Shuttling Effect Research Articles

Functional Interlayer with Highly Dispersed Co1–XS Embedded in N-Doped Carbon Spheres as Trapping-Catalyst Nanoreactors for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Shuttle effect and sluggish conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) have become the bottleneck in lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres with highly dispersed Co1–XS nanoparticles (CoXS-NC) as a trapping-catalyst interlayer for high-performance Li-S batteries is proposed. The nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon spheres generate high specific surface area and large pore volume which provide adequate sites for the adsorption of LiPSs and facilitate the good dispersion of Co1–XS nanoparticles. Nitrogen doping and Co1–XS modification improve the polarity, which promotes the adsorption and rapid conversion of LiPSs. The exceptional properties of the CoXS-NC interlayer are confirmed with an exceeding low delay rate of 0.031% per cycle after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C and an outstanding retention rate of 78.7% over 300 cycles at 2 C. Even employed with high sulfur loading of 6 mg cm–2, it also delivers a high initial areal capacity of 5.74 mAh cm–2 at 0.1 C with capacity retention of 4.58 mAh cm–2 after 100 cycles. This research opens up possibilities for the construction of multifunctional interlayers for use in commercial Li-S batteries.

Engineering single-atom catalysts as multifunctional polysulfide and lithium regulators toward kinetically accelerated and durable lithium-sulfur batteries

Developing electrocatalyst to ameliorate the shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), sluggish sulfur redox reaction kinetics and the rampant dendrite growth is of paramount importance for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Yet still, the utilization of the most mainstream traditional metal electrocatalytic nanoparticles is far below expectation. Herein, we engineer an exclusive single-atom catalyst with planar Co-N4 coupling of nitrogen-doped graphene mesh (SA-Co/NGM) to achieve exceptional atom utilization efficiency for catalytic conversion of LiPSs. High surface area and ultra-thin two-dimensional texture can not only accommodate high concentration monodispersed lithiophilic atomic Co sites, but also guarantee homogenize high-flux Li ion transport, alleviating the formation of Li-dendrites. Critically, the maximized exposure of Co-N4 as a regulator in sulfur electrochemistry can conspicuously suppress the shuttle effect and accelerate bidirectional sulfur redox kinetics via electron delocalization, as demonstrated by a judicious combination of electro-kinetic analysis, in situ spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) computations. As expected, the batteries based on a SA-Co/NGM modified separator achieve an ultrahigh rate capability, exceptionally long cycle life and a distinguished favorable areal capacity under high sulfur loading. This work provides a rational design of single-atom catalysts for kinetics-boosted electrocatalysis towards long-lasting Li-S batteries.

Application of Inorganic Quantum Dots in Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as one of the most attractive alternatives for post-lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, the large-scale application of Li-S batteries remains enormously problematic because of the poor cycling life and safety problems, induced by the low conductivity , severe shuttling effect, poor reaction kinetics, and lithium dendrite formation. In recent studies, catalytic techniques are reported to promote the commercial application of Li-S batteries. Compared with the conventional catalytic sites on host materials, quantum dots (QDs) with ultrafine particle size (<10nm) can provide large accessible surface area and strong polarity to restrict the shuttling effect, excellent catalytic effect to enhance the kinetics of redox reactions, as well as abundant lithiophilic nucleation sites to regulate Li deposition. In this review, the intrinsic hurdles of S conversion and Li stripping/plating reactions are first summarized. More importantly, a comprehensive overview is provided of inorganic QDs, in improving the efficiency and stability of Li-S batteries, with the strategies including composition optimization, defect and morphological engineering, design of heterostructures, and so forth. Finally, the prospects and challenges of QDs in Li-S batteries are discussed.

Simultaneously Suppressing Shuttle Effect and Dendrite Growth in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries via Building Dual-Functional Asymmetric-Cellulose Gel Electrolyte.

Polysulfides huttling and interfacial instability of Lithium-anode are the main technical issues hindering commercialization of high-energy-density lithium-sulfur batteries. Simply addressing the problem of polysulfide shuttling or lithium dendrite growth can result in safety hazards or short lifespan. To synchronously tackle the aforementioned issues,the authorshave designed an asymmetric cellulose gel electrolyte, a defective and ionized UiO66/black phosphorus heterostructure coating layer (Di-UiO66/BP) and a cationic cellulose gelelectrolyte (QACA). Defective and ionized engineered UiO66 particles significantly enhances performance of UiO66/BP layer in anchoring free polysulfides, promoting smooth and effective polysulfide conversion and expediting the redox kinetics of sulfur cathode, therefore suppressing polysulfide shuttling. QACA electrolyte with numerous cationic groups can interact with anions via electrostatic adsorption, thus enhancing lithium-ion transference number and contributing to formation of stable solid electrolyte interface to suppress lithium dendrite growth. Owing to the superior performance of QACA/Di-UiO66/BP, the final cells exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, presenting high sulfur utilization (1420.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C), high-rate capacity (665.4 mAh g-1 at 4 C) and long cycle lifespan. This work proposes a strategy of designing asymmetric electrolytes to simultaneously address the challenges in both S-cathode and Li-anode, which contributes to advanced Li-S batteries and their practical application.

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon@tin disulfide as a bipolar dynamic host for lithium-sulfur batteries with enhanced kinetics and cyclability

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are promising next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems owing to high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g) and low cost. However, the shuttling effect of soluble polysulfides with slow conversion kinetics has deferred their commercial applications. The feasible design and synthesis of composite cathode hosts offer a promise solution to improving their electrochemical performances. In this work, tin disulfide (SnS2) nanosheets were anchored on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon with mesoporous shells, forming a bipolar dynamic host (“SnS2@NHCS”). It can efficiently confine the polysulfides and promote their conversion during (dis)charge. The as-assembled LSBs delivered a high capacity, superior rate and cyclability. This work presents a new view on the exploration of novel composite electrode materials for various rechargeable batteries with emerging applications.

Holey Graphene/Ferroelectric/Sulfur Composite Cathodes for High-Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted considerable interest as next-generation high-density energy storage devices. However, their practical applications are limited by rapid capacity fading when cycling cells with high mass loading levels. This could be largely attributed to the inferior electron/ion conduction and the severe shuttling effect of soluble polysulfide species. To address these issues, composites of sulfur/ferroelectric nanoparticles/ho ley graphene (S/FNPs/hG) cathodes were fabricated for high-mass-loading S cathodes. The solvent-free and binder-free procedure is enabled using holey graphene as a unique dry-pressable electrode for Li-S batteries. The unique structure of the holey graphene framework ensures fast electron and ion transport within the electrode and affords enough space to mitigate the electrode's volume expansion. Moreover, ferroelectric polarization due to FNPs within S/hG composites induces an internal electric field, which effectively reduces the undesired shuttling effect. With these advantages, the S/FNPs/hG composite cathodes exhibit sustainable and ultrahigh specific capacity up to 1409 mAh/gs for the S/BTO/hG cathode. A capacity retention value of 90% was obtained for the S/BNTFN/hG battery up to cycle 18. The high mass loading of sulfur ranging from 5.72 to 7.01 mgs/cm2 allows maximum high areal capacity up to ∼10 mAh/cm2 for the S/BTO/hG battery and superior rate capability at 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm2. These results suggest sustainable and high-yielding Li-S batteries can be obtained for potential commercial applications.

Lithium–sulfur battery cathode design:Sulfur-infiltrated PVDF nanofiber-based Fe3O4 network for polysulfide adsorption and volume expansion suppression

A sustainable polymer/nanomagnetic (PVDF/Fe3O4) composite nanofiber membrane is prepared on the Al current collector using electrospinning to serve as matrix for sulfur. The paramagnetic adsorption of polysulfides by Fe3O4 can suppress the shuttling effect, and the PVDF reserves as an elastic skeleton for alleviating volume changes of sulfur cathode. The results show that the cathode with PVDF/Fe3O4 composite nanofiber membrane has an initial discharge capacity of 1555.5 mA h g−1 at a rate of 0.1 C, and remains at 994.7 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles, showing a better cycle life than others without Fe3O4 or PVDF. This work provides a strategy for further promoting the commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries.

Cobalt-loaded three-dimensional ordered Ta/N-doped TiO2 framework as conductive multi-functional host for lithium-sulfur battery

The low electrical conductivity of sulfur and severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) have hindered the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In this work, a conductive Ta/N co-doped TiO2 framework featured with three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure embedded with ZIF-67 derived Co-anchored N-doped carbon (Co-NC) is synthesized as efficient sulfur host material in Li-S batteries. The 3DOM Ta/N-TiO2 backbone has good structural stability, which benefits the electrolyte penetration and sulfur accommodation. Meanwhile, the Ta/N co-doping not only improves the conductivity of TiO2, but also strengthens the adsorption of LiPSs. In addition, the embedded Co-NC increases the active site of 3DOM skeleton towards LiPSs conversion, facilitates the diffusion of Li+ ion, and at the same time provides additional microspores for sulfur confinement. Attributed to these features, the sulfur electrode based on 3DOM Ta/N-TiO2@Co-NC achieves excellent electrochemical performance. The S/3DOM Ta/N-TiO2@Co-NC cell maintains a discharge capacity of 789.2 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1C with a low decay rate of 0.06 % per cycle. Additionally, an initial area capacity of 5.67 mAh cm−2 is obtained under areal sulfur loading of 6.55 mg cm−2. This multistage porous sulfur cathode design has the potential to expedite the development of feasible Li-S battery.

Revealing the Multifunctional Electrocatalysis of Indium‐Modulated Phthalocyanine for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

The sluggish kinetics of complicated multiphase conversions and the severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) significantly hinder the applications of Li‐S battery, which is one of the most promising candidates for the next‐generation energy storage system. Herein, a bifunctional electrocatalyst, indium phthalocyanine self‐assembled with carbon nanotubes (InPc@CNT) composite material, is proposed to promote the conversion kinetics of both reduction and oxidation processes, demonstrating a bidirectional catalytic effect on both nucleation and dissolution of Li2S species. The theoretical calculation shows that the unique electronic configuration of InPc@CNT is conducive to trapping soluble polysulfides in the reduction process, as well as the modulation of electron transfer dynamics also endows the dissolution of Li2S in the oxidation reaction, which will accelerate the effectiveness of catalytic conversion and facilitate sulfur utilization. Moreover, the InPc@CNT modified separator displays lower overpotential for polysulfide transformation, alleviating polarization of electrode during cycling. The integrated spectroscopy analysis, HRTEM, and electrochemical study reveal that the InPc@CNT acts as an efficient multifunctional catalytic center to satisfy the requirements of accelerating charging and discharging processes. Therefore, the Li–S battery with InPc@CNT‐modified separator obtains a discharge‐specific capacity of 1415 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 0.5 C. Additionally, the 2 Ah Li–S pouch cells deliver 315 Wh kg−1 and achieved 80% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C with a high sulfur loading of 10 mg cm−2. Our study provides a practical method to introduce bifunctional electrocatalysts for boosting the electrochemical properties of Li–S batteries.

Theoretical Study on the Application of a Janus CoSTe Monolayer for Li-S Batteries

Li-S batteries show great promise for next-generation energy systems but suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and the inevitable “shuttling effect” of dissolved lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this study, a structure model of a Janus CoSTe monolayer is constructed is to investigate the adsorption energy with LiPSs, adsorption decomposition energy, and diffusion barrier on Li2S for Li-S batteries. The results show that the adsorption energy of Li2Sn clusters on the surface of Janus CoSTe monolayers is much higher than that of graphite and organic electrolyte, and the decomposition of Li2Sn clusters cannot easily occur on the Janus CoSTe monolayer. Moreover, the diffusion of Li2Sn clusters on the surface of Janus CoSTe monolayers has its microscopic "channel", leading to the low dissociation energy of Li2S. Theoretically, the Janus CoSTe monolayer exhibits excellent catalytic capability for lithium-sulfur batteries and shows great potential to be an excellent anchoring material for high-performance Li-S batteries.

A COF-coated ordered porous framework as multifunctional polysulfide barrier towards high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

The practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) is still hindered by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) and slow sulfur conversion kinetics. Herein, a LiPS inhibited covalent organic framework (COF)-coated conductive porous metal oxide design strategy is proposed towards the development of efficient and durable sulfur cathode in LSBs. This strategy is demonstrated by coating a TpPa-1 COF layer on cobalt-decorated titanium oxynirtide (TiOxNy) with a three-dimensional ordered microporous framework (3DOM) structure. In this strategy, the oxygen-deficient TiOxNy framework ensures a good conductivity and structural stability of the cathode during the charge/discharge process. The 3DOM macrospores provide a high capacity for sulfur accommodation and exposes active interfaces, whereas the coated TpPa-1 COF featured with ultrafine microspore offer an effective confinement of LiPS within the 3DOM framework, mitigating its shuttling effect. At the same time, the Co embedded in 3DOM TiOxNy servers as efficient catalyst promoting the sulfur electrochemical reaction. Attributed to these structural superiorities, the 3DOM TpPa-1@Co/TiOxNy/S cathode exhibits excellent performance even under high sulfur loading and low electrolyte condition. This work of using microporous COF coating with conductive macroporous metal oxides offers an effective alternative strategy for the design of practical sulfur battery.

Synthesis of the Ni2P–Co Mott–Schottky Junction as an Electrocatalyst to Boost Sulfur Conversion Kinetics and Application in Separator Modification in Li-S Batteries

To overcome the shuttling effect and sluggish conversion kinetics of polysulfides, a large number of catalysts have been designed for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, a Mott-Schottky junction catalyst composed of Co nanoparticles and Ni2P was designed to improve polysulfide kinetics. Our investigations reveal the rearrangement of charges at the Schottky junction interface and the construction of the built-in electric field are crucial for lowering the activation energy of the dissolved Li2Sn reduction and Li2S nucleation reaction. Furthermore, a series of experimental and electrochemical tests were performed to demonstrate that the Schottky catalytic effect enhanced the synergistic catalytic effect. With a Ni2P-Co@CNT catalyst, the battery exhibits an initial specific capacity of 874 mAh g-1 at a rate of 4.0 C, and the decay rate per cycle is 0.049% in 700 cycles. Meanwhile, the battery shows 0.118% decay rate per cycle at 0.5 C in 100 cycles at a high sulfur loading of 10 mg cm-2. The Schottky heterojunction structure proposed here has been shown to have a good catalytic effect on the reduction of Li2Sn and nucleation of Li2S, which provides a profound guidance for efficient and rational catalyst design.

VN quantum dots anchored N-doped carbon nanosheets as bifunctional interlayer for high-performance lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium dendrite growth and shuttling of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) seriously hinder the industrialization of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, elaborately designed VN quantum dots anchored N-doped carbon nanosheets (VN@NC) is employed as a bifunctional separator. The strong absorption and catalytic conversion of polar VN quantum dots effectively suppress the shuttling effect of LiPSs, confirmed by experimental and theoretical calculations studies; moreover, lithiophilic VN@NC acts as Li-ion redistributor to regulate and redistribute the interfacial ionic flux, thus effectively inhibit the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites. As a result, the Li-S cell with VN@NC interlayer delivers ultralong cycle life (0.036 % per cycle at 2C over 1000 cycles) and high-rate capability (752 mAh/g at 4C). Even with sulfur loading (5.4 mg cm−2) and lean electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) usage (4.6 μL mg−1), the pouch cell can deliver an initial areal capacity of 5.16 mAh cm−2 and still retain 4.02 mAh cm−2 at 0.1C over 50 cycles. The VN@NC-based Li-Li symmetric cells demonstrate great cycling and rate performance in protecting the Li anode. This work offers a bi-functionally integrated interlayer strategy to simultaneously suppress the shuttling of LiPSs and dendrite growth of Li anode for high-performance Li-S and Li-metal batteries.

Micropore engineering on hollow nanospheres for ultra-stable sodium-selenium batteries

Attracted by high energy density and considerable conductivity of selenium (Se), Na-Se batteries have been deemed promising energy-storage systems. But, it still suffers from sluggish kinetic behaviors and similar “shuttling effect” to S-electrodes. Herein, utilizing uniform hollow carbon spheres as precursors, Se-material is effectively loaded through vapor-infiltration method. Owing to the distribution of optimized pores, the content of microspores could be up to ∼60% (<2 nm), serving important roles for the physical confinement effect. Meanwhile, the rich oxygen-containing groups and N-elements could be noted, inducing the evolution of electron-moving behaviors. More significantly, assisted by the interfacial C–Se bonds and tiny Se distributions, Se electrodes are activated during cycling. Used as cathodes for Na-Se systems, the as-resulted samples display a capacity of 593.9 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 0.1 C. Even after 6000 cycles, the capacity could be still kept at about 225 mA h g−1 at 5.0 C. Supported by the detailed kinetic analysis, the designed microspores size induces the increasing redox reaction of nano Se, whilst the surface traits further render the enhancement of pseudo-capacitive contributions. Moreover, after cycling, the product Sex (x < 4) in pores serves as the primary active material. Given this, the work is anticipated to provide an effective strategy for advanced electrodes for Na-Se systems.

Suppressing the Shuttle Effects with FeCo/SPAN Cathodes and High-Concentration Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The shuttle effects and the sluggish redox kinetics are two of the main challenges in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, which significantly reduce the capacity of the batteries and restrict their commercialization. Herein, FeCo/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is synthesized as a cathode material via the electrospinning technique and a further heat treatment. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the existence of Fe–S/Fe and Co–S bonds in FeCo/SPAN, which benefit the adsorptive and catalytic activities toward lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). We further investigated the effect of electrolyte concentration in inhibiting the shuttle of LiPSs in Li–S batteries. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals that more contact ion pairs are formed and fewer free solvent molecules exist with the increase of the electrolyte concentration, which can inhibit the dissolution and shuttle of LiPSs. Finally, the batteries assembled with high-concentration electrolytes (3 M LiTFSI in DOL/DME) exhibit a higher specific capacity retention compared to those assembled with low-concentration electrolytes. This work enriches the route to prepare Li–S batteries with the rational design of cathode materials and electrolytes.

Bidirectional Tandem Electrocatalysis Manipulated Sulfur Speciation Pathway for High-Capacity and Stable Na-S Battery.

The sluggish polysulfide redox kinetics and the uncontrollable sulfur speciation pathway, leading to serious shuttling effect and high activation barrier associated with sulfur cathode. We describe here the use of core-shell structured composite matrixes containing abundant catalytic sites for nearly fully reversible cycling of sulfur cathodes for Na-S batteries. The bidirectional tandem electrocatalysis provide successive reversible conversion of both long- and short-chain polysulfides, whereas Fe2 O3 accelerates Na2 S8 /Na2 S6 to Na2 S4 conversion and the redox-active Fe(CN)6 4- -doped polypyrrole shell catalyzes Na2 S4 reduction to Na2 S. The electrochemically reactive Na2 S can be readily charged back to sulfur with minimal overpotential. Simultaneously, stable cycling of Na-S pouch cell with a high reversible capacity of 696 mAh g-1 is also demonstrated. The bidirectional confined tandem catalysis renders the manipulation of sulfur redox electrochemistry for practical Na-S cells.

Bidirectional Tandem Electrocatalysis Manipulated Sulfur Speciation Pathway for High‐Capacity and Stable Na‐S Battery

AbstractThe sluggish polysulfide redox kinetics and the uncontrollable sulfur speciation pathway, leading to serious shuttling effect and high activation barrier associated with sulfur cathode. We describe here the use of core–shell structured composite matrixes containing abundant catalytic sites for nearly fully reversible cycling of sulfur cathodes for Na‐S batteries. The bidirectional tandem electrocatalysis provide successive reversible conversion of both long‐ and short‐chain polysulfides, whereas Fe2O3 accelerates Na2S8/Na2S6 to Na2S4 conversion and the redox‐active Fe(CN)64−‐doped polypyrrole shell catalyzes Na2S4 reduction to Na2S. The electrochemically reactive Na2S can be readily charged back to sulfur with minimal overpotential. Simultaneously, stable cycling of Na‐S pouch cell with a high reversible capacity of 696 mAh g−1 is also demonstrated. The bidirectional confined tandem catalysis renders the manipulation of sulfur redox electrochemistry for practical Na‐S cells.

Synergetic effects of Fe[sbnd]N[sbnd]C and LiFePO4 in modified separator on improved adsorption and catalytic conversion reaction of soluble LiPSs for Lithium-sulfur batteries

“Shuttle effect” is a serious obstacle in the development of high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries and modified separator is considered an effective strategy to prevent the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides (LiPSs). Herein, we demonstrate a modified polypropylene (PP) separator composed of nitrogen-doped carbon coated LiFePO4 (NC-LFP), Ketjen black carbon (KB) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (NC-LFP interlayer), which can improve adsorption and catalytic conversion toward LiPSs. The analysis shows that NC-LFP interlayer could effectively adsorb LiPSs and therefore suppress its shuttle effects due to the FeNC functional groups in the nitrogen-doped carbon coated on LFP polar particles. The DFT analysis and the electrochemical performance test demonstrate the FeNC functional groups in NC-LFP interlayer provide lower activation barrier for catalytic conversion reaction of LiPSs to Li2S and vice versa. The coin cells with NC-LFP modified separator exhibit an initial discharge specific capacity of 907 mAh/g at 1C. After 500 cycles, the specific capacity is 702 mAh/g with a retention rate of 79.5 %. Moreover, at 8C rate, the discharge-specific capacity of 667.5 mAh/g is achieved. The use of NC-LFP interlayer modified separators realizes lithium-sulfur batteries with long-cycle life and high-rate performance, providing an emerging strategy for high-performance Li-S batteries.

A Review of Transition Metal Compounds as Functional Separators for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries have great potential for the development of next‐generation high‐energy‐density secondary batteries owing to their high theoretical energy density, active material (sulfur) environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, their application is still impeded by the inherent sluggish kinetics and solubility of intermediate products of the sulfur cathode. Interface design is an important direction to address challenges in the development of Li−S batteries. The modification of the separator has been shown to effectively suppress the shuttling effect of physical hindrance or chemical bonding without affecting the utilization of active materials. This review encompasses the application of nanostructured transition metal oxides (TMOs), transition metal sulfides (TMSs), transition metal nitrides (TMNs), transition metal phosphides (TMPs), such as incorporating functional separators beyond the approach for preparing novel cathodes, and discusses their composites in a new multifunctional barrier layer for Li−S batteries. The objective properties of various metal compounds and the effect of the shuttle effect in particular on the electrochemical performance in Li−S batteries are highlighted, and give an outlook on the promising approaches for the construction of reliable Li−S batteries.

Anchoring and Boosting: Ferrocene-Based Separators Used to Eliminate the Polysulfide Shuttle Effect for Li-S Batteries

Anchoring and Boosting: Ferrocene-Based Separators Used to Eliminate the Polysulfide Shuttle Effect for Li-S Batteries