Side Effects Of Drugs Research Articles

Tendency to Addiction from the Viewpoints of the Youth and Their Parents Based on the Marketing Model (Com-B), in 2020, Yazd

Introduction: The present research was conducted with the aim of explaining the views of teenagers-the adults and their parents regarding the prevention of drug addiction based on the mixed elements of the marketing model (audience needs, access to services, cost, and communication). Methods: This research was conducted based on a qualitative research method using an exploratory method. 14 teenagers-adults and 10 parents, 24 participants were selected through targeted sampling, from the marginal neighborhoods of Yazd in 2019; the neighborhoods included Maryam Abad, Hassan Abad, and Skan. In total, 2 semi-structured in-depth interviews with parents and 3 focused group discussions were conducted with the presence of teenagers and young people in the neighborhood. In this study, the information, including demographic characteristics, and the results of market analysis were obtained with elements of Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) social marketing model; they were investigated using focus group discussions (FGD) and semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed based on the content analysis method. Results: The qualitative study resulted in 63 codes, 26 subcategories, 4 categories, product, location, cost, and promotion according to the COMBI model structures. Product category or behavioral characteristics, having peace of mind, and seeking independence were mentioned by both groups of parents and the youth as the factors of addiction tendency. But, regarding the cost of addiction, while teenagers and the young people considered the social side effects of drug use, such as losing friends, more important, parents were more concerned about the physical side effects of drugs. Location or environmental and social conditions were important for both groups of parents and the youth. Conclusion: The results showed that although both groups of teenagers-the youth and their parents pointed to the social, environmental, and individual factors of addiction, their intended examples were different in many areas. Parents considered the most important factor in the tendency to drugs addiction to be the structure of the audience's need, having peace of mind, compensating for the sense of deficiencies and the need for independence, and the youth suggested the use of virtual space and creating motivation and awareness campaign to prevent addiction as a suitable method. Perceived costs according to the young people were loss of friends, feeling of rejection, loss of self-confidence, and negative view of others towards addiction. One of the reasons for the tendency towards addiction was mentioned by the young people as the location and easy access to drugs, and the parents said that the suitable place for the tendency towards addiction was having a risky and inappropriate family.

HMMF: a hybrid multi-modal fusion framework for predicting drug side effect frequencies

BackgroundThe identification of drug side effects plays a critical role in drug repositioning and drug screening. While clinical experiments yield accurate and reliable information about drug-related side effects, they are costly and time-consuming. Computational models have emerged as a promising alternative to predict the frequency of drug-side effects. However, earlier research has primarily centered on extracting and utilizing representations of drugs, like molecular structure or interaction graphs, often neglecting the inherent biomedical semantics of drugs and side effects.ResultsTo address the previously mentioned issue, we introduce a hybrid multi-modal fusion framework (HMMF) for predicting drug side effect frequencies. Considering the wealth of biological and chemical semantic information related to drugs and side effects, incorporating multi-modal information offers additional, complementary semantics. HMMF utilizes various encoders to understand molecular structures, biomedical textual representations, and attribute similarities of both drugs and side effects. It then models drug-side effect interactions using both coarse and fine-grained fusion strategies, effectively integrating these multi-modal features.ConclusionsHMMF exhibits the ability to successfully detect previously unrecognized potential side effects, demonstrating superior performance over existing state-of-the-art methods across various evaluation metrics, including root mean squared error and area under receiver operating characteristic curve, and shows remarkable performance in cold-start scenarios.

Clinical Insights: Antimicrobial Therapy for Infectious Uveitis.

Infectious uveitis is a major global cause of vision impairment. Despite the eye's immune privilege, afforded by the blood-ocular barrier that restricts microbial entry, several pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can still infiltrate and cause ocular infections and complications. Clinicians often encounter significant challenges in treating infectious uveitis due to limited or ineffective treatment options. Modern molecular techniques and imaging can aid in diagnosing and assessing intraocular infections. Various antimicrobial therapies exist, spanning topical and systemic treatments, but these are constrained by issues like drug concentration, penetration, effective duration, toxicity, and side effects. Treatment approaches also differ based on the infection's etiology. This review provides recent updates on antimicrobial therapies from a clinical perspective, covering topical, systemic, and regional treatments for infectious uveitis.

Dynamic microphysiological system chip platform for high-throughput, customizable, and multi-dimensional drug screening

Spheroids and organoids have attracted significant attention as innovative models for disease modeling and drug screening. By employing diverse types of spheroids or organoids, it is feasible to establish microphysiological systems that enhance the precision of disease modeling and offer more dependable and comprehensive drug screening. High-throughput microphysiological systems that support optional, parallel testing of multiple drugs have promising applications in personalized medical treatment and drug research. However, establishing such a system is highly challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study introduces a dynamic Microphysiological System Chip Platform (MSCP) with multiple functional microstructures that encompass the mentioned advantages. We developed a high-throughput lung cancer spheroids model and an intestine-liver-heart-lung cancer microphysiological system for conducting parallel testing on four anti-lung cancer drugs, demonstrating the feasibility of the MSCP. This microphysiological system combines microscale and macroscale biomimetics to enable a comprehensive assessment of drug efficacy and side effects. Moreover, the microphysiological system enables evaluation of the real pharmacological effect of drug molecules reaching the target lesion after absorption by normal organs through fluid-based physiological communication. The MSCP could serves as a valuable platform for microphysiological system research, making significant contributions to disease modeling, drug development, and personalized medical treatment.

Kinetically Inert Platinum (II) Complexes for Improving Anticancer Therapy: Recent Developments and Road Ahead.

The search for better chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate the deficiencies of existing platinum (Pt) drugs has picked up the pace in the millennium. There has been a disparate effort to design better and safer Pt drugs to deal with the problems of deactivation, Pt resistance and toxic side effects of clinical Pt drugs. In this review, we have discussed the potential of kinetically inert Pt complexes as an emerging class of next-generation Pt drugs. The introduction gives an overview about the development, use, mechanism of action and side effects of clinical Pt drugs as well as the various approaches to improve some of their pharmacological properties. We then describe the impact of kinetic lability on the pharmacology of functional Pt drugs including deactivation, antitumor efficacy, toxicity and resistance. Following a brief overview of numerous pharmacological advantages that a non-functional kinetically inert Pt complex can offer; we discussed structurally different classes of kinetically inert Pt (II) complexes highlighting their unique pharmacological features.

Analysis of Risk Factors that Influence Patient Compliance in Taking Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Hanoi Hospital, Vietnam

Introduction: HIV/AIDS infection remains a global public health problem, with antiretroviral therapy (ARV) being key in its management. Patient adherence to ARV treatment is critical to achieving viral suppression and preventing drug resistance. This study aims to analyze the risk factors that influence patient compliance in taking ARV drugs at Hanoi Hospital, Vietnam. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analytical observational design involving 300 HIV/AIDS patients undergoing ARV therapy at Hanoi Hospital. Data was collected through structured interviews and patient medical records. Data analysis used logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with patient compliance. Results: The research results showed that the level of patient compliance with ARV treatment was 72%. Risk factors that are significantly associated with patient compliance are: Low social support (OR=2.3; p=0.02), Limited knowledge about HIV/AIDS and ARV treatment (OR=1.8; p=0.04), Stigma and discrimination related to HIV/ AIDS (OR=1.7; p=0.03), Severe side effects of ARV drugs (OR=1.6; p=0.03), Complexity of ARV treatment regimens (OR=1.5; p=0.04). Conclusion: This study found that patient adherence to ARV treatment at Hanoi Hospital was influenced by various factors, including social support, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and ARVs, stigma and discrimination, drug side effects, and the complexity of the treatment regimen. Interventions targeting these risk factors may help improve patient compliance and achieve more optimal treatment outcomes.

Empowering Pharmacovigilance: The Role of Web 3.0 Technologies in Enhancing Drug Safety and Patient Engagement

The rise of Web 3.0 technology suggests excellent progress in many fields, like healthcare. In this study, we explored the possible impact that Web 3.0 could have on reducing significant drug side effects among patients, which is an ongoing problem in pharmacotherapy. We looked at how often and in what ways adverse reactions to medication occur by analyzing a full dataset containing all drugs' alternatives as well as their corresponding effects, uses and classifications. Our method includes examining data and knowledge about decentralized data handling, safety, and approaches that focus on users in Web 3.0. The results indicate how much better drug safety monitoring can be achieved through decentralized applications, smart contracts, and blockchain technology. It also shows the potential to make patient therapy more personal and motivate patient education and involvement in healthcare decisions. This study emphasizes the ability of Web 3.0 to transform the monitoring of drug safety and effectiveness; it presents a strong case for its use within healthcare systems. The ideas for doctors, patients and healthcare policymakers highlight the crucial need to include Web 3.0 technology to improve patient results and reduce drug-linked morbidity along with death rates.

Preclinical side effect prediction through pathway engineering of protein interaction network models.

Modeling tools aim to predict potential drug side effects, although they suffer from imperfect performance. Specifically, protein-protein interaction models predict drug effects from proteins surrounding drug targets, but they tend to overpredict drug phenotypes and require well-defined pathway phenotypes. In this study, we used PathFX, a protein-protein interaction tool, to predict side effects for active ingredient-side effect pairs extracted from drug labels. We observed limited performance and defined new pathway phenotypes using pathway engineering strategies. We defined new pathway phenotypes using a network-based and gene expression-based approach. Overall, we discovered a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity values and demonstrated a way to limit overprediction for side effects with sufficient true positive examples. We compared our predictions to animal models and demonstrated similar performance metrics, suggesting that protein-protein interaction models do not need perfect evaluation metrics to be useful. Pathway engineering, through the inclusion of true positive examples and omics measurements, emerges as a promising approach to enhance the utility of protein interaction network models for drug effect prediction.

Electronic prescription systems in Greece: a large-scale survey of healthcare professionals’ perceptions

BackgroundThe national e-prescription system in Greece is one of the most important achievements in the e-health sector. Healthcare professionals’ feedback is essential to ensure the introduced system tends to their needs and reduces their everyday workload. The number of surveys collecting the users’ views is limited, while the existing studies include only a small number of participants.MethodsIn this study, healthcare professionals’ perceptions on e-prescription are explored. For this, a questionnaire was distributed online, containing closed- and open-ended questions aiming to address strengths and identify drawbacks in e-prescription. Answers were collected from primary health care physicians, specialized medical doctors and pharmacists.ResultsIn total, 430 answers were collected (129 from primary health care physicians, 164 responses from specialized medical doctors and 137 pharmacists). Analysis of the collected answers reveals that the views of the three groups of healthcare professionals mostly converge. The positive impact e-prescribing systems have on the overall prescribing procedure in preventing errors and providing automation is commented. Among gaps identified and proposed improvements, health care professionals note the need for access to information on adverse drug reactions, side effects, drug-to-drug interactions and allergies. Flexible interaction with Therapeutic Prescription Protocols is desired to ameliorate monitoring and decision-making, while drug dosing features, and simplified procedures for copying, repeating, canceling a prescription, are perceived as useful to incorporate.ConclusionsCollecting healthcare professionals’ feedback is important, as their views can be transcribed to system requirements, to further promote e-prescribing and improve the provided health care services by facilitating decision making through safer and more efficient e-prescription. Introduction of the identified improvements can simplify the everyday workflow of healthcare professionals. To the best of our knowledge, a survey with more than 400 answered questionnaires on the use of e-prescription systems by healthcare professionals has never been conducted in Greece before.

Glycyrrhetinic Acid as a Hepatocyte Targeting Ligand-Functionalized Platinum(IV) Complexes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy and Overcoming Multidrug Resistance.

Promising targeted therapy options to overcome drug resistance and side effects caused by platinum(II) drugs for treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma are urgently needed. Herein, six novel multifunctional platinum(IV) complexes through linking platinum(II) agents and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were designed and synthesized. Among them, complex 20 showed superior antitumor activity against tested cancer cells including cisplatin resistance cells than cisplatin and simultaneously displayed good liver-targeting ability. Moreover, complex 20 can significantly cause DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, promote reactive oxygen species generation, activate endoplasmic reticulum stress, and eventually induce apoptosis. Additionally, complex 20 can effectively inhibit cell migration and invasion and trigger autophagy and ferroptosis in HepG-2 cells. More importantly, complex 20 demonstrated stronger tumor inhibition ability than cisplatin or the combo of cisplatin/GA with almost no systemic toxicity in HepG-2 or A549 xenograft models. Collectively, complex 20 could be developed as a potential anti-HCC agent for cancer treatment.

Assessment of Clinical Pharmacy Service Standards Implementation at Bhayangkara Hospital Level III in Kendari

One crucial component influencing the successful implementation of healthcare efforts in hospitals is the pharmaceutical system. Pharmaceutical services play a pivotal role in supporting quality healthcare, as outlined in Permenkes Number 72 of 2016, which delineates Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Hospitals. However, preliminary survey results conducted by the author indicate suboptimal implementation of these standards in 2021. Consequently, the researchers embarked on a study aimed at analyzing the implementation of pharmaceutical service standards at the Pharmacy Installation of Bhayangkara TK III Kendari Hospital. This research is scheduled to be conducted in January - February 2024. This study employed an exploratory qualitative method involving 9 informants at the pharmaceutical installation of Bhayangkara Hospital TK III Kendari. Data collection was conducted using interview guidelines, followed by transcription, introduction to interviews, coding, analysis, interpretation, and data mapping into a matrix. The implementation of health minister regulation Number 72 of 2016 regarding clinical pharmaceutical service standards at the Pharmacy Installation of Bhayangkara TK III Kendari Hospital can be summarized as follows: assessment and prescription services were carried out effectively, tracing the history of drug use was partially implemented well, drug reconciliation was partially implemented, drug information services (PIO) were partially implemented well, but some items such as counseling, visitation, monitoring drug therapy (PTO), monitoring drug side effects (MESO), evaluating drug use (EPO), dispensing sterile preparations, and monitoring drug levels in the blood (PKOD) were not implemented optimally. Overall, the implementation of pharmaceutical service standards according to health minister regulation Number 72 of 2016 at the pharmaceutical installation of Bhayangkara Hospital TK III Kendari has not been optimal. Keywords: Pharmaceutical service standards, Health minister regulation, Pharmacist, Hospital

Current treatment options for erectile dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and kidney dysfunction share common risk factors linked to conditions involving endothelial impairment, such as coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and obesity. Men with chronic kidney disease experience a high incidence and prevalence of ED. While a functional renal graft can alleviate the issue for some patients, a significant portion of recipients still experience ED (20%-50%). This narrative review describes the variety of current treatments modalities on ED in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and their clinical outcomes. MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to find eligible articles pertaining to the treatment options of ED in KTRs. A total of 64 articles were evaluated. In KTRs, ED stems from a multifaceted etiology: anxiety, drug side effects, interference with penile vascularity, or the response of cavernosal muscle to neurotransmitters, along with changes in the endocrine milieu. A diverse range of treatments to restore erectile function has proven to be safe and effective for KTRs. Options include drug therapy, surgical interventions, intracavernosal injection therapies, vacuum erection devices, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. The initial treatment approach may involve the use of a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors at a low dosage, especially if testosterone-circulating levels align with the diagnosis of hypogonadism. The consideration of a combination therapy involving testosterone and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors should be contemplated due to the associated beneficial effects. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy has shown positive short-term clinical and physiological effects on erectile function in patients who did not respond to first-line treatments, resulting in spontaneous erections sufficient for sexual penetration in 50% of cases. Penile implants should be considered as third-line options based on specific patient needs and compliance with clinical conditions.

Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide, is challenging to identify in its early stages and prone to metastasis, and the prognosis of patients with this disease is poor. Treatment options for HCC are limited, with even radical treatments being associated with a risk of recurrence or transformation in the short term. Furthermore, the multi‑tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for first‑line therapy have marked drawbacks, including drug resistance and side effects. The rise and breakthrough of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided a novel direction for HCC immunotherapy but these have the drawback of low response rates. Since avoiding apoptosis is a universal feature of cancer, the induction of non‑apoptotic regulatory cell death (NARCD) is a novel strategy for HCC immunotherapy. At present, NARCD pathways, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, are novel potential forms of immunogenic cell death, which have synergistic effects with antitumor immunity, transforming immune 'cold' tumors into immune 'hot' tumors and exerting antitumor effects. Therefore, these pathways may be targeted as a novel treatment strategy for HCC. In the present review, the roles of ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in antitumor immunity in HCC are discussed, and the relevant targets and signaling pathways, and the current status of combined therapy with ICIs are summarized. The prospects of targeting ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in HCC immunotherapy are also considered.

Analysis of local anesthetics side effects and determination of ways for their minimization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the development of side effects of drugs is one of the serious medical problems.The relevance of this problem is proven by numerous statistical data obtained in different countries of the world. The aim of the study was to determine the assortment of local anesthetics (LAs) on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, to analyze the evidence base of the effectiveness and safety of modern LAs, to monitor the side effects (SEs) of LAs in Kharkiv and Kharkiv region for the period 2018–2021, and to provide recommendations for their minimization. The methods of passive pharmacovigilance, method of spontaneous reports, method of system approach and system analysis were used in the study. To analyze the clinical effectiveness and conditions of rational use of LAs, well-known data bases were used: Cochrane Library, Trip Database, and PubMed. These databases contain systematized primary or secondary information on a specific clinical issue: the effectiveness and safety of various medical technologies. The results of the analysis of the assortment of LAs on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine showed that in 2023, based on 9 international non-patented names of LAs, 65 trade names were presented. Bupivacaine and procaine drugs (16 trade names each) and articaine drugs in combinations (13 trade names) are market leaders. The results of the analysis of notification cards with cases of SEs for 4 years revealed that the majority of them in the form of dizziness, weakness, changes in blood pressure, heart rate, edema, itching, hyperemia at the site of application were recorded when using lidocaine drugs, which are the most in demand and popular among doctors. According to the data of systematic reviews, the main directions for reducing the side effects of LAs have been established, such as administration under ultrasound control, the use of the least toxic modern anesthetics ropivacaine and levobupivacaine (not available on the Ukrainian market), the addition of substances with vasoconstrictive properties to the anesthetic solution, the use of combinations of long-acting and short-acting anesthetics. The results obtained can be used by practicing doctors and health care organizers to optimize LAs.

Awake VA-ECMO in cardiogenic shock, single centre experiences

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Background/Introduction "Awake" V-A ECMO when the patient is fully awake, breathing spontaneously, without deep sedation. Advantages of awake VA-ECMO include reduced sedative side effects, early active movements, reduced muscle mass loss, increased interaction with the family and medical staff, description of their symptoms, and more exact information than sedative patients so that early detection of complications. Purpose and Methods Present a series of 15 patients with cardiac support by awake VA-ECMO, techniques, parameters, complications, and treatment results. Results Enrolled in this study, including 15 patients: 04 NSTEMI (very high-risk PCI), 09 Myocarditis, 02 electrical storm; Age 53,2 ± 19,5. The local anesthesia, mild sedation when the patient is anxious; performed vascular access with DSA system. The duration from the patient's admission to ECMO was 3,8 ± 2,9 (day) and awake VA-ECMO 3,1 ± 2,5 (day) (min to max: 1 – 6). The CO of ECMO: 1,6 ± 1,2 (l/ph); 03 patients with continuous renal replacement therapy. A patient with acute thrombosis of the lower extremity had successful percutaneous thrombectomy; fifteen patients were successfully weaned from ECMO (100%), no patient death in 7 days, and 02 patient deaths in 30 days. Conclusion Awake VA-ECMO can be performed safety on the cardiac patient when waiting for recovery or management.

Saponin monomers: Potential candidates for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disease with persistent hyperglycemia primarily caused by insulin resistance (IR), has become one of the most serious health challenges of the 21st century, with considerable economic and societal implications worldwide. Considering the inevitable side effects of conventional antidiabetic drugs, natural ingredients exhibit promising therapeutic efficacy and can serve as safer and more cost-effective alternatives for the management of T2DM. Saponins are a structurally diverse class of amphiphilic compounds widely distributed in many popular herbal medicinal plants, some animals, and marine organisms. There are many saponin monomers, such as ginsenoside compound K, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, astragaloside IV, glycyrrhizin, and diosgenin, showing great efficacy in the treatment of T2DM and its complications in vivo and in vitro. However, although the mechanisms of action of saponin monomers at the animal and cell levels have been gradually elucidated, there is a lack of clinical data, which hinders the development of saponin-based antidiabetic drugs. Herein, the main factors/pathways associated with T2DM and the comprehensive underlying mechanisms and potential applications of these saponin monomers in the management of T2DM and its complications are reviewed and discussed, aiming to provide fundamental data for future high-quality clinical studies and trials.

Enhancing Curcumin’s therapeutic potential in cancer treatment through ultrasound mediated liposomal delivery

Improving the efficacy of chemotherapy remains a key challenge in cancer treatment, considering the low bioavailability, high cytotoxicity, and undesirable side effects of some clinical drugs. Targeted delivery and sustained release of therapeutic drugs to cancer cells can reduce the whole-body cytotoxicity of the agent and deliver a safe localized treatment to the patient. There is growing interest in herbal drugs, such as curcumin, which is highly noted as a promising anti-tumor drug, considering its wide range of bioactivities and therapeutic properties against various tumors. Conversely, the clinical efficacy of curcumin is limited because of poor oral bioavailability, low water solubility, instability in gastrointestinal fluids, and unsuitable pH stability. Drug-delivery colloid vehicles like liposomes and nanoparticles combined with microbubbles and ultrasound-mediated sustained release are currently being explored as effective delivery modes in such cases. This study aimed to synthesize and study the properties of curcumin liposomes (CLs) and optimize the high-frequency ultrasound release and uptake by a human breast cancer cell line (HCC 1954) through in vitro studies of culture viability and cytotoxicity. CLs were effectively prepared with particles sized at 81 ± 2 nm, demonstrating stability and controlled release of curcumin under ultrasound exposure. In vitro studies using HCC1954 cells, the combination of CLs, ultrasound, and Definity microbubbles significantly improved curcumin’s anti-tumor effects, particularly under specific conditions: 15 s of continuous ultrasound at 0.12 W/cm2 power density with 0.6 × 107 microbubbles/mL. Furthermore, the study delved into curcumin liposomes’ cytotoxic effects using an Annexin V/PI-based apoptosis assay. The treatment with CLs, particularly in conjunction with ultrasound and microbubbles, amplified cell apoptosis, mainly in the late apoptosis stage, which was attributed to heightened cellular uptake within cancer cells.

Identification of miR-20a as A Potential Discerning Biomarker for Non-Invasive versus Invasive Retinoblastoma.

Intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) is common in kids. Although the cause of this disease is a mutation in the RB1 gene, the formed cancerous mass in different patients is seen in non-invasive states, limited to the ocular cavity or in invasive states distributed to other parts of the body. Because this tumor's aggressiveness cannot be predicted early, these patients receive systemic chemotherapy with multiple drugs. Treating non-invasive and invasive tumors separately reduces chemical drug side effects. The aim of this study was to identify diagnostic biomarkers by separating miRNAs in blood serum from invasive and non-invasive RB patients. In this experimental study, selected three gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets. Two were related to serum and tumor tissue miRNAs, and one was related to non-invasive and invasive RB gene expression. Examined RB gene-miRNA relationships. Then, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on candidate miRNAs in the Y79 cell line and patient blood samples in non-invasive and invasive retinoblastoma. Fourteen high-expression and 7 low-expression miRNAs resulted. MiR-181, miR-135a, miR-20a, miR-373, and miR-191 were common genes with differential genes between invasive and non-invasive retinoblastoma. Only MiR-181 was upregulated in the Y79 RB cell line. Other candidate miRNAs expressed less. Invasive retinoblastomas increased serum miR-20a and miR-191. Integrated and regular bioinformatics analyses found important miRNAs in patients' and miR-20a, miR- 191, and miR-135a can distinguish non-invasive and invasive retinoblastoma, suggesting further research.

Prevalence of side effects of synthetic antithyroid drugs

Prevalence of side effects of synthetic antithyroid drugs

Drug repositioning based on tripartite cross-network embedding and graph convolutional network

Drug-disease association prediction is an important part of drug discovery, which can help researchers uncover potential drug candidates and disease targets more accurately to deal with the drawbacks of inefficiency and high cost of traditional methods. In contrast, past drug-disease prediction processes often overlooked the associations between drugs and side effects and the impact of proteins on diseases. These issues hindered models from fully learning the potential information within the network. Hence, a method capable of comprehensively learning from multi-source heterogeneous information and extracting high-level features of biological associations is needed. To overcome these challenges, proposes a drug repositioning method based on a tripartite cross-network embedding graph convolutional network, called TGCNDR, to predict the associations between drugs and diseases. Firstly, we construct a tripartite cross-network of drug-disease associations, drug-protein associations, and drug-side effect associations. TGCNDR employs graph convolutional networks to capture information from different nodes to learn drug embedding. Subsequently, TGCNDR uses anchor links for knowledge transfer, and different networks use the Self-attention mechanism to represent drug importance. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that TGCNDR exhibits good performance (the average AUROC is 0.922, the average AUPR is 0.916, and the average F1-score is 0.860) compared with state-of-the-art methods. In the case study, we perform molecular docking experiments on the predicted drug candidates and identify newly approved drugs for osteosarcoma, which suggests that TGCNDR is an effective tool for drug repositioning.