Side Effects Of Hormonal Contraceptives Research Articles

Perubahan Siklus Menstruasi Pada Akseptor KB Suntik Depo Medroksiprogesteron Asetat (DMPA) Dan Implan Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Karanan Kabupaten Trenggalek

The side effect of Hormonal contraception especially DMPA injection and implant is the changes of menstrual cycle. The changes include amenorrhea, spotting, duration of menstruation, amount of the blood loss etc. 8 of 10 DMPA acceptor has amenorrhea and all of implant acceptor has prolonged period. This research aimed to study the differences changes in menstrual cycle between DMPA Injection and implant acceptor at Puskesmas Karangan, Kecamatan Karangan, Kabupaten Trenggalek. Using cross sectional design and 90 respondents, 45 from DMPA acceptor and 45 from implant acceptor.The result showed that there was differences in menstrual cycle between DMPA injection acceptor with implant acceptor with p = 0,006, CI 95%, contingency coeffisient 0,378. The changes of menstrual cycle lighter for implant acceptor because of differences kind of ingredient.

The level of understanding of family planning acceptors about the use of hormonal contraceptives

The results of interviews conducted on mothers of hormonal contraceptive users in Lapulu Village working area of Abeli Care Center that they do not know what hormonal contraceptives are and do not know about the contraceptive methods they use in terms of Hormonal Contraceptives, Hormonal Contraceptive Advantages and Disadvantages, Indications and Contraindications of hormonal contraceptives. All they know is just how to delay pregnancy so that the distance of pregnancy is not too close to the low cost. This goal is to obtain a general overview of Family Planning Acceptance Knowledge about the use of hormonal contraceptives in Lapulu Village, Abeli Health Centre, Kendari. This type of research is a descriptive study with a sample of 49 people. The results of this study obtained respondents knowledge about the benefits of hormonal contraceptives obtained results as many as 23 people (46.94%) knowledge while knowledge is less than 26 people (53.06%) while respondents' knowledge of hormonal contraceptive side effects was 16 people (32.65%) knowledge is good while knowledge is less than 33 people (67.35%).

Unscheduled Bleeding on Hormonal Contraceptives: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management Options

Unscheduled bleeding is a common side effect of hormonal contraception and is a common reason for method discontinuation. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, evaluation, and current evidence-based management recommendations for the unscheduled bleeding that can occur with hormonal contraception use. Prior to initiation of a hormonal contraceptive method, detailed structured counseling about the likelihood of unscheduled bleeding and its likely improvement with continued use is an important component of method continuation and patient satisfaction. For unscheduled bleeding that is persistent and bothersome, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and estrogen alone or estrogen and progestin in combined oral contraceptive (COC) are commonly used for management. The antibiotic doxycycline is somewhat effective at reducing unscheduled bleeding in users of combined hormonal contraceptive methods and progestin implants. Small randomized controlled trials of mifepristone, an antiprogestin, and tranexamic acid, an antifibrinolytic, demonstrated a decrease in unscheduled bleeding in users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), progestin implants, and levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (IUDs). Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), in progestin implant users reduces unscheduled bleeding. Ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), is not effective at reducing unscheduled bleeding in levonorgestrel IUD users and may result in an increase in bleeding. Expectant management is a mainstay of treatment of unscheduled bleeding that occurs as a result of hormonal contraceptive use. NSAIDs and COCs are commonly used for treatment. Small randomized controlled trials of other methods have demonstrated some effectiveness, although evidence is limited.

Side Effects of Hormonal Contraception of Patients in the Family Planning of Centre University Hospital of Mother and Child Lagoon, Cotonou (Benin)

Objective: To take a census of side effects related to the use of hormonal contraception reported by the women received in the Family Planning (FP) Service of CHU-MEL. Patients and methods: It was a cross-sectional prospective study which was carried out in the family planning service ofCHU-MEL in Cotonouover a three-month period from June 1st to August 31st, 2016. Results: 303 women were involved in this survey. The average age was 33 years (extremes of 15 and 49 years).Side effects were vaginal bleeding apart from the menses (37.2%) amenorrhea (32%) and weight increase (27.3%). The reasons for abandonment of hormonal contraceptionwere amenorrhea (13%), weight gain (11%), pelvic pain (0.07), nausea (0.05%) and bleeding (0.04). Conclusion: Hormonal contraception has many side effects. Some of them are well known by patients. They influence compliance with treatment. Their management is not always optimal and leads to abandonment.

Het vrouwelijk seksueel verlangen en de invloed van hormonale contraceptie

In 1960, the first contraceptive pill was introduced. Nowadays, over 100 million women worldwide use some form of hormonal contraception (HC). General side effects of HC are well known, but research on the effects of HC on female sexual functioning and desire remains underfunded and scarce. Starting with the combined contraceptive pill, most methodologically sound studies found no negative impact on sexual desire in the majority of pill starters, while a negative effect was seen in 15%. When using the vaginal ring, most women didn’t report adverse sexual desire changes, although some studies observed an increase in sexual desire. Too few recent studies investigating the link between the progestogenonly pill, the subdermal implants or the injectable progestin and female sexual functioning were available to make a conclusion on their effect. Next, intrauterine devices (IUD) did not influence sexual functioning in the majority of women. Also, the role of other biopsychosocial factors in the process of female sexual functioning was investigated. HC use led to reduced androgen levels, but most studies didn’t observe an effect on sexual desire. Although most women using HC probably don’t experience change in their sexual functioning, a significant minority will. It is important to pay attention to those at risk for developing an impaired sexual function or even a sexual dysfunction. Female sexual functioning is a complex process, not merely driven by androgens. Our review of the recent literature states the urgent need for prospective, randomized trials, in starters of HC, paying attention to a range of relevant biopsychosocial factors.

"Every method seems to have its problems"- Perspectives on side effects of hormonal contraceptives in Morogoro Region, Tanzania.

BackgroundFamily planning has been shown to be an effective intervention for promoting maternal, newborn and child health. Despite family planning's multiple benefits, women's experiences of - or concerns related to - side effects present a formidable barrier to the sustained use of contraceptives, particularly in the postpartum period. This paper presents perspectives of postpartum, rural, Tanzanian women, their partners, public opinion leaders and community and health facility providers related to side effects associated with contraceptive use.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted with postpartum women (n = 34), their partners (n = 23), community leaders (n = 12) and health providers based in both facilities (n = 12) and communities (n = 19) across Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Following data collection, digitally recorded data were transcribed, translated and coded using thematic analysis.ResultsRespondents described family planning positively due to the health and economic benefits associated with limiting and spacing births. However, side effects were consistently cited as a reason that women and their partners choose to forgo family planning altogether, discontinue methods, switch methods or use methods in an intermittent (and ineffective) manner. Respondents detailed side effects including excessive menstrual bleeding, missed menses, weight gain and fatigue. Women, their partners and community leaders also described concerns that contraceptives could induce sterility in women, or harm breastfeeding children via contamination of breast milk. Use of family planning during the postpartum period was viewed as particularly detrimental to a newborn’s health in the first months of life.ConclusionsTo meet Tanzania’s national target of increasing contraceptive use from 34 to 60 % by 2015, appropriate counseling and dialogue on contraceptive side effects that speaks to pressing concerns outlined by women, their partners, communities and service providers are needed.

Women's interpretation of and responses to potential gynaecological cancer symptoms: a qualitative interview study

ObjectiveTo explore women's experiences of symptoms potentially indicative of gynaecological cancer in a community-based sample without imposing a cancer perspective.DesignA qualitative interview study with thematic analysis of transcripts.Participants26 women aged...

Hormonal contraception and regulation of menstruation: a study of young women's attitudes towards ‘having a period’

BackgroundIrregular bleeding is one of the most common side effects of hormonal contraception and a key reason for the discontinuation of hormonal methods.Study designA qualitative study in which 12 young...

‘As many options as there are, there are just not enough for me’: Contraceptive use and barriers to access among Australian women

Objective A comprehensive life course perspective of women's experiences in obtaining and using contraception in Australia is lacking. This paper explores free-text comments about contraception provided by women born between 1973 and 1978 who participated in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH).Methods The ALSWH is a national population-based cohort study involving over 40,000 women from three age groups, who are surveyed every three years. An initial search identified 1600 comments from 690 women across five surveys from 1996 (when they were aged 18–23 years) to 2009 (31–36 years). The analysis included 305 comments from 289 participants. Factors relating to experiences of barriers to access and optimal contraceptive use were identified and explored using thematic analysis.Results Five themes recurred across the five surveys as women aged: (i) side effects affecting physical and mental health; (ii) lack of information about contraception; (iii) negative experiences with health services; (iv) contraceptive failure; and (v) difficulty with accessing contraception.Conclusion Side effects of hormonal contraception and concerns about contraceptive failure influence women's mental and physical health. Many barriers to effective contraception persist throughout women's reproductive lives. Further research is needed into reducing barriers and minimising negative experiences, to ensure optimal contraceptive access for Australian women.Chinese 摘 要 目的 从一种全面的生命历程的角度来看，澳大利亚妇女缺乏获取和采用避孕方法方面的经验。本文探究了1973年至1978年间出生，参加澳大利亚妇女健康纵向研究（ALSWH）的女性所提供的关于避孕的自由评论。方法 ALSWH是一项国家性的以人群为基础的群组研究项目，有来自各个年龄组的40,000多名女性参加，每三年对她们进行一次调查。最初搜索到的是在1996年（当时她们18-23岁）至2009年（当时她们31-36岁）参与五项研究的690名女性所做的1600条评论。本项分析包括289名参与者的305条评论。采用主题分析方法确定并探究了与所面临的障碍和采用理想避孕方法等方面的经验相关的因素。结果 随着这些女性年龄的增长，五项研究的五个主题再次出现：（i）影响生理和心理健康的副作用；（ii）缺乏避孕相关的信息；（iii）卫生服务的负面经历；（iv）避孕失败；（V）成功避孕的困难。结论 激素避孕和对担心避孕失败的副作用影响女性的生理和心理健康。许多有效避孕的障碍会始终贯穿女性的育龄期。下一步的研究应减少障碍并使负面的经历最小化，为澳大利亚妇女确保最佳的避孕方法。

Contraceptive Needs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Adolescent Women

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents and young adults represent approximately 40% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in the United States. Although knowledge and attitudes regarding family planning methods and use have been described in adult women living with HIV limited work has focused on adolescents and young adults. METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews with 10 HIV-positive women aged 13-21 years. The interviews addressed contraceptive knowledge preferences experiences and pregnancy intentions. Qualitative analysis of the interviews was performed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: The majority (n=9) of interview participants were perinatally infected with HIV. Five respondents reported ever having been sexually active with three reporting use of hormonal contraception (all used injectable progestin). Only three women were aware of the intrauterine device and one was aware of the implant as contraceptive options. All expressed a desire for future fertility and none wanted to conceive right now. Major themes included concerns regarding hormonal contraceptive side effects the importance of avoiding HIV transmission to a partner or child and the desire to delay childbearing. Participants frequently identified their HIV care provider as their preferred source of information regarding contraception. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that young women with HIV have unmet needs for family planning services and they rely on their HIV care providers for these services. Clinicians specializing in HIV management need to be comfortable providing contraceptive counseling for highly effective methods. Collaboration between HIV care providers and adolescent-friendly family planning service providers is important to prevent unintended pregnancy in this vulnerable group of youth.

Hormonal Contraception and Female Pain, Orgasm and Sexual Pleasure

Almost half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintentional, unplanned, or mistimed. Most unplanned pregnancies result from inconsistent, incorrect, or nonuse of a contraceptive method. Diminished sexual function and pleasure may be a barrier to using hormonal contraception. This study explores sexual function and behaviors of women in relation to the use of hormonal vs. nonhormonal methods of contraception. Data were collected as part of an online health and sexuality study of women. Main outcomes variables assess frequencies in two domains: (i) sexual function (proportion of sexual events with experiences of pain or discomfort, arousal, contentment and satisfaction, pleasure and enjoyment, lubrication difficulty, and orgasm) and (ii) sexual behavior (number of times engaged in sexual activity, proportion of sexual events initiated by the woman, and proportion of sexual events for which a lubricant was used). Sociodemographic variables and contraceptive use were used as sample descriptors and correlates. The recall period was the past 4 weeks. The sample included 1,101 women with approximately half (n = 535) using a hormonal contraceptive method exclusively or a combination of a hormonal and nonhormonal method, and about half (n = 566) using a nonhormonal method of contraception exclusively. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation of hormonal contraceptive use to each of the dependent variables. Women using a hormonal contraceptive method experienced less frequent sexual activity, arousal, pleasure, and orgasm and more difficulty with lubrication even when controlling for sociodemographic variables. This study adds to the literature on the potential negative sexual side effects experienced by many women using hormonal contraception. Prospective research with diverse women is needed to enhance the understanding of potential negative sexual side effects of hormonal contraceptives, their prevalence, and possible mechanisms. Clinical and counseling implications are discussed.

THE MOTHER’S MENSTRUAL CYCLE DIFFERENT BETWEEN MOTHER WHO USE IUD CUT-380A CONTRACEPTION WITH A 3 MOUNTH INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE DEPO VIGESTRON IN MUNJUL VILLAGE PANDEGLANG DISTRIC OF BANTEN 2014.

Background: One of contraception type is Intra Uterine Device (IUD) wich it one of effective method of contraception, used one for long period time. But it has the disadvantage one that the menstrual pattern disturbance. Using injectable contraception is also has menstrual pattern disturbance. And the most common side effect of hormonal contraception are menstrual disorder, nausea may occur at the beginning of use. Objective:To know the difference of menstrual cycle between mother’s who use IUD CuT-380A with a 3 month injectable contraceptive Depo Vigestron in Munjul village Pandeglang districk of Banten. Methods:The rearch uses descriptive analitic method with cros sectional approach. Each of population in this researchis 34 people for mother who use IUD CuT-380A contraception with a 3 month injectable contraceptive Depo Vigestron in Munjul village Pandeglang distric of Banten. The sampling method uses purposive sampling. Data collection by distributing questioner. Processed by statistic test of independent t test. Result:On the statistical research found p value 0.000 where p value <0.05 wich it means there are significant different between mothers who use IUD CuT-380A contraception with a 3 month injectable contraceptive Depo Vigestron. Conclusions :there is a different between the mother’s menstrual cycle wich uses IUD CuT-380A and a 3 month injectable contraceptive Depo Vigestron in Munjul village Pandeglang distric of Banten.

Oral contraceptive pill use and menstrual cycle phase are associated with altered resting state functional connectivity

At rest, brain activity can be characterized not by an absence of organized activity but instead by spatially and temporally correlated patterns of activity. In this experiment, we investigated whether and to what extent resting state functional connectivity is modulated by sex hormones in women, both across the menstrual cycle and when altered by oral contraceptive pills. Sex hormones have been shown to have important effects on task-related activity, but few studies have investigated the extent to which they can influence the behavior of functional networks at rest. These hormones are dramatically altered by the use of hormonal contraception, which is used by approximately 100million women worldwide. However, potential cognitive side effects of hormonal contraception have been given little attention. Here, we collected resting state data for naturally-cycling women (n=45) and women using combined oral contraceptive pills (n=46) and evaluated the differences in resting state activity between these two groups using independent component analysis. We found that in the default mode network and in a network associated with executive control, resting state dynamics were altered both by the menstrual cycle and by oral contraceptive use. Specifically, the connectivity of the left angular gyrus, the left middle frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex were different between groups. Because the anterior cingulate cortex and left middle frontal gyrus are important for higher-order cognitive and emotional processing, including conflict monitoring, changes in the relationship of these structures to the functional networks with which they interact may have important consequences for attention, affect, and/or emotion regulation.

“It’s those Pills that are Ruining Me”

Almost half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended, despite the availability of highly effective forms of birth control. Women often cite side effects as a reason for stopping hormonal birth control, and most research on the topic comes from a medical perspective. In this study, I analyze hormonal contraceptive side effects from a social perspective that highlights the link between cultural messages about gender and women’s contraceptive behavior. Drawing on data from interviews with 88 women, I argue that the gendered emphasis on women’s appearance and emotionality shapes women’s perceptions about the seriousness of hormonal contraceptive side effects, like weight gain and emotional volatility, and their propensity to stop use as a result. Contrary to understandings of side effects as a purely medical aspect of use, the gender analysis elucidates the ways that particular side effects are imbued with social meaning that can undermine women’s goals to prevent pregnancy.

RISUG: A new perspective in non–hormonal male contraception

Abstract Currently there are several hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception available but due to long term side effects of hormonal contraceptives, a great research is undergoing to develop an effective and noninvasive non-hormonal male contraceptive. One of the product of this research is RISUG (an acronym for the Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance). RISUG is a co-polymer of Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) to form a gel. This gel is then introduced in the lumen of male vas deferens which results in the partial blockage of vas deferens. It causes the disruption of the membrane of spermatozoa and release of enzymes that are essential for the fertilization of ova. Thus the ejaculation after RISUG contains infertile spermatozoa.

‘Without a plan’ but ‘keeping on track’: Views on contraception, pregnancy and abortion in Mexico City

Despite increased use of modern contraception among Mexican women, there has been a significant increase in abortions. Little is known about the experiences behind these trends. This study examines decision-making around contraception, pregnancy, childbearing and abortion. We carried out 26 in-depth interviews with 23- to 35-year-old females and males in Mexico City. Interviewees described reproductive planning ‘without a plan’ and sporadic contraceptive use. Linking of reproductive preferences and contraceptive use occurred only after raising a child for a few years or after experiencing an abortion. Interviewees described side effects of hormonal contraceptives and the intrauterine device (IUD) and problems with condoms. Only 8% of participants disagreed with abortion completely. Those with mixed views opposed abortion for pregnancies resulting from lack of responsibility or due to personal problems or concerns about one's future. However, these more controversial reasons were the primary motivations for terminating pregnancies. Females and males expressed that females made most decisions related to contraception, pregnancy and abortion. Further research could explore the reasons behind reproductive planning ‘without a plan’, ‘on and off’ contraceptive use and abortion beliefs and experiences that are somewhat contradictory.

“If we can endure, we continue”: Understanding Differences Between Users, Discontinuers, and Non-Users of Hormonal Contraceptive Methods in Pursat Province, Cambodia

In Cambodia, 79% of married women ages 15 to 49 years wish to limit or delay births', yet only 27% are using a modern method of contraception. This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study to understand the different characteristics of and barriers to the use of contraceptives (particularly hormonal contraceptives) among current users, women who have discontinued contraceptive use, and women who have never used a modern method. Over several weeks in December 2006, the researchers conducted 14 in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions with different contraceptive user types in Pursat Province, Cambodia. A total of 84 women were included in the study. Findings showed that rumors of myths and misconceptions about side effects of hormonal contraceptives were the main barriers to the use and were wide-spread among all women. Differences between the three user types showed that positive husband support, access to health providers, and a high degree of self-efficacy for contraceptive use may have contributed to successful initiation and continuation of modern methods. This research has practical implications for programmatic applications. Results may be used to design efforts aimed at reducing misconceptions about contraceptive methods and increasing partner and provider support for women's use of hormonal contraceptives.

Weight change and hormonal contraception: fact and fiction

Weight gain is commonly cited as a side effect of hormonal contraception, and may lead to discontinuation or reluctance to initiate. This view is widely held among clients and providers. Combination contraceptives are not associated with weight gain, although among users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate weight gain may occur, which may be limited to adolescent users who are overweight or obese at initiation of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Users who rapidly gain weight initially may also be at higher risk of greater weight increase. There is limited information on other progestin-only methods. Women who request contraceptive methods need reassurance and advice from providers to allay their fears of weight gain. The providers, in turn, need to be aware of the available evidence.

Motivation and Experience of Nulliparous Women Using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

ObjectivesUse of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) has not been recommended to nulliparous women in the past. There is now good evidence that there is no increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility in nulliparas who use IUDs and the recommendations have changed. Our objective was to understand more about the motivations and experience of nulliparous women using IUDs. MethodsThis was a mixed method study. First, we asked 44 nulliparous women who had had an IUD inserted within the previous six months about their reasons for seeking the IUD, their history with other forms of contraception, their perception of the insertion experience, and their feelings after insertion. Questionnaires were then distributed to 154 nulliparous women presenting for IUDs, asking about their past experience with hormonal contraception. ResultsThe main theme arising from the interviews was a desire to avoid hormonal contraception. Other reasons for choosing the IUD were greater contraceptive effectiveness than other methods, convenience of use, and lower cost. Responses to the questionnaire indicated that 138 women (89.7%) had used hormonal contraception in the past and, of those, 98 (63.0%) complained of mood side effects, 64 (41.6%) of sexual side effects, and 64 (41.6%) of physical side effects. ConclusionThe most important motivation for nulliparous women in this study to choose IUDs was to avoid the potential or actual side effects of hormonal contraception. Despite experiencing some discomfort at the time of insertion, this group of nulliparous women was very positive about using IUDs for contraception.

Prospective study of weight change in new adolescent users of DMPA, NET-EN, COCs, nonusers and discontinuers of hormonal contraception

Background Weight gain is commonly reported as a side effect of hormonal contraception and can lead to method discontinuation or reluctance to initiate the method. The purpose of this study was to investigate weight change in adolescent (aged 15–19 years) users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and discontinuers of these methods as compared to nonusers of hormonal contraception. Study Design This longitudinal study recruited initiators of DMPA ( n=115), NET-EN ( n=115), COCs ( n=116) and nonusers of contraception ( n=144). Participants were followed up for 4–5 years, and details of current contraceptive method, including switching, discontinuing and/or starting hormonal methods were documented at each 6-monthly visit. Women were classified according to their contraceptive histories on completion of the study, and injectable users were combined into one group for analysis. Height, weight and self-reported dieting were recorded at each visit. Results There was no difference in mean age or weight between the groups at baseline. Women using DMPA or NET-EN throughout, or switching between the two, had gained an average of 6.2 kg compared to average increases of 2.3 kg in the COC group, 2.8 kg in nonusers and 2.8 kg among discontinued users of any method (p=.02). There was no evidence of a difference in weight gain between women classified as nonobese or classified as overweight/obese in any of the four study groups at baseline. Conclusion There is fairly strong evidence that adolescent contraceptive hormonal injectable users appear to gain more weight than COC users, discontinuers and nonusers of contraception.