Terms Of Side Effects Research Articles

Does intramedullary K-wire buried under the skin justify the treatment for both-bone forearm fracture in children? : A descriptive analytical study

Introduction: Surgical treatment including intramedullary K wire fixation is desirable for unstable pediatric both bone fracture to avoid angulation, rotational deformity and refracture ensuring optimal functional outcomes. However, it is debatable to leave free end of K wire exposed or to bury underneath the skin. The aim of the study is to assess the functional outcomes and complications after intramedullary K wire buried under the skin for pediatric both bone fracture. Method: This is a prospective analytical study performed from 15 August 2021 to 15 February 2023. This study included unstable closed diaphyseal forearm facture in children aged between 5 and 13 years treated with intramedullary K wires which were buried inside the skin. Study variables included demographical profiles, fracture pattern, time for surgical intervention, Modified Flynn et al criteria, time to unite the fracture and any associated complications). Results: Mean age of the patient in our study was 8.70±2.17 years. Average time required to unite the fracture was 3.15±0.62 months. Thirty-Four (97.2%) patients had excellent outcomes; one (2.8%) patient had good functional outcomes based on Modified Flynn et al criteria. Nine (25.7%) patients had bursa formation at proximal aspect of ulnar K wire while one patient (2.8%) had superficial infection at olecranon site. Conclusion: Intramedullary K wire for pediatric diaphyseal both bone fractures is excellent surgical technique. Even though controversy exist between exposed K wires and those buried underneath the skin, buried K wires have reasonable advantages and less side effects in terms of infection and overall functional outcomes. Keywords: Both bone; Bury; Forearm fracture; Functional outcomes; Intramedullary K wire

The effects of social pensions on nutrition-related health outcomes of the poor: Quasi-experimental evidence from Peru.

This paper exploits the discontinuity around a welfare index of eligibility to assess the impact of Peru's social pension program Pension 65 on nutrition-related health outcomes among elderly poor individuals. Overall, we find evidence of how a relatively inexpensive program can produce improvements in anemia and nutrition-related mortality risk markers. The effects appear to be driven by plausible underlying mechanisms, including via improved nutritional quality as well as greater food expenditures and healthcare utilization. These positive effects are only modestly countered by tentative signs of an increased obesity risk among women in the short term (<2years), but not beyond this term. As the program evolves further, policymakers need to confront the challenge of continuing to ensure the health benefits in terms of reducing nutritional deficits while avoiding potential undesirable side effects in terms of over-nutrition in Peru. The findings may serve to highlight the wider benefits of similar pension policies for the poor also in other middle income countries, well beyond the immediate economic welfare effects that the policies have primarily been designed for.

Understanding Sleep Disturbances in Prostate Cancer-A Scientometric Analysis of Sleep Assessment, Aetiology, and Its Impact on Quality of Life.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United Kingdom. While androgen-deprivation therapy is the most common treatment for prostate cancer, patients undergoing this treatment typically experience side effects in terms of sleep disturbances. However, the relation between prostate cancer and sleep and the way in which sleep interventions may benefit oncological patients is underinvestigated in the literature. The current study aims to review in a data-driven approach the existing literature on the field of prostate cancer and sleep to identify impactful documents and major thematic domains. To do so, a sample of 1547 documents was downloaded from Scopus, and a document co-citation analysis was conducted on CiteSpace software. In the literature, 12 main research domains were identified as well as 26 impactful documents. Research domains were examined regarding the link between prostate cancer and sleep, by taking into account variations in hormonal levels. A major gap in the literature was identified in the lack of use of objective assessment of sleep quality in patients with prostate cancer.

Green Consumerism and Firms’ Environmental Behaviour Under Monopolistic Competition: A Two-Sector Model

We investigate the pro-environmental behavior of green firms in a context where consumers value the goods’ eco-quality features. We present a two-sector monopolistic competition model with green and brown goods displaying both horizontal and vertical differentiation. Using analytical and quantitative techniques, we derive the optimal eco-quality level selected by green firms and the industry structure both in the short- and long-run equilibrium. We then study the effectiveness of three policy tools (green incentives, the imposition of a minimum quality standard, and green awareness campaigns) with respect to the policymaker’s objective of increasing the overall level of greenness, which we measure through a specific indicator. We find that each policy alone is apt to stimulate an increase in the greenness intensity compared to the unregulated equilibrium. Yet, their side effects in terms of market structure and the possibility that the intensity of application of a single tool may hit budgetary, political, or social limits call for a combination of two or more policies to overcome the above limits and get a higher overall level of greenness than that resulting from just one of them.

Effects of Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on Chemotherapy-Impaired Cognitive and Motor Performance in Mice.

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (chemobrain) and muscle wasting (cachexia) are persisting side effects which adversely affect the quality of life of cancer survivors. We therefore investigated the efficacy of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to reverse the adverse effects of chemotherapy. We examined whether physical exercise in terms of voluntary wheel running could prevent chemotherapy-induced cognitive and motor impairments in mice treated with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Adult male BALB/c mice were subdivided into runner and non-runner groups and orally administered with sorafenib (60 mg/kg) or vehicle continuously for four weeks. Mice could freely access the running wheel anytime during sorafenib or vehicle treatment. We found that sorafenib treatment reduced body weight gain (% of change, vehicle: 3.28 ± 3.29, sorafenib: -9.24 ± 1.52, p = 0.0004), impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial memory in the Y maze (exploration index, vehicle: 35.57 ± 11.38%, sorafenib: -29.62 ± 7.90%, p < 0.0001), increased anhedonia-like behaviour in the sucrose preference test (sucrose preference, vehicle: 66.57 ± 3.52%, sorafenib: 44.54 ± 4.25%, p = 0.0005) and impaired motor skill acquisition in rotarod test (latency to fall on day 1: 37.87 ± 8.05 and day 2: 37.22 ± 12.26 s, p > 0.05) but did not induce muscle wasting or reduce grip strength. Concomitant voluntary running reduced anhedonia-like behaviour (sucrose preference, sedentary: 44.54 ± 4.25%, runners: 59.33 ± 4.02%, p = 0.0357), restored impairment in motor skill acquisition (latency to fall on day 1: 50.85 ± 15.45 and day 2: 168.50 ± 37.08 s, p = 0.0004), but failed to rescue spatial memory deficit. Immunostaining results revealed that sorafenib treatment did not affect the number of proliferating cells and immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), whereas running significantly increased cell proliferation in both vehicle- (total Ki-67+ cells, sedentary: 16,687.34 ± 72.63, exercise: 3320.03 ± 182.57, p < 0.0001) and sorafenib-treated mice (Ki-67+ cells in the ventral DG, sedentary: 688.82.34 ± 38.16, exercise: 979.53 ± 73.88, p < 0.0400). Our results suggest that spatial memory impairment and anhedonia-like behaviour precede the presence of muscle wasting, and these behavioural deficits are independent of the changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Running effectively prevents body weight loss, improves motor skill acquisition and reduces anhedonia-like behaviour associated with increased proliferating cells and immature neurons in DG. Taken together, they support physical exercise rehabilitation as an effective strategy to prevent chemotherapy side effects in terms of mood dysregulation and motor deficit.

Wake Instabilities of Tip-Loaded Propellers: Comparison between CLT and “New Generation” CLT Configurations

Tip loading is a common strategy to increase the propulsive efficiency of propellers. Solutions such as contracted and tip-loaded (CLT) and “New generation” CLT propellers exploit the presence of an endplate (“true” or as the result of a dedicated modification of the rake distribution) to sustain the increased load at the tip of the blade, at the cost of more complex vortical structures. Their evolution, and the mutual interaction of secondary vortices originated by the endplate itself, however, has not been completely and deeply investigated. The current paper addresses this topic by improved delayed detached eddy simulations (IDDES) of the flow field around two propellers of this type at different loading conditions. The presence of secondary vortices from the endplate root (or from the bended blade at tip), partially observed in recent experiments, is evidenced by high-fidelity CFD calculations. The interaction mechanism with the primary vortices (those from the endplate tip), and the resulting strengthening of the vortical structures, also through the interaction with the blade trailing vortical wake that promote the leapfrogging phenomenon, is discussed as well, comparing the phenomena in the case of two optimally designed geometries (a CLT and a New Generation CLT propeller) exploiting the same pressure side tip-loading concept in a slightly different way. Results show a rather different instability mechanism depending on the endplate configuration and open the discussion on the effectiveness of splitting a single tip vortex into pairs of vortical structures that may induce similar (or even worse) side effects in terms of pressure minima in the wake and earlier wake destabilization.

Cadaver embalming and fixing solutions from past to present

Cadaver and organ embalming-fixing solutions have a long history. The aim of this study is to follow this historical adventure step by step and to consider the point of embalming and fixation solutions. This study was carried out on the literature published to Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct between 2000 and 2021. During the search, “cadaver, cadaver dissection, cadaver detection, cadaver use, cadaver embalming, cadaver preservation and organ preservation” were chosen as keywords. The discovery of formaldehyde in 1869 was clearly a turning point for cadaver and organ embalming-fixing solutions, and formaldehyde-based solutions are widely used even today. However, in addition to formaldehyde-based solutions, there are methods such as plastinization, paraffinization, resin embedding methods. It is clearly seen in the literature that formaldehyde-based solutions have serious side effects in terms of human health. Therefore, scientists have developed different methods. However, these methods have both application difficulties and accessibility problems compared to formaldehyde-based methods. Solutions that can prevent these problems should be produced in a short time.

Effects of a Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton on Knee Joint Loading during Simulated Static Sorting and Dynamic Lifting Tasks.

Due to the load shifting mechanism of many back-support exoskeletons (BSEs), this study evaluated possible side effects of using a BSE on knee joint loading. Twenty-nine subjects (25.9 (±4.4) years, 179.0 (±6.5) cm; 73.6 (±9.4) kg) performed simulated static sorting and dynamic lifting tasks, including stoop and squat styles and different trunk rotation postures. Ground reaction force, body posture and the force between the chest and the BSE’s contact interface were recorded using a force plate, two-dimensional gravimetric position sensors, and a built-in force sensor of the BSE, respectively. Using these parameters and the subject’s anthropometry, median and 90th percentile horizontal (HOR50, HOR90) and vertical (VERT50, VERT90) tibiofemoral forces were calculated via a self-developed inverse quasi-static biomechanical model. BSE use had a variable effect on HOR50 dependent on the working task and body posture. Generally, VERT50 increased without significant interaction effects with posture or task. HOR90 and VERT90 were not affected by using the BSE. In conclusion, utilizing the investigated exoskeleton is likely to induce side effects in terms of changed knee joint loading. This may depend on the applied working task and the user’s body posture. The role of these changes in the context of a negative contribution to work-related cumulative knee exposures should be addressed by future research.

Planning to Avoid Side Effects

In sequential decision making, objective specifications are often underspecified or incomplete, neglecting to take into account potential (negative) side effects. Executing plans without consideration of their side effects can lead to catastrophic outcomes -- a concern recently raised in relation to the safety of AI. In this paper we investigate how to avoid side effects in a symbolic planning setting. We study the notion of minimizing side effects in the context of a planning environment where multiple independent agents co-exist. We define (classes of) negative side effects in terms of their effect on the agency of those other agents. Finally, we show how plans which minimize side effects of different types can be computed via compilations to cost-optimizing symbolic planning, and investigate experimentally.

Leukopenija kao jedini simptom kovid-19 kod pacijenata obolelih od shizofrenije na terapiji klozapinom

Patients suffering from Covid-19 often have leukopenia, most often lymphopenia, as an accompanying laboratory manifestation of the clinical syndrome, but there are indications that at the beginning of the disease they also have mild neutropenia. Clozapine can have hematological side effects in terms of leukopenia - most often neutropenia. The paper presents a patient with schizophrenia who is on long-term Clozapine therapy. At the time when leukopenia was detected in the blood count, he was mentally stable and physically asymptomatic. He had a reduced number of leukocytes as the only symptom of infection with the new coronavirus SARS CoV 2, which we confirmed by PCR. In this paper, we present the clinical picture of COVID-19 in connection with the possible overlapping etiology of leukopenia, which can also appear as a separate symptom of infection with the SARS CoV 2 coronavirus and be a hematological side effect of Clozapine treatment.

Comparison of Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines: Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, and Covaxin in Women in Terms of Menstruation Disturbances, Hirsutism, and Metrorrhagia: A Descriptive-Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.

Background:Present study assessed whether Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, and Covaxin’s vaccinated women reveal a distinct incidence of menstruation disturbances, hirsutism, and metrorrhagia.Materials and Methods:Data collection was performed from June to August 2021, and 427 women working in seven selected hospitals in Tehran were studied in this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. All of these women had received one or both doses of the vaccines with one of the assessed vaccines. Required data was collected via questionnaire and imported to SPSS 16 for further assessment and analysis. Fisher’s Exact Test and Chi-Squared test were main statistical tests used to understand whether any significant relation exists or not.Results:The participant’s mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 29.78 ± 10.55 and 23.27 ± 3.82, respectively. Three hundred ninety-five cases (92.4%) had received both doses of the vaccines. Also, 154 cases (36.1%) had a history of COVID-19. A total of 38 cases (8.8%) of menstruation disturbances, 20 cases (4.6%) of metrorrhagia, and 7 cases (1.6%) of hirsutism were reported after receiving the vaccines. There was a significant difference among the vaccinated groups with the vaccines as mentioned earlier in terms of menstruation disturbances (hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, Amenorrhea) (P=0.01). The highest and the lowest incidence of menstruation disturbances were recorded in the group vaccinated with Covaxin (17.6%) and Sputnik V (5%), respectively. There was also no significant difference amongst the vaccinated groups with the four vaccines regarding the incidence of metrorrhagia and hirsutism (P=0.10 and P=0.12, respectively). There was no significant relationship between all three complications incidence with the previous infection concerning all vaccines (coefficient=0.46, 1.27, -0.15 respectively for menstruation disturbances, metrorrhagia, and, hirsutism).Conclusion:Seemingly, Covaxin revealed the most side effects in terms of menstruation disturbances. As a result, professionals must carry out several studies with reasonable samples to recommend the vaccine to those women confidently

Does 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Have Adverse Effect on Cochlear Functions?

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 3 Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) noise on cochlear functions.Methods: The distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) test was applied to patients who were scheduled to have 3T MRI in the tertiary care center. Patients who revealed emission amplitudes at all frequencies (1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz) in the DPOAE test before MRI were included in the study. After MRI, the DPOAE test was performed twice on 17 patients (33 ears) (immediately after MRI and 30 minutes after MRI). The changes in the results of the tests taken before MRI (pre-MRI), immediately after MRI (post-MRI 1), and at 30 minutes after MRI (post-MRI 2) in the DPOAE amplitudes at all frequencies were compared statistically.Results: There was a significant difference between pre-MRI, post-MRI 1, and post-MRI 2 measurements at 3, 6, and 8 kHz. In pairwise comparisons; post-MRI 1 was statistically lower than post-MRI 2 at 3 kHz, and post-MRI 1 was statistically lower than pre-MRI and post-MRI 2 at 6 and 8 kHz. In addition, post-MRI 2 was significantly lower than pre-MRI at 8 kHz.Conclusion: According to these results, 3T MRI noise does not have any permanent negative impact on hearing functions. It can only cause DPOAE amplitude changes at high frequencies. This is a clinically negligible effect. Therefore, it can be considered that the 3T MRI examination with protective headphones does not cause any adverse side effects in terms of hearing functions.

Winning the Battle but Losing the War: Ironic Effects of Training Consumers to Detect Deceptive Advertising Tactics

AbstractMisleading information pervades marketing communications, and is a long-standing issue in business ethics. Regulators place a heavy burden on consumers to detect misleading information, and a number of studies have shown training can improve their ability to do so. However, the possible side effects have largely gone unexamined. We provide evidence for one such side-effect, whereby training consumers to detect a specific tactic (illegitimate endorsers), leaves them more vulnerable to a second tactic included in the same ad (a restrictive qualifying footnote), relative to untrained controls. We update standard notions of persuasion knowledge using a goal systems approach that allows for multiple vigilance goals to explain such side-effects in terms ofgoal shielding, which is a generally adaptive process by which activation and/or fulfillment of a low-level goal inhibits alternative detection goals. Furthermore, the same goal systems logic is used to develop a more general form of training that activates a higher-level goal (general skepticism). This more general training improved detection of a broader set of tactics without the negative goal shielding side effect.

Lidocaine and dexmedetomidine combined infusion as an alternative to propofol for sedation in colonoscopy

BackgroundColonoscopy is one of the commonly performed procedures for the diagnosis of colonic disorders. Several sedation regimens are administered during colonoscopy. To date, the propofol-based sedation regimen is commonly used, although it may have some risks. I studied the efficacy of dexmedetomidine–lidocaine combination as a substitution for propofol for sedation in colonoscopy procedures.It is a prospective randomized controlled study; 62 patients were recruited and divided into two equal groups: group P is the propofol group which included patients who received sedation with IV propofol using a loading dose of 50–100 mg of propofol and were continued on propofol IV infusion 25–75 μg/kg/min and group D-L is the dexmedetomidine–lidocaine group where patients received a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg infused over 10 min followed by infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.2–0.7 μg/kg/h and lidocaine 1 mg/kg IV followed by an infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h. The primary outcome was the median patients’ satisfaction scores after recovery assessed by the Likert 5-item scoring system. Other outcomes included postprocedure pain score, mean arterial blood pressure, saturation, heart rate during the procedure, amount of fentanyl and midazolam used during the procedure, and the number of apneic attacks.ResultsPatients in both groups were satisfied by the procedure, and the median and 1st–3rd IQ satisfaction scores were 5 (4.0–5.0) in group P and 4 (4.0–5.0) in group D-L; however, this difference was statistically significant (P value = 0.014), reflecting more satisfaction in patients who received propofol. Patients in group D-L required significantly more doses of midazolam and fentanyl to achieve an adequate sedation score, had a more significant drop in heart rate, and had significantly more postoperative pain scores than those in group P. Patients in group P had significantly more apneic attacks and lower intraprocedural oxygen saturation levels than those in group D-L.ConclusionDexmedetomidine–lidocaine combined IV infusion was found to be effective and safe for sedation in colonoscopy with less side effects in terms of apneic attacks and desaturation, although patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the propofol group, yet as per the sedation scores this was considered to be clinically non-significant.Trial registrationThe study was registered by the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (trial ID: 12620000249954).

Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design

In Super-G alpine ski racing mean speed is nearly as high as in Downhill. Hence, the energy dissipated in typical impact accidents is similar. However, unlike Downhill, on Super-G courses no training runs are performed. Accordingly, speed control through course design is a challenging but important task to ensure safety in Super-G. In four male World Cup alpine Super-G races, terrain shape, course setting and the mechanics of a high-level athlete skiing the course were measured with differential global navigation satellite systems (dGNSS). The effects of course setting on skier mechanics were analysed using a linear mixed effects model. To reduce speed by 0.5 m/s throughout a turn, the gate offset needs to be increased by + 51%. This change simultaneously leads to a decrease in minimal turn radius (− 19%), an increase in impulse (+ 27%) and an increase in maximal ground reaction force (+ 6%). In contrast, the same reduction in speed can also be achieved by a − 13% change in vertical gate distance, which also leads to a small reduction in minimal turn radius (− 4%) impulse (− 2%), and no change in maximal ground reaction force; i.e. fewer adverse side effects in terms of safety. It appears that shortening the vertical gate distance is a better and safer way to reduce speed in Super-G than increasing the gate offset.

Late Side Effects in Terms of Thyroid Functions in Patients Who Improve After Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment

Late Side Effects in Terms of Thyroid Functions in Patients Who Improve After Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment

Characterization of a New Solvatomorph of Drospirenone by Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry Combined with Other Solid-State Analysis Methods.

Drospirenone (DE) is a fourth-generation progesterone that has been widely used in oral contraceptives for women because of its safety and few side effects in terms of pharmacological activity. A new solvatomorph (crystal form C) of DE with dimethyl sulfoxide was identified and characterized for the first time through a thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TG–MS) coupling system. The thermodynamic property of the new solvatomorph of DE was different from those of most pharmaceutical solvatomorphs, and it was revealed via the skimmer-type interfaced TG–MS system and differential scanning calorimetry. This new solvatomorph and a polymorph of DE obtained without solvent (crystal form A) were well characterized by X-ray crystallography and vibrational spectroscopic analysis. Computational studies based on their single-crystal structures, such as Hirshfeld surface analyses, were used to determine the intermolecular interactions in the crystal network. The single-crystal structure of crystal form C of DE was determined and reported for the first time.

Frequency of Mucositis Among Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Three-Dimensional (3D) Radiotherapy.

Background and objectiveHead and neck cancer can arise from any site like hypo-pharynx, oro-pharynx, lip, oral cavity, or larynx. Almost 90% of them are head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). In the current project, the goal was to determine the frequency of acute side effects in terms of mucositis during and immediately post-irradiation period in patients receiving concurrent three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy in a tertiary care hospital. MethodologyThis descriptive case series with 106 enrolled patients was carried out from December 2019 to May 2020 at the Department of Radiation Oncology following approval. All patients were given radiotherapy or chemo-radio-therapy as per the clinician's advice and hospital protocol. All patients were evaluated at pre radiation time, at weekly intervals during treatment and at 11 weeks from 1st radiation fraction. Data was entered and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Chi-square and Fisher's exact test was applied as p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsIn the present study, all patients (n=106) showed a mean age of 57.8 ± 8.3 years. There was a gradual increase in grades of mucositis in all patients after treatments until seven weeks. After one month of post-treatment, a decrease in grades of mucositis was observed in all patients. ConclusionAcute side effects appeared in all patients receiving 3D radiation therapy (RT) although the treatment response was good. Hence, we concluded it has a high incidence of treatment-related toxicities but it is safe.

Hypnotics with novel modes of action.

Insomnia and, more generally, lack of sleep are on the rise. Traditionally treated by classical hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and Z drugs, which both act on the GABAA receptor, and other modalities, including nondrug therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, there is a range of new hypnotics which are being developed or have recently received market approval. Suvorexant and the like target the orexin/hypocretin system: they should have less side effects in terms of drug-drug interactions with e.g. alcohol, less memory impairment and dependence potential compared to classical hypnotics.

&lt;i&gt;In silico&lt;/i&gt; systems for predicting chemical-induced side effects using known and potential chemical protein interactions, enabling mechanism estimation

In silico models for predicting chemical-induced side effects have become increasingly important for the development of pharmaceuticals and functional food products. However, existing predictive models have difficulty in estimating the mechanisms of side effects in terms of molecular targets or they do not cover the wide range of pharmacological targets. In the present study, we constructed novel in silico models to predict chemical-induced side effects and estimate the underlying mechanisms with high general versatility by integrating the comprehensive prediction of potential chemical-protein interactions (CPIs) with machine learning. First, the potential CPIs were comprehensively estimated by chemometrics based on the known CPI data (1,179,848 interactions involving 3,905 proteins and 824,143 chemicals). Second, the predictive models for 61 side effects in the cardiovascular system (CVS), gastrointestinal system (GIS), and central nervous system (CNS) were constructed by sparsity-induced classifiers based on the known and potential CPI data. The cross validation experiments showed that the proposed CPI-based models had a higher or comparable performance than the traditional chemical structure-based models. Moreover, our enrichment analysis indicated that the highly weighted proteins derived from predictive models could be involved in the corresponding functions of the side effects. For example, in CVS, the carcinogenesis-related pathways (e.g., prostate cancer, PI3K-Akt signal pathway), which were recently reported to be involved in cardiovascular side effects, were enriched. Therefore, our predictive models are biologically valid and would be useful for predicting side effects and novel potential underlying mechanisms of chemical-induced side effects.