Side Angle Research Articles

Characterization of Murine Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell Cultures Separated According to Cell Size

Incubation of murine splenocytes in high concentrations of the lymphokine interleukin 2 leads to the development of cytotoxic effector cells termed lymphokine-activated killer cells. Two populations of blast cells develop within these cultures, one of T origin and one of NK origin. The T blasts are CD8 +, FcRγIII - and exhibit slightly increased forward angle light scatter (FSC) and side angle light scatter (SSC). They have little or no oncolytic activity against the tumor target YAC-1. The NK blasts are CD8 -, FcRγIII + and exhibit markedly increased FSC and SSC. They contain virtually all the lytic activity against the tumor target YAC-1. Cultures were split into multiple fractions on the basis of sedimentation velocity, which separates cells primarily on the basis of cell size. The sedimentation separation resolved both T and NK cells into resting (G 0) small lymphocytes and cycling blast cells. NK blasts sedimented much more rapidly than all CD8 + cells such that most of the oncolytic activity could be separated relatively free of CD8 + cells.

Charged particle multiplicities in reactions of Ag with 40Ar of 7, 17, 27, and 34 MeV/nucleon.

Systematic results are presented for multiplicity distributions of $^{1,2,3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{3,4,6,8}\mathrm{He}$ produced in reactions of $^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Ag}$ with $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ beams of 280, 680, 1080, and 1356 MeV. A variety of gating conditions is explored and classified in connection with the more peripheral or the more central collisions. Correlations between H-He multiplicity and Z or angle of projectilelike fragments follow qualitative expectations for deeply inelastic scattering. Pairs of light charged particles or intermediate-mass fragments at side angles are well correlated with the most violent collisions, leading to incomplete fusion. The cross sections for these more central collisions imply entrance-channel orbital angular momenta up to \ensuremath{\approxeq}300\ensuremath{\Elzxh} in the reactions that form very highly excited composite nuclear systems.

Cell surface marker analysis of mouse thymic dendritic cells.

Cell surface markers of mouse thymic dendritic cells have been studied by flow cytometry after isolation by collagenase digestion, separation of the low-density cell fraction and differential adherence. The dendritic cell preparation had a purity of greater than 90%, the contaminating population being essentially composed of thymocytes, macrophages constituting less than 1%. Dendritic cells displayed high forward and low-intermediate side angle scatter, and expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the heat-stable antigen (HSA), the adhesion molecules Pgp-1 (CD44), LFA-1, ICAM-1 and low levels of Mac-1 and the leukocyte common antigen CD45. Thymic dendritic cells are negative for the stem cell antigen-2 (Sca-2), the B cell-specific form of CD45 (B220), the mouse macrophage markers Fc receptor and F4/80, and the granulocyte marker Gr-1. However, although they do not express the T cell markers Thy-1, CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD5, 20%-30% of dendritic cells are positive for the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain (CD25), and about 30% express intermediate levels of CD8. These results are discussed with regard to the functional significance of the expression of CD8 by thymic dendritic cells, and the existence of different dendritic cell subpopulations in the murine thymus.

Tracking the dissipation of energy and angular momentum in central collisions between Ag and 40Ar of 7, 17, 27, and 34 MeV/nucleon.

A 4\ensuremath{\pi} charged-particle multidetector has been used to study the reaction $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Ag from 280--1356 MeV. Charged-particle multiplicity distributions show a low-multiplicity group associated with peripheral collisions and a high-multiplicity group associated with central collisions. Average multiplicities for central collisions increase with increasing projectile energy, indicating ever-increasing collision violence. Angular distributions of emitted protons are essentially isotropic for \ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ge}80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in a reference frame characterized by the empirical systematics of linear momentum transfer (i.e., \ensuremath{\approxeq}100% to \ensuremath{\approxeq}70% from 7--34 MeV/nucleon). Spectra of these protons at side angles are evaporationlike in shape and indicate relative effective temperatures of 3, 6, 8, and 12 MeV for beam energies of 7, 17, 27, and 34A MeV, respectively. Azimuthal angular correlations between various particle pairs are consistent with spin-driven emission from emitter sources of reasonable spin values. In short, these results support a classical picture of extensively thermalized emitter nuclei even for initial excitation energies of \ensuremath{\approxeq}5 MeV per system nucleon and spins of \ensuremath{\ge}100\ensuremath{\Elzxh}.

Effect of Yoke Pattern on Recording Characteristics of Thin Film Heads

The authors studied the dependence of the magnetic anisotropy of thin film heads on the core side angle. Because of the increase in core reluctance, it had been thought that the head efficiency decreases with increasing side angle. However, measurements revealed that the head efficiency increases with the side angle. To determine the reason for the unexpected behavior, three-dimensional calculations of the stress and stress-induced anisotropy were performed. According to these analyses, the magnitude of the tensile stress along the hard axis increases with the side angle, and therefore the anisotropy field is lower when the magnetic layer of the head has a positive magnetostriction constant. A decrease in the anisotropy field was confirmed by observations using the magneto-optical Kerr effect. It was concluded that the side angle affects the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy, in addition to the core reluctance and the domain structure.

Study of the relation between yoke shape and performance of thin film heads

In order to obtain the optimal yoke shape for a magnetic core having negative magnetostriction, the electrical and read/write (R/W) characteristics of thin-film heads with various side angles characterizing yoke shape were compared. The 60 degrees head is shown to exhibit the best R/W performance among heads with side angles ranging from 30 degrees to 90 degrees . The 60 degrees head is shown to be superior in terms of readback amplitude and overwrite performance, and it exhibits the lowest impedance noise due to lower inductance. The high readback amplitude and the small impedance noise produce a high signal-to-noise ratio and small bitshift. >

Free drop impact analysis of shipping cask

The WHAMS-2D and WHAMS-3D codes were used to analyze the dynamic response of the RAS/TREAT shielded shipping cask subjected to transient leadings for the purpose of assessing potential damage to the various components that comprise the cask. The paper describes how these codes can be used to provide an intermediate level of detail between full three dimensional finite element calculations and hand calculations which are cost effective for design purposes. Three free drops were addressed: (1) a thirty foot axialdrop on either end; (2) a thirty foot oblique angle drop with cask having several different orientations from the vertical with impact on the cask corner; and (3) a thirty foot side drop with simultaneous impact on the lifting trunnion and the bottom end. Results are presented for two models of the side and oblique angle drops; one model includes only the mass of the lapped sleeves of depleted uranium (DU) while the other includes the mass and stiffness of the DU. The results of the end drop aalyses are given for models with and without imperfections in the cask. Comparison of the analyses to hand calculations and simplified analyses are given.

薄膜磁気ヘッドの磁気コア形状とヘッド特性

The dependence of the magnetic anisotropy of the thin film heads on the side angle of the yoke was studied. Because of the increase of yoke reluctance, it had been thought that the reproducing sensitivity decreases with the increase of side angle. However, measurement revealed that the reproducing sensitivity increases with the side angle. To determine the reason for this sensitivity increase, the stress and the stress induced anisotropy were calculated threedimensionally. According to these analyses the magnitude of the tensile stress along the hard axis increased with the side angle, and therefore the anisotropy field decreased when the heads had a positive magnetostriction constant. Decrease of the anisotropy field was confirmed by observations using the magneto-optic Kerr effect. It is thus concluded that the side angle affects the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy, in addition to the yoke reluctance and the domain structure.

Three dimensional simulation of side-writing and crosstalk for thin film heads with various pole shapes

Side-fringing fields of thin-film heads are studied with the three-dimensional simulation code TOSCA. Readback signals are calculated using the principle of reciprocity for various pole shapes and off-tracks. Read/write characteristics are evaluated in the presence of side-writing and crosstalk. They depend on the shape of the interface between the pole and the air-bearing surface of the sliders. The side-writing is large when the side angle is small. Crosstalk is large when the side angle is small and the projection of the pole from the track edge is large. A pole edge shape on the air bearing surface of thin-film heads that produces a narrow head field outside of the track and a sharp head field gradient is concluded to be essential to achieve large side-writing and small crosstalk.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Control of astigmatism in proton isolated stripe aigaas double heterostructure lasers

Astigmatism was measured for proton isolated stripe geometry AIGaAs thin-active-layer (TAL) lasers, for which the proton implant depth was varied. Astigmatism was found to be smallest for deep implants close to the active layer. A semi-empirical model is presented which relates astigmatism to mode width, injected carrier distribution (gain width or spontaneous emission width), lateral dielectric constant variation across the laser stripe (determined from side lobe angle in far field) and active layer thickness. Comparison of experimental results with calculations are sufficiently precise to aid in practical laser design.

Fringe patterns and measurement on dorsal moiré topography in Japanese children, aged 13 and 14.

Dorsal moiré topographies of 165 boys and 156 girls, aged 13 and 14, were investigated. Moiré fringe patterns were classified into seven types, of which type IV, thin and symmetric back, was most frequent (29% in boys and 22% in girls), and types I and II thoracic, fleshy back, were observed in 15% of boys and 29% of girls. Settling four prominent points on the back, length, depth (number of fringes), angles between these points, and the most depressed point on the lumbar region were measured. Neither bilateral or sex differences were detected in length and depth measurements, whereas larger right side angles were observed as a general tendency. In both sexes, significant correlation was detected between measurements on points situated in the inner part of the back, while on points situated in the outer parts only angle and length correlation was significant.

厚板有限板スリット溶接継手の有効拘束度

In this paper, a series of elastic analysis was conducted on the restraint intensity of a rectangular plate with a slit, changing only the plate thickness (keeping the throat thickness constant) and the distance from the center of plate thickness to that of throat thickness. Two -types of loading conditions were used for the above analysis, which were (1) application of uniformly distributed loads along the slit and (2) imposition of uniform displacement, instead.The main results are as follows.1) If the ratio of the plate thickness to the throat thickness, h/hw is approximately smaller than 3.5, it may be considered that the plate thickness is entirely effective regardless of the type of groove. On the other hand, if the ratio is greater than the above (for thicker plate thickness), the restraint intensity is not in a simple proportion to its plate thickness, and converges to a certain limit. An expression of the correction factor r/ for the effectiveness of plate thickness is proposed.2) If the first weld is laid deviated from the center of the plate thickness, the out-of-plane bending deformation is produced according to the magnitude of the eccentricity and the effective restraint intensity at the center of the plate thickness decreases. However, within the range of eccentricity e=h'/(h/2)= 2h'/h<0.4 (h' is the distance from the center of plate thickness to that of throat thickness), the influence of the eccentricity can be neglected. An expression of the correction factor η' for the effect of eccentricity is formulated.3) If the one side angle of the practical groove is within 45 degrees, the influence of the groove form can be disregarded.4) As very accurate correction factors η and η' were obtained, the effective restraint intensity in a slit weld joint of a finite rectangular thick plate can be calculated simply by multiplying these correction factors to the two dimensional restraint intensity on which the thickness of the base plate is entirely effective. Consequently, the effective restraint intensity can be obtained simply without performing three dimensional elastic analysis which requires a huge amount of computing time.

FUNGAL GROWTH IN A LATTICE: A TENTATIVE EXPLANATION FOR THE SHAPE OF DIAMOND‐CANKERS IN SYCAMORE

SUMMARYThe characteristic shape of diamond‐cankers in sycamore may be attributable to spread of fungal infection via the medullary rays. The rays become densely filled with fungal hyphae in infected bark, and when viewed tangentially are arranged in a lattice‐like array with angles between the diagonal rows similar to the apical and side angles of diamond‐cankers observed in the field. Computer simulation has shown how a range of types of random growth processes could result in diamond‐shaped patterns if a fungus spread through such a lattice, with each ray serving as a centre from which its neighbours could become occupied and act in turn as centres.

Analytical Prediction of Three Dimensional Cutting Process—Part 2: Chip Formation and Cutting Force with Conventional Single-Point Tool

The cutting model and the energy method to predict chip formation and cutting force, which were proposed in the previous part of this study, are extended to machining with conventional single-point tool. The prediction is always possible in the practical range of cutting conditions regardless of size of cutting and tool geometry, if only orthogonal cutting data under equivalent cutting conditions are in hand. The predicted results are verified to be in good agreement with the experimental results in a wide variety of depth of cut, side and back rake angles, side cutting edge angle, and nose radius.

Side fringing fields and write and read crosstalk of narrow magnetic recording heads

In magnetic recording systems the side fringing fields of magnetic recording heads are responsible for crosstalk from adjacent tracks and eventually for partial erasure of adjacent tracks, thereby limiting the attainable track density. In this paper we derive analytical expressions for the magnetic field near the side of a recording head and calculate the cosine transform of the longitudinal field component, with the head side angle and gap length as parameters. The field of a head of zero width is also considered. Due to the side fringing field the written track is somewhat wider than the geometrical head width; the increase in width being approximately proportional to the maximum field strength in the recording medium and the head-to-medium distance. The amplitude <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</tex> of the read crosstalk signal from an adjacent, infinitesimally narrow track is calculated and it appears that it can be approximated by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u/u_{0} = 0.5 \exp (-2\pi x/\lambda)</tex> , where u <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> is the on-track signal (with zero head-to-medium spacing), <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</tex> is the distance between track and head side, and λ is the wavelength. Maximum track densities are calculated for a specified crosstalk-to-signal ratio and a given head width and wavelength. For a wavelength of 10 μm, a head width of 5 μm, and a crosstalk of -20 dB, the track density is limited to about 130 tracks/mm, assuming a track width equal to the head width. When the track is taken to be 5 μm wider than the head to account for the effects of the write process, no guardband at all is needed for -20 dB crosstalk and the limit to the track density is 100 tracks/mn.

Longhurst-hardy Plankton recorders: their design and use to minimize bias

Field studies and tow basin experiments of Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR) biases were conducted by injecting various types of particles into an LHPR having a variety of net and recorder box configurations. Tow speed and clogging were also considered. The following factors contributed to biases: (1) low recorder gauze aperture area to throat area ratios, causing backing up of flow into the net cod end, (2) tunnel gauze slot design, allowing significant losses of particles; (3) steep side angles of the net at the recorder entrance due to bagging or radial stretching; (4) clogging of the neta head of the LHPR; (5) short nets; and (6) tow speeds greater than about 125 cm s−1. Experiments with an LHPR modified to minimize biases showed that resolution to 15 m in oligotrophic waters is possible. In eutrophic waters, we doubt it is feasible to use a net with the LHPR.

USE OF THE AREA IN FORMATION OF THE CONDITION EQUATIONS FOR TRILATERATION AND MIXED FIGURES

Abstract Corrections to observed quantities in trilateration nets have always been obtained by satisfying certain geometric conditions, e.g. a side condition or angle condition. This paper introduces the area condition as a further geometric condition which could be used conveniently to obtain the necessary corrections.It is only required to have one redundant observation for each simple geometric figure, which can always be obtained even in ordinary observations.The large quantities which usually appear when areas are considered are avoided by using logarithmic tables in a convenient way.

SEQUENTIAL PART PRESENTATION: A METHOD OF STUDYING VISUAL FORM PERCEPTION

Everyday perception of a form's parts as simultaneous and joined is viewed as a perceptual achievement dependent on the central operations of analysis and integration. Experiments have been conducted which employ a method of stimulus presentation which assures that neural response simulates the hypothesized analysis operation, viz. sequential part presentation. Perceptual measures are employed which are assumed to reflect the hypothesized integration. In one experiment, interpart intervals between the sequentially presented sides of a line triangle were varied and 50% points determined for judgements of simultaneity and joining between the lines. In a second experiment, these thresholds were also determined, but for side part versus angle part presentation of the line triangle. With side part presentation, thresholds for both judgements of simultaneity and joining were found to be higher. It is concluded that normal perception of form, i.e., perception of parts as simultaneous and joined, can take place at larger intervals when sequential response is to side parts.

ATRESIA OF THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL OCCURRING IN MILITARY SERVICE: A Report on the Correction of This Condition in Ten Cases

THE WAR with its associated violence presented the otorhinolaryngologist with many new entities and unique problems. One of these entities, which is relatively uncommon in civilian practice but not too rare in military service, is atresia of the external auditory canal secondary to gunshot wound. The steel helmet only partially protects the ear even under ideal conditions. In the confusion of battle this protection is further diminished by angulation or loss of the helmet in maneuvering over obstacles. In general, the ear receives considerable protection from descending missiles, but objects of force traveling from any side angle or upward may seriously injure the ear. This type of injury usually includes one or more of the organs adjacent to the area of the ear. The anatomic structure of the external auditory canal responds poorly to this type of trauma and places a handicap on the surgeon. The external canal is approximately