of surgery; pain intensity (EVN scale) at immediate postoperative period, 24 h, seven days and one month after the surgery, and complications. ResultsPain intensity, measured by the EVN scale, had a mean of 1.02 +/− 1.656 in the Postoperative Unit; 1.20 +/− 1.448 at 24 h; 0.76 +/− 1208 seven days; and 0.34 +/− 0.757 one month after surgery.Patients were operated under general anesthesia (n = 96) or general anesthesia combined with the interfascial block (n = 99). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in age, height, and VAS scale in PACU. Ten complications were recorded, six in Group L and four in Group G. There were no differences between groups in complications. ConclusionsSuperficial serratus anterior plane blocks are effective and safe in pain control in the immediate postoperative period for breast cancer surgery as a part of the multimodal approach. No significant differences were found one week and one month after surgery.

Estimation of the Seismic Source of the 1974 Lima Peru Earthquake and Tsunami (Mw 8.1)

In this investigation, we have conducted a long period teleseismic and tsunami waveform inversion to obtain the slip distribution of the 1974 Lima-Perú earthquake occurred in the central region of Peru. According to teleseismic inversion, the rupture process was complex with a duration of 90 s approximately and the main asperity was located in the northern side of the rupture geometry, offshore Lima and Callao. According to tsunami waveform inversion the main asperity was located in the southern side of the fault plane, offshore Cañete. However, a joint inversion of teleseismic and tsunami waveforms averaged the contribution of the two datasets and could give a better result. The maximum slip from the joint inversion was 7.25 m, and the moment magnitude was Mw 8.1. Despite the occurrence of this earthquake (almost 50 years ago), there is a high seismic potential to trigger a tsunamigenic earthquake in the central region of Peru. According to the interseismic coupling the next earthquake in the central region of Peru is ready to occur and it would be of 8.5–8.8 Mw.

A Methodology for Predicting Improved Dipole Source Configurations From Near-Field Scan Data

Equivalent sources found from near-electric and magnetic field scans are often used to predict and solve interference problems. While there are many ways to represent the source, the user lacks the ability to determine which of the many possible source configurations is more likely to represent the “true” source, and thus accurately represent field data outside the measurement area and in the presence of typical measurement errors. A methodology is proposed for estimating which of many possible dipole source representations of near-field scan data are likely to give better estimates of fields outside the measurement scan plane when utilizing imperfect measurement data. A quality metric for determining better configurations is proposed, which utilizes the statistical variation of the global difference measure (GDM) in the predicted and measured fields. Equivalent sources are estimated when adding noise to measurement data, and prediction statistics are generated for multiple instantiations of measured noise. Results demonstrate that the better configurations minimize the average plus standard deviation of the GDM. The ability of the technique to identify robust source configurations was tested when measurements were subject to additive measurement noise, cross-field coupling, and systematic errors in probe position, and was evaluated based on its ability to predict fields at points above and to the side of the measurement plane. The method consistently identified better source configurations using both simulated and measured data.

Characteristic modes of a slot antenna design based on defected ground structure for 5G applications

This study employs characteristic mode analysis to investigate a defected ground antenna for multiband applications. The antenna structure incorporates three U-shaped slots in the ground plane, forming a defected ground structure. The microstrip line is exclusively present on the front side plane. The antenna is printed on a substrate made of a ceramic-filled PTFE composite with a size of 20 mm × 21 mm × 0.76 mm and a dielectric constant of 3. The proposed antenna is analyzed using the characteristic mode analysis based on the method of moment and simulated by an electromagnetic simulator based on the finite element method. A multiband antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the proposed antenna performance. The simulation and measurement results reveal that the antenna exhibits good input impedance bandwidths of S11 ≤ − 10 dB that extend from 2 to 12 GHz with three bands around the operating frequencies (2.96, 6.06, and 8.03) GHz.

Development and numerical investigation of Mach probe model in a hypersonic, low-temperature flowing plasma

This study conducted a numerical simulation around a Mach probe under hypersonic low-temperature plasma. The Mach probe has three ion collection planes: front, side, and back. Under a hypersonic flowing plasma, the front and side planes are practical ion collection areas, and the backplane collects no ion flux. The collected ion current density on the front plane is almost identical to that of the mainstream ion flux. By contrast, the ion current collected on the side plane is affected by the concentration of the electric field at the probe edge. As this edge effect has a different influence on the front and side planes, the ion current density ratio of the side to the front planes is dominated by a non-dimensional parameter—the ratio of electrostatic to kinetic flow energy. Based on this non-dimensional parameter, the calculated ion current density ratio can be fitted using a simple mathematical formula. Therefore, the proposed Mach probe model with non-dimensional parameters extends the conventional Mach probe model validated in sub-to-supersonic high-temperature plasma to hypersonic low-temperature flowing plasma, which is commonly observed in electric propulsions.

Surface-dependent CO oxidation over Au/ZnO nanopyramids and nanorods

The catalytic activity of metals is very sensitive to the surface orientation of supporting oxides but rather little is known about ZnO in this regard. Nanostructured support morphologies present an attractive research strategy there because they allow probing the catalytic impact of well-defined surfaces at ambient pressure. The predominant {101̅0} side planes of hexagonal ZnO nanorods (NR) are terminated with the same number of O and Zn atoms while both the (0001) basal and {101̅1̅} side planes of hexagonal ZnO nanopyramids (NPy) are Zn-terminated. STEM analyses reveal two Au//ZnO interfacial configurations for each system after deposition of ∼3 nm Au nanoparticles. CO oxidation proceeds 15 times faster over the Au/ZnO NR than the Au/ZnO NPy catalyst at room temperature. The difference in catalytic activity can be traced to facilitated CO activation at the interfacial sites of Au/ZnO NR while it is retarded due to co-adsorption of CO with CO32- at undercoordinated Zn2+ ions of the interfacial perimeter of Au/ZnO NPy according to CO DRIFTS analyses. These results demonstrate that the catalytic behavior of metal/ZnO systems are very sensitive to ZnO surface terminations and the associated metal//ZnO interface configurations.

Jumps and Lower Limb Strength Asymmetry in Young Soccer Players: Differences Between Sand and Conventional Surfaces

Study purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate jumping performance and lower limbs strength asymmetry in young soccer players by comparing this movement performed on both a conventional surface and a sand surface. Materials and methods. 20 young soccer players under 17 years old randomly performed a standing long jump, a single hop jump in the sagittal plane (Hop Jump Test) and a single side hop jump in the frontal plane (Side Hop Jump Test), first on a conventional surface (natural grass) and then on sand. The jump distance and strength asymmetry was calculated using the formula: (NDL / DL) x 100. Results. The values from the two different jumping conditions showed a statistically significant decrease in the Broad Jump Test (p&lt;0.001, ES: 3.56), Hop Jump Test left limb (p&lt;0.001, ES: 4.99), Hop Jump Test right limb (p&lt;0.001, ES: 3.95), Side Hop Jump Test left limb (p&lt;0.001, ES: 4.67) and Side Hop Jump Test right limb (p&lt;0.001, ES: 2.98) in the sand condition. The asymmetry values in the Hop Jump Test and the Side Hop Jump Test showed a statistically significant increase (+21.5%, p&lt;0.001, ES: 3.66 and +41.1%, p&lt;0.001, ES: 1.99, respectively) when comparing the performance on grass and sand. Conclusions. This different performance response in the two different jumping modes leads to the hypothesis that young soccer players who want to stress their explosive strength ability and joint stability should favor the use of one-leg rather than two-leg jumps. The values described in the study lead to the hypothesis that training on sand should be suggested when the young soccer player presents modest values of inter-limb asymmetry measured on a conventional surface.

Crystal structure studies and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-(di-methyl-aza-nium-yl)-2-hy-droxy-anilinium dichloride monohydrate at 90 K.

The crystal structure and a Hirshfeld surface analysis of the substituted anilinium salt 4-(di-methyl-aza-nium-yl)-2-hy-droxy-anilinium dichloride monohydrate, C8H14N2O+·2Cl-·H2O, at low temperature (90 K) are presented. The organic cation is essentially planar: the r.m.s. deviation of its non-hydrogen atoms (aside from the two methyl groups) is 0.0045 Å. The methyl carbons are 1.3125 (12) Å and 1.1278 (12) Å either side of the mean plane. The crystal packing involves extensive hydrogen bonding of types O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯OW, and OW-HW⋯Cl (where W = water), which arrange into chains of R 2 4(12) motifs that combine to form corrugated layers parallel to (10). Atom-atom contacts for the cation primarily involve hydrogen, leading to the most abundant coverage percentages being 51.3% (H⋯H), 23.0% (H⋯Cl), 12.9% (H⋯O), and 9.7% (C⋯H).

Anisotropic response of additively manufactured 316 L stainless steel towards low-temperature gaseous carburization

In order to modify the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), low-temperature gaseous carburization (LTGC) was employed. During LTGC, a carburized case of expanded austenite forms at the surface, which contains a high surface carbon content (∼2.5 wt%), high nano-hardness (∼12.6 GPa), large compressive residual stresses (from −2.4 GPa to −3.2 GPa), and is free of carbide precipitates. In the expanded austenite zones, different residual stresses were measured with X-ray diffractometry (XRD) for the top plane, i.e. in the plane perpendicular to the build direction, and for the side plane. This anisotropy is suggested to be caused by grain-shape anisotropy for the different specimen planes and inherent to the hierarchical microstructures resulting from L-PBF.