Side Of Plane Research Articles

A 28/38 GHz tuned reconfigurable antenna for 5G mobile communications

In this paper, a compact tuned reconfigurable microstrip antenna for fifth generation (5G) mobile communications is designed to operate at 28 GHz or 38 GHz or both frequencies. The proposed antenna can be reconfigured by using a group of PIN diodes switches across a slit in the upper traditional patch antenna or through the ground plane side. The tuning between the 28 GHz and 38GHz frequency bands can be achieved through ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes switches. The tuned reconfigurable antenna is simulated using CST software package and then fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with a little deviation. The proposed tuned antenna is small in size with 18×11.25 mm2 overall area.

Temperature-Driven Anisotropic Mg2+ Doping for a Pillared LiCoO2 Interlayer Surface in High-Voltage Applications.

High-voltage lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) has the highest volumetric energy density among commercial cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries due to its high working voltage and compacted density. However, under high voltage (4.6 V), the capacity of LiCoO2 fades rapidly due to parasitic reactions of high-valent cobalt with the electrolyte and the loss of lattice oxygen at the interface. In this study, we report a temperature-driven anisotropic doping phenomenon of Mg2+ that results in surface-populated Mg2+ doping to the side of the (003) plane of LiCoO2. Mg2+ dopants enter the Li+ sites, lower the valence state of Co ions with less hybridization between the O 2p and Co 3d orbitals, promote the formation of surface Li+/Co2+ anti-sites, and suppress lattice oxygen loss on the surface. As a result, the modified LiCoO2 demonstrates excellent cycling performance under 4.6 V, reaching an energy density of 911.2 Wh/kg at 0.1C and retaining 92.7% (184.3 mAh g-1) of its capacity after 100 cycles at 1C. Our results highlight a promising avenue for enhancing the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 by anisotropic surface doping with Mg2+.

Spontaneous induced bone fusion in minimally invasive fusionless bipolar fixation in neuromuscular scoliosis: a computed tomography analysis.

Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) at skeletal maturity is still the gold standard in children with neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) who underwent fusionless surgery. The aim of this computed tomography (CT) study was to quantify the spontaneous bone fusion at the end of a lengthening program by minimally invasive fusionless bipolar fixation (MIFBF), that could avoid PSF. NMS operated on with MIFBF from T1 to the pelvis and at final lengthening program were included. CT was performed at least five years postoperatively. The autofusion was classified as completely or not fused at the facets joint (on both coronal and sagittal plane, right and left side, from T1 to L5), and around the rods (axial plane, right and left side, from T5 to L5). Vertebral body heights were assessed. Ten patients were included (10.7y±2 at initial surgery). Mean Cobb angle was 82±20 preoperatively and 37±13 at last follow-up. CT were performed on average 6.7y±1.7 after initial surgery. Mean preoperative and last follow-up thoracic vertebrae height were respectively 13.5 mm±1.7 and 17.4 mm±1.7 (p<0.001). 93% facets joints were fused (out of 320 analyzed joints), corresponding to 15/16 vertebral levels. Ossification around the rods was observed in 6.5±2.4 levels out of 13 in the convex side, and 4.2±2.2 in the concave side (p=0.04). This first computed quantitative study showed MIFBF in NMS preserved spinal growth, while it induced 93% of facet joints fusion. This could be is an additional argument when questionning the real need for PSF at skeletal maturity.

Nonlinear compression behavior research of molded pulp material

The molded pulp material is a popular environmentally friendly material, and many countries are strengthening its application in packaging. This paper aims at the molded pulp material’s mechanical properties. A compression test, which fits the actual work conditions is applied. And then use the standard linear solid (SLS) model to analyze the properties. The results show that the mechanical properties of molded pulp material are significantly different between the surface plane and the side plane, due to the layered distribution of the fibers. In the SLS model curve fitting results, the stiffness of the parallel spring element under edge plane load is significantly greater than that under surface plane load. This indicates long-term stable loads are more suitable for materials designed with loads parallel to the surface, the dynamic vibration energy needs to be designed on the material’s surface.

Normative expression and accurate understanding of focal mechanism parameters

This paper aims at the understanding of the relationship between the upper and lower hemisphere projection maps of the focal sphere, the correct reading of the focal mechanism parameters on the projection diagram, and to investigate if there is uncertainty about whether the slip angle has a unique solution when there are only two nodal strikes and dip angles. Based on the principle of stereographic projection, the following four expressions and understanding skills about focal mechanism parameters are refined: (1) according to the principle of stereographic projection, we analyzed the difference of the presentation of focal mechanism parameters on different projection maps. There is a 180° rotation relationship between the upper and the lower hemisphere projection map. (2) The method of determining the nodal strike on the upper and lower hemisphere projections: for the former, the observer faces the convex direction of the nodal arc, and the direction to the right of the nodal plane is the stike of the fault. The angle turned clockwise in the north direction is the strike angle of the nodal plane; For the latter, the observer faces the convex direction of the arc of the nodal plane, and the point corresponding to the point on the right side of the nodal plane plus 180° is the strike of the fault. (3) The relationship between the azimuth angles of the P, T and N-axis on upper and lower hemisphere projections: the azimuth angles of the P, T, and N-axis on the upper hemisphere projection map = the azimuth angles of the P, T, and N-axis on the lower hemisphere projection map + 180°. (4) Only the strike and dip angles of two nodal planes are used to derive the rake: according to the slip angle formula, two groups of rake solution can be calculated, indicating that the solution are not unique. The actual slip angle can be determined by combining the hanging wall and footwall and strike of fault, or by combining the actual P-axis and T-axis data, or the first motion of P-waves. Aims to aid accurate understanding and long-term memory of focal mechanism parameters with consistent and simple rules.

Coherent motions in a turbulent wake of an axisymmetric bluff body

The wake flow past an axisymmetric body of revolution at a diameter-based Reynolds number $Re=u_{\infty }D/\nu =5000$ is investigated via a direct numerical simulation. The study is focused on identification of coherent vortical motions and the dominant frequencies in this flow. Three dominant coherent motions are identified in the wake: the vortex shedding motion with the frequency of $St=fD/u_{\infty }=0.27$ , the bubble pumping motion with $St=0.02$ , and the very-low-frequency (VLF) motion originated in the very near wake of the body with the frequency $St=0.002$ – $0.005$ . The vortex shedding pattern is demonstrated to follow a reflectional symmetry breaking mode, whereas the vortex loops are shed alternatingly from each side of the vortex shedding plane, but are subsequently twisted and tangled, giving the resulting wake structure a helical spiraling pattern. The bubble pumping motion is confined to the recirculation region and is a result of a Görtler instability. The VLF motion is related to a stochastic destabilisation of a steady symmetric mode in the near wake and manifests itself as a slow, precessional motion of the wake barycentre. The VLF mode with $St=0.005$ is also detectable in the intermediate wake and may be associated with a low-frequency radial flapping of the shear layer.

Embedment strength of dowel-type fasteners for the case of cross-laminated timber plane side insertion

The strength property of dowel-type connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) is dependent on the embedment strength of the adopted dowels. In this study, eight groups with 164 CLT cubic specimens were tested based on the half-hole embedment test configuration to address the effects of the potential factors on the embedment strength. In the embedment tests, the axial direction of the smooth dowels was perpendicular to the plane face of the CLT cubic specimens (i.e., in the case of CLT plane side insertion). The considered influencing factors included the loading angle θ, the ratio between the thickness of the transverse layers to the thickness of CLT (RTrLay), and the gap between the longitudinal laminas within the embedment area. The experimental results were further utilized to verify the current empirical equations that could predict the embedment strength. Results show that the embedment strength of the dowels in the case of CLT plane side insertion is enhanced by 19.96–68.40 % when changing the θ from 90 degree to 0 degree. When the gap between the longitudinal laminas exists in the embedment area, the distinction between the embedment strength measured through the θ of 0 degree and that measured through the θ of 90 degree can be weakened. When the θ is 90 degree, the gap existing in the embedment area has almost no effect on the CLT embedment strength. In contrast, when the adopted θ is switched to 0 degree, the gap existing in the embedment area can weaken the CLT embedment strength by up to 37.11 %. When no gap exists in the embedment area, the embedment strength declines with an increase of the RTrLay; whereas when a gap between the longitudinal laminas exists in the embedment area, a growing trend of the embedment strength is illustrated with the increasing RTrLay.

An experimental study of the sooting behavior of a partially premixed flame under moderately rich conditions

Soot and its gaseous precursors are quantified in detail (precursors up to 166 amu, volume fraction, particle size, number concentration, and light emissivity dispersion exponent) in a laminar partially premixed counterflow flame of ethylene. The investigated flame has an equivalence ratio Φ = 2.43 and a mixture fraction Zst = 0.4, resulting in a distinct double-flame structure consisting of a rich premixed flame component and a diffusion flame component, both stabilized on the fuel side of the stagnation plane. The value of the equivalence ratio makes the premixed flame the dominant contributor to soot production, with soot being oxidized completely by OH from the diffusion flame component. Particle size is measured to increase quasi-monotonically, but remains within a few nanometers throughout the soot forming region. Aromatic species are primarily formed in the post flame region of the premixed flame. Their mole fractions peak close to the premixed flame and decrease as the diffusion flame is approached. The experimentally measured gaseous species are captured well by kinetic models, with the exception of two critical species in soot chemistry: benzene and naphthalene.

Г-Shaped Asymmetrical Monopole Antenna on Truncated DGS For Multiband RF Energy Harvesting Applications

In today's world, through the advancement of technology, wireless communication has become an integral part of our lives with the utilization of versatile electronic devices such as cell phones, tablets, and computers that contain wireless communication modules. The idea of utilizing different frequencies and power of RF signals in the environment has led to the concept of harvesting RF signals to produce DC output voltage. In this paper, a printed multiband monopole antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of two Г-shaped asymmetrically positioned feeding lines which are located on slotted truncated ground plane with three stubs loaded on both ground plane sides. The antenna design covers the frequently used frequencies for electronic device communication, such as GSM 1800, UMTS 2100, WLAN 2450 and LTE 2600 With the numerically computed gain values of 3.89dBi at 1.8GHz, 4.51dBi at 2.1GHz, 5.02dBi at 2.45GHz, and 5.03dBi at 2.6GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna design has permissible gain values to be used for RF energy harvesting applications.

Effect of MPA capping on the structural, optical and thermal properties of Zn0.96Ni0.04S nanoparticles

Chemical precipitation method was used to prepare of Zn0.96Ni0.04S nanoparticles. XRD showed that ZnS:Ni2+ nanoparticles crystallized in zinc blend structure with preferential orientation by the side of (111) plane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Zn0.96Ni0.04S nanoparticles portray substantial agglomeration of particles with potholed spherical morphology and energy dispersive spectrum (EDAX) measurements incorrigible that the presence of Ni in ZnS lattice. High resolution tunneling electron microscope (HRTEM) divulge that Zn0.96Ni0.04S particle size were ranges from ∼ 15 to 20 nm with good crystalline character and SAED pattern were good concurrence with X-ray diffractive (XRD) results. UV–Vis spectroscopy was engage to evaluate optical band gap of Zn0.96Ni0.04S nanoparticle, and which further disclose that when 3-mercaptopropionic (MPA) concentration increase guide the absorption edge shifted to lower wavelength. Peak at 411 °C with matching weight loss of 39.2 wt% in DTA reveals that Ni2+ ions are get away from the ZnS matrix.

Formation mechanism of co-axial grain boundaries in a Mg alloy

Due to the insufficient slip systems in hexagonal close-packed structure, twinning is frequently activated to support stable plastic deformation of Mg alloy. In this work, we found four typical twin-like interfaces with misorientations of 102°, 109°, 142° and 149°, respectively, which had not only a shared [11 2 ¯ 0] zone axis of neighboring grains, but also overlapped diffraction spots similar to twins. However, high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analysis revealed that the interfaces in real space deviated from the supposed twinning planes in reciprocal space, i.e. their overlapped diffraction spots. We clarified that the incoherent interfaces were co-axial grain boundaries (CGBs). Additionally, a special angle of θ , close to 90°, between the interface and one side of basal plane, was frequently formed in CGBs. We proposed that interaction of multiple twinning contributes to the formation of CGBs, and the θ is formed due to alternative tensile and compression twinning under a uniaxial loading.

Combustion and emission performance of a trapped-vortex gas turbine combustor fueled by RP-3 kerosene

In this study, a trapped-vortex gas-turbine combustor was designed and investigated to simultaneously achieve robust stability, low pollutant emissions, and the desired temperature distribution within a short flame length. In the combustor, a trapped-vortex combustion is established using two separated cavities. A swirler was adopted in the mainstream to improve mixing between the hot products of the cavity and mainstream air. Experimental tests conducted under atmospheric pressure indicate that the combustor can achieve encouraging performance in terms of flame stability, pollutant emissions, outlet temperature profiles, and flame length. Improvements of 19.2% and 23.3% were achieved by the lean ignition and blowout performances, respectively, as the combustor inlet temperature increased from 373 K to 473 K. As the fuel equivalence ratio increased from 0.25 to 0.55, the NOx emissions increased slightly, whereas the CO emissions first decreased and then increased slightly. Furthermore, two separated short flames with uniform outlet temperature profiles were obtained using the combustor. Interestingly, an “M” pattern temperature profile is obtained corresponding to the swirler center plane as compared to the parabola form outlet temperature profile corresponding to the 20-mm left side of the swirler center plane.

A mutant R70V/E166A of short manganese peroxidase showing Mn2+-independent dye decolorization.

Il-MnP1, a short-type manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17, can oxidize some substrates in the absence of Mn2+, but the catalysis was much lower than in the presence of Mn2+. Here, we report a mutant R70V/E166A of Il-MnP1 with some unique properties, which possessed clearly higher catalysis for the decolorization of anthraquinone and azo dyes in the absence of Mn2+ than that of Il-MnP1. Importantly, the optimum pH of R70V/E166A for decolorization of anthraquinone dyes (Reactive Blue 19, RB19) was 6.5, and the mutant achieved high decolorization activities in the range of pH 4.0-7.0, whereas Il-MnP1 only showed decolorization for RB19 at pH 3.5-4.0. In addition, the optimum H2O2 concentration of R70V/E166A for RB19 decolorization was eight times that of Il-MnP1 and the H2O2 stability has improved 1.4 times compared with Il-MnP1. Furthermore, Mn2+ competitively inhibited the oxidation of RB19 by R70V/E166A, explaining the higher catalytic activity of the mutant R70V/E166A in the absence of Mn2+. Molecular docking results suggested that RB19 binds to the distal side of the heme plane in mutant R70V/E166A, which extended from the heme δ-side to the heme γ-side, and close to the mutated residues of R70V and E166A, whereas RB19 could not access the heme pocket of Il-MnP1 due to the steric hindrance of the side-chain group of Arg 70. Thus, this study constructed a useful mutant R70V/E166A and analyzed its higher Mn2+-independent activity, which is very important for better understanding the Mn2+-independent catalytic mechanism for short manganese peroxidases. KEY POINTS: • The mutant R70V/E166A of atypical MnP1 of I. lacteus F17 shows unique catalytic properties. • At pH 6.5, the R70V/E166A had a strong ability to decolorize anthraquinone dyes in the absence of Mn2+. • The binding sites of Reactive Blue 19 in mutant R70V/E166A were elucidated.

Ab Initio Determination of Molecular Geometry and Vibrational Frequencies of Benzotrifluoride

Using Gaussian 05 Revision C.02 version of the quantum chemical program ab initio computations has been carried out to compute optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies along with intensities in IR and Raman spectra and atomic charges at rhf / 6–31+g*, b3lyp / 6–31++g** and b3lyp / 6–311++g** levels. The optimized molecular structure is found to possess Cs point group symmetry with the plane of symmetry passing through the C atom, to which the CF3 group is attached, the centrally opposite C atom and the C atom of the CF3 group and perpendicular to the phenyl ring plane. One of the three F atoms of the CF3 group is found to be on one side of the ring plane and is situated on the plane of the symmetry while the other two F atoms are found to be on the other side of the ring plane placed symmetrically on either side of the symmetry plane. Vibrational assignments for the normal modes have been reviewed. To make vibrational assignments for the normal modes of vibration the Gauss View software was used. The CF3 group has the characteristic frequencies in the 340, 768, 1072, 1152 and 1318 cm-1 which are due to the modes δs (CF3), Vs (CF3 ), Vas(CF3) (a’), Vas(CF3) (a”) and V(C–CF3 ) respectively. The torsional frequency of the CF3 group is found to be 16 cm-1 which would lead to barrier height of ~ 0.5 kJ / mol for the torsional motion of the CF3 group.

Modelling Flocculation in a Thickener Feedwell Using a Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics–Population Balance Model

The flocculation that takes place in the central feedwell of the thickener plays a crucial role in the coal-slurry thickening process, which is not only complex but also largely influenced by the flow characteristics. A coupled computational fluid dynamics–population balance model (CFD–PBM) was used to model the complex flocculation-thickening behaviour in an industrial-scale gravity thickener. The initialisation parameters of the inlet flow were obtained through self-designed image-recognition experiments, and then the effects of different types of conical deflectors on the floc distribution were simulated and analysed using them. The results showed that, under the condition that the angle of the conical deflector’s sides in the vertical plane was known, a reasonable increase in the height of the bottom surface could reduce the annular spanwise vortices at the underflow of the feedwell, thereby avoiding the erosion of the inlet flow and the annular spanwise vortex on the floc deposition layer. However, excessive height on the part of the conical deflector could affect the flocculation effect of solid particles. For the same central feedwell size of the thickener as in the simulation, the best flocculation effect was achieved at an angle of α = 24° in the vertical plane of the conical deflector. Turbulence regulation of the conical deflector promotes the aggregation of fine particles in the fluid of the feedwell, providing a new method for the intensification of the flocculation-concentration process.

A W‐band dual‐beam low side‐lobe level antenna with shared slotted waveguide arrays

AbstractA W‐band dual‐beam low side‐lobe level antenna with a shared slotted waveguide radiating layer was designed by the authors. The proposed antenna consists of a symmetrical dual ports feed network layer located on two sides of the antenna, a novel shared symmetrical 4 × 32 slotted waveguide array radiation layer, and a bottom layer. The compact slot distance was adjusted to achieve deflection of the radiation pattern and reduce the radiation grating lobes. Good antenna radiation efficiency and port isolation were obtained by optimising the position of the slots at the radiation layer. A low side‐lobe level (SLL) was obtained using Taylor distribution was used in the design of the offset of each slot. The optimised antenna was fabricated and measured. Based on measurement results, the designed antenna has a 24.8 dBi far‐field gain, −17/–25.5 dB E/H plane side lobe level, and 19.8° beam deflection at 94 GHz. The performances of the two ports were in good agreement with each other, and the measured isolation was above 14.5 dB at 94 GHz.

Numerical Investigation of Flow Patterns and Plug Hydrodynamics in a 3D T-junction Microchannel

A three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation of a two-phase flow liquid/liquid is performed in a rectangular microchannel with a T-junction. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was used under ANSYS Fluent to capture the interface between the two phases. The dynamic mesh adaptation technique together with the assumption of symmetry plane helps us to reduce the computational cost. The study focuses on the flow patterns and hydrodynamics of plugs. So, the influence of the flow rate ratio $$q$$ , the capillary number $$Ca$$ , and the viscosity ratio on the liquid film, the plug/droplet shape, and velocity are examined here. Particularly, the plug/droplet lengths predicted by the simulation show good agreement with the experimental and correlation available in the literature. The results revealed six distinct flow patterns by dispersing water in a continuous phase of silicone oil. By decreasing the flow rate ratio as well as the viscosity ratio, the liquid film thickness increases in the corners and side planes. In turn, this greatly impacts the liquid film velocity and the plug velocity. Furthermore, capillary number (based on two-phase flow velocity) is also shown to have a greater impact than viscosity ratio and flow rate ratio on plug shape, with the curvature radii of the tail always larger than the front one.

Effects of Bit Shape of Electroplated Diamond Tool Used for Drilling Small Diameter Holes in Glass Plate on Machining Fluid Flow and Chip Discharge

Our laboratory has been exploring the development of tools for drilling holes in glass plates, and the drilling techniques to be adopted for it. A devised tool shape that could prevent the occurrence of cracks at the exit holes achieved high quality through hole drilling of 100 holes or more using only the drilling cycle. However, crack-free drilling beyond this number of holes cannot be performed. This is due to the adhesion of the residual chip on the tool surface when the number of holes increases. Therefore, further improvement of chip discharge is needed to achieve crack-free drilling. In this report, we consider that chip discharge results from the flow of the machining fluid. To investigate the cause of chip discharge, we analyzed the flow of the machining fluid in the hole using computational fluid dynamics and the supposed chip discharge conditions. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. (1) In the case of a cylindrical tool, the Z-axis directional flow of the machining fluid did not occur in the hole. This is because the tool does not have bumps to agitate the fluid on the side, and the gap between the tool and the inner surface of the hole is narrow. (2) The plate side widened the gap between the tool and inner surface of the hole. Therefore, the fluid was likely to flow in the Z-axis direction in the hole. (3) For the tool with the plane side bit, the flow entered the hole from one plane side and exited the hole from the other plane side. (4) When the tool end is spherical, the Z-axis directional flow of the fluid occurs at the tool end. (5) The fluid flow of the devised tool weakened as the drilling depth increased. To improve the chip discharge performance of the designed tool, the Z-axis directional flow of the machining fluid must occur in an area deeper than 2 mm.

Constructing a pyrene-based dimer in a crystal by adjusting the steric hindrance over the pyrene plane

The presence of an ortho-linked substituent in pyrene can lead to steric hindrance on one side of the pyrene plane, which prevents the formation of undesired interactions and promotes the selective formation of dimers in a desired orientation.

Assessment of condylar position in asymptomatic individuals before and after neuromuscular deprogramming with a stabilization splint

Introduction/Objective. Deprogramming of the neuromuscular system with the use of stabilization splint might provide more precise evaluation of the centric relation (CR) ? maximum intercuspation (MI) discrepancy. The study aimed to evaluate the differences between the bite registrations obtained in the CR before and after the application of the stabilization splint therapy. Methods. The sample included 48 non-deprogrammed individuals without any apparent signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The neuromuscular system was deprogrammed by employing stabilization splint therapy. A condylar displacement evaluation was performed on vertical, horizontal, and transverse planes of space, with the assistance of a condylar position indicator. Results. The mean values of condylar displacements, which were obtained after the deprogramming of the neuromuscular system, were significantly greater than those obtained before neuromuscular deprogramming for vertical condylar displacement (p &lt; 0.0001). A greater degree of condylar distraction was observed on the left side of the vertical plane before (p &lt; 0.01) and after neuromuscular deprogramming (p &lt; 0.05). The highest level of condylar displacement occurred in the postero-inferior direction subsequent to the muscle deprogramming. Conclusion. It was observed that the level of average condylar displacements was significantly higher following the deprogramming of the neuromuscular system compared to that recorded before neuromuscular deprogramming using stabilization splint therapy. A more precise orthodontic diagnosis could have been obtained if the condyles were placed in a more exact CR position by muscle deprogramming.