Shutter Device Research Articles

A double-layer light shutter consisting of polymer dispersed liquid crystal and azo dye/quantum dot

We have developed a double-layer liquid crystal light shutter and investigated its temperature dependent morphological, electro-optical, and dielectric properties. The optical layers of the shutter are in direct contact, reducing optical losses. The shutter comprises a polymer dispersed liquid crystal film adjacent to an azo dye methyl red and CdSeS/ZnS quantum dot doped cholesteric liquid crystal layer. This novel double-layer light shutter device is switchable between opaque and transparent states at room temperature, and it exhibits low threshold and saturation voltages. Both the threshold (Vth) and saturation (Vsat) voltages are found to decrease with increasing temperature. The electrical characteristics of the shutter, namely the real part of dielectric constant (ε′) and the ac conductivity (σac) also increase with temperature in the low frequency region. Our results show that this double-layer light shutter has interesting potential for simple electro-optical devices and smart window applications.

Switchable Optical Properties of Dyes and Nanoparticles in Electrowetting Devices.

The optical properties of light-absorbing materials in optical shutter devices are critical to the use of such platforms for optical applications. We demonstrate switchable optical properties of dyes and nanoparticles in liquid-based electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) devices. Our work uses narrow-band-absorbing dyes and nanoparticles, which are appealing for spectral-filtering applications targeting specific wavelengths while maintaining device transparency at other wavelengths. Low-voltage actuation of boron dipyromethene (BODIPY) dyes and nanoparticles (Ag and CdSe) was demonstrated without degradation of the light-absorbing materials. Three BODIPY dyes were used, namely Abs 503 nm, 535 nm and 560 nm for dye 1 (BODIPY-core), 2 (I2BODIPY) and 3 (BODIPY-TMS), respectively. Reversible and low-voltage (≤20 V) switching of dye optical properties was observed as a function of device pixel dimensions (300 × 900, 200 × 600 and 150 × 450 µm). Low-voltage and reversible switching was also demonstrated for plasmonic and semiconductor nanoparticles, such as CdSe nanotetrapods (abs 508 nm), CdSe nanoplatelets (Abs 461 and 432 nm) and Ag nanoparticles (Abs 430 nm). Nanoparticle-based devices showed minimal hysteresis as well as faster relaxation times. The study presented can thus be extended to a variety of nanomaterials and dyes having the desired optical properties.

SHUTER, THE INNOVATION TOOLS TO REPLACE STONE FOR HANDLINE BAIT OF TUNA

Tuna bait handline is used to catch small pelagic fish, the catch of which is used as tuna handline bait. Unfortunately, the tools used are natural beach stones, whose presence is dwindling, hard to find and also threatens beach abrasion. The purpose of this study was to find an effective, easy-to-use tool as a substitute for natural stone ballast in the tuna bait handline with the glass pump fishing method. The method used is the experimental method. This research is divided into two stages, namely preliminary research to determine the length of the shutter wire and the main research to determine the ideal weight and its effectiveness on the catch. Preliminary research from July to August 2021, followed by core research, namely testing shutter devices with different weights. (300gr, 400gr and 500gr) were repeated 4 times at FAD Makbon, Kab. Sorong in September 2021. Data analysis used a Completely Randomized Design, and qualitative descriptive to describe the best Shuter construction and the results of testing the effectiveness of the shutter with the fisherman's bait handline. The total fish caught on the three Shuters were 53 fish, with a total weight of 112, 66 kg. The composition of the catch consisted of 53 baby tuna (80,485 kg), 11 salmon (7,687 kg), 7 tuna (22,864 kg), and 3 skipjack tuna (1,630 kg). The length of stainless wire required for Shuter is 80 cm, the ideal Shuter weight and is stable enough to operate in FADs is 300 gr, 400 gr and 500 gr. The response of the fish caught was mostly on Shuter with a length of 80 cm and a weight of 400 gr.

Performance improvement for compressive light field display with multi-plane projection

Conventional compressive light field (CLF) displays reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) scenes generally use stacked liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, the low transmittance of LCD limits the number of stacked layers (usually three) and the image quality. In this paper, the realization of the CLF display with multi-plane projection is proposed by using polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT) shutter and digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs). Benefitting from high transmittance (>80%) and fast response time (≤1ms) of PSCT shutter, the proposed system provides an opportunity to increase the number of physically stacked layers while preserving high brightness, which could achieve a large depth of field (DOF) and high-fidelity 3D image. Limited by the maximum refresh rate of DMD, the relationship between the gray scale and the layered number is analyzed and optimized to minimize the deviation between reconstructed light field and target light field. To improve the quality of reconstruction, the chromatic aberration due to the wavelength of incident light is investigated and compensated. In addition, the three-dimensional matrix mapping method is presented to convert decomposed images into binary images efficiently, which realizes the high-speed and real-time processing of massive display data. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a prototype was implemented and photographs were captured from different viewpoints. With the experimental results, the system was confirmed to have a potential for both 3D display and augmented reality (AR) applications.

46‐3: High Contrast Ratio Electrochromic Light Shutter Device for Optical See‐through Type Head Mounted Display

Transmittance adjustable new electrochromic device (ECD) for optical see‐through type head mounted display is reported to provide good visibility by reducing external light intensity in the bright environment. Significantly improved ambient contrast ratio of 7.4 times under 400 lux bright condition is observed by this ECD.

Light-adaptable display for the future advertising service

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a new light-adaptable display (LAD) structure with minimum power consumption is proposed for the future advertising service, and the demonstrated results are reported. An organic light-emitting diode with color reflection (colored OLED) was applied for the reflective- and emissive-mode device, and a guest-host liquid-crystal device (GH-LC) was adopted for the light shutter device. The current efficiency and reflectance of the colored OLED were 35.15 cd/A at 457 cd/m2 luminance and 63% for the yellow color, respectively. The measured contrast ratio of GH-LC was 15.5:1 at dark-room conditions, respectively. Transparent oxide thin-film transistors were used for the backplane, and their average mobility was 9.08 cm2/V s, with a 0.5 standard deviation. Through the optimization of the fabrication process and the structures of each device, the LAD adaptively operating according to the environmental illuminance from dark to 10,000 nits was successfully demonstrated. Moreover, a new LAD driving method was proposed for minimizing the power consumption.

Binary continuous image decomposition for multi-view display

This paper proposes multi-view display using a digital light processing (DLP) projector and new active shutter glasses. In conventional stereoscopic active shutter systems, active shutter glasses have a 0--1 (open and closed) state, and the right and left frames are temporally divided. However, this causes the display to flicker because the human eye perceives the appearance of black frames when the other shutter is closing. Furthermore, it is difficult to increase the number of views because the number of frames representing images is also divided. We solve these problems by extending the active shutter beyond the use of the 0--1 state to a continuous range of states [0, 1] instead. This relaxation leads to the formulation of a new DLP imaging model and an optimization problem. The special structure of DLP binary imaging and the continuous transmittance of the new active shutter glasses require the solution of a binary continuous image decomposition problem. Although it contains NP-hard problems, the proposed algorithm can efficiently solve the problem. The implementation of our imaging system requires the development of an active shutter device with continuous transmittance. We implemented the control of the transmittance of the liquid crystal display (LCD) shutter by using a pulse-width modulation (PWM). A simulation and the developed multi-view display system were used to show that our model can represent multi-view images more accurately than the conventional time-division 0-1 active shutter system.

Infrared shutter using cholesteric liquid crystal.

In this paper, we propose an infrared light shutter device using cholesteric liquid crystals. The pitch of the device corresponds to the wavelengths of the infrared region with a strong thermal effect. This device is intended for use as a smart window to maintain an optimal indoor temperature by controlling the infrared radiation coming from the sun. The proposed cholesteric device switches between the planar state and the isotropic state by controlling the temperature using an electrically heated transparent electrode made of indium tin oxide. A window with a planar state that reflects infrared radiation would be used mainly in the summer, while the isotropic state that transmits infrared would be applied in the winter. The proposed device produced a variety of gray levels of transmittance based on the temperature, and thus it can provide the proper temperature for each user. The easy fabrication process gives it appeal as a functional device in the smart window market, and it compares favorably with previous light shutter devices. The infrared shutter is expected to be useful for next-generation window applications.

Nanoliquid Crystals: A Study of Permeability and Optical Measurements in Nematic Phase

SummaryLiquid crystal (LC) materials refer to the fourth state of matter that posses dual property of crystals and liquids. Their anisotropic physical properties (characteristic of its crystalline nature) and the inherent surface alignment (to the substrate) tendency (characteristic of its fluidity) are extensively exploited to design LC based electro‐optic devices.In recent times, hydrogen bonded ferroelectric liquid crystals [HBFLC] reported in literature, are designed and synthesized from materials selected on the basis of their molecular reorganization and self assembly capability. The applicational aspects and commercial viabilities made many research groups work on this hydrogen bonded ferroelectric liquid crystals. A novel HBFLC has been synthesized. Hydrogen bond is formed between chiral non mesogen ingredient (S)‐1, 2‐chloro‐3‐(4‐hydroxy) phenylpropionic acid (CTy) and mesogenic p‐n‐decyloxybenzoic acid (10BAO). Small amount of multiwall carbon nanotubes is dispersed in the CTy +10BAO complex. Salient feature of the present work is observation of a field induced transitions in nematic phase pertaining to nano dispersed CTy +10BAO complex. This phenomenon has been confirmed by optical textures of polarizing optical microscopic (POM) studies for the first time through dielectric studies. In nematic phase of nano dispersed CTy + 10BAO, four threshold electrical field values are noticed which in turn contributed to four new phases (E1, E2, E3 and E4) induced by electric field and on further enhancement of the applied field it has been observed that the mesogen behaves like a optical modulator. This phenomenon may be used to design optical modulator, optical shutter and efficient optical memory devices.

Simultaneous control of haze and transmittance using a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal cell

We propose a light shutter device using dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals for a high-visibility see-through display. In the focal-conic state, the proposed device can perfectly block the background image through simultaneous use of light scattering and absorption effects in a single-layered structure. By switching the proposed device placed at the backside of a see-through display, we can choose transparent or high-visibility display modes in a see-through display.

Double-layered light shutter using long-pitch cholesteric liquid crystal cells

We propose a double-layered light shutter device using two cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) cells. The proposed light shutter consists of a light-scattering layer using long-pitch cholesteric LCs and a light-absorption layer using dye-doped ChLCs. The light shutter has four switchable states: light scattering, light absorption, absorption and scattering, and transparent. The light shutter in the absorption and scattering state can block the background image and provide a black color. By switching of the proposed light shutter positioned at the rear side of a transparent display, we can operate a transparent display in various modes, not just showing the images produced by a transparent display along with the background.

InOx thin films deposited by plasma assisted evaporation: Application in light shutters

An integration of undoped InOx and commercial ITO thin films into laboratory assembled light shutter devices is made. Accordingly, undoped transparent conductive InOx thin films, about 100 nm thick, are deposited by radiofrequency plasma enhanced reactive thermal evaporation (rf-PERTE) of indium teardrops with no intentional heating of the glass substrates. The process of deposition occurs at very low deposition rates (0.1–0.3 nm/s) to establish an optimized reaction between the oxygen plasma and the metal vapor. These films show the following main characteristics: transparency of 87% (wavelength, λ = 632.8 nm) and sheet resistance of 52 Ω/sq; while on commercial ITO films the transparency was of 92% and sheet resistance of 83 Ω/sq. The InOx thin film surface characterized by AFM shows a uniform grain texture with a root mean square surface roughness of Rq∼2.276 nm. In contrast, commercial ITO topography is characterized by two regions: one smoother with Rq∼0.973 nm and one with big grains (Rq∼3.617 nm). For the shutters assembled using commercial ITO, the light transmission coefficient (Tr) reaches the highest value (Trmax) of 89% and the lowest (Trmin) of 1.3% [13], while for the InOx shutters these values are 80.1% and 3.2%, respectively. Regarding the electric field required to achieve 90% of the maximum transmission in the ON state (Eon), the one presented by the devices assembled with commercial ITO coated glasses is 2.41 V/μm while the one presented by the devices assembled with InOx coated glasses is smaller, 1.77 V/μm. These results corroborate the device quality that depends on the base materials and fabrication process used.

Light shutter using dichroic-dye-doped long-pitch cholesteric liquid crystals

We propose a light shutter device using dichroic-dye-doped liquid crystals (LCs) whose Bragg reflection wavelength is set to be infrared by controlling the pitch of cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLCs). A dye-doped long-pitch ChLC cell is switchable between the dark planar state and the transparent homeotropic state. It has the advantages of high transmittance, low operation voltage, and an easy fabrication process relative to previous LC light shutter devices. The proposed light shutter device is expected to achieve high visibility for transparent organic light-emitting diode displays and emerging smart windows, which can be used in airplanes, cars, and other similar applications.

Three-dimensional imaging using fast micromachined electro-absorptive shutter

A 20-MHz switching high-speed light-modulating device for three-dimensional (3-D) image capturing and its system prototype are presented. For 3-D image capturing, the system utilizes a time-of-flight (TOF) principle by means of a 20-MHz high-speed micromachined electro-absorptive modulator, the so-called optical shutter. The high-speed modulation is obtained by utilizing the electro-absorption mechanism of the multilayer structure, which has an optical resonance cavity and light-absorption epilayers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition process. The optical shutter device is specially designed to have small resistor–capacitor–time constant to get the high-speed modulation. The optical shutter is positioned in front of a standard high-resolution complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensor. The optical shutter modulates the incoming infrared image to acquire the depth image. The suggested novel optical shutter device enables capturing of a full high resolution-depth image, which has been limited to video graphics array (VGA) by previous depth-capturing technologies. The suggested 3-D image sensing device can have a crucial impact on 3-D–related business such as 3-D cameras, gesture recognition, user interfaces, and 3-D displays. This paper presents micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems-based optical shutter design, fabrication, characterization, 3-D camera system prototype, and image evaluation.

Determination procedure of the heat resistance of ceramics using radiant heating

A procedure for the comparative assessment of the heat resistance of ceramics using radiant heating in an URAN-1 optical furnace has been developed. To measure the specimen surface temperature, an IGA-100 high-speed high-precision pyrometer in combination with a shutter device was used. The procedure was evaluated by comparing the resistance of a multilayer ceramic material of two types. The material of type 1 was thin ZrO2 shuts + knitted Kh18N9T steel net, and the material of type 2 was the same layered ceramic but, without a metallic net. Heat resistance was assessed by the number of cycles to fracture: heating to 1000°C for 2 min + cooling to 300°C. The use of the procedure developed shows a considerable advantage of net-reinforced material.

Low-Power High-Speed Electromagnetic Flapping Shutters Using Trapezoidal Shutter Blades Suspended by H-Type Torsional Springs

We present small-size, low-power, and high-speed electromagnetic flapping shutters composed of trapezoidal twin blades suspended by H-type torsional springs for phone camera applications. The previous electrostatic rolling and flapping shutters need high input voltage, while the previous electromagnetic rotating shutters are too large to use in phone cameras. For low-power and high-speed angle motion in the small size available on phone cameras, the present electromagnetic flapping shutters are designed to use the low-inertia trapezoidal twin blades, each suspended by the low-stiffness H-type torsional springs. The size of the only shutter device is , and the total size of the shutter system, including two permanent magnets (NdFeB), is . In the experimental study, the electromagnetic flapping shutters generate the steady-state rotational angles of and in the magnetic fields of 0.15 and 0.30 T, respectively, for the input current of 60 mA, while achieving the maximum overshoot angles of and in the magnetic fields of 0.15 and 0.30 T, respectively. The electromagnetic flapping shutters show the rising/settling times of 1.0 ms/20.0 ms for opening and 1.7 ms/10.3 ms for closing. The life time and light-blocking rate of the shutters are measured to be cycles and 80.7%, respectively. Therefore, we experimentally demonstrated that the small-size , low-power (≤ 60 mA), and high-speed (~1/370 s) electromagnetic flapping shutters are suitable for phone camera applications.

Universal quantum computation with shutter logic

We show that universal quantum logic can be achieved using only linear optics and a quantum shutter device. With these elements, we design a quantum memory for any number of qubits and a CNOT gate which are the basis of a universal quantum computer. An interaction-free model for a quantum shutter is given.

A Color Holographic Reconstruction System by Time Division Multiplexing with Reference Lights of Laser

3D-TV systems by holography technique have been studied in the world. In this paper, we report a color holographic reconstruction system by time division multiplexing method with reference lights of laser. The method can reconstruct a color holographic image by switching reference lights of red, green and blue colors at certain intervals. We can observe a color holographic image using red and green lasers as the reference lights, a high minute liquid crystal display (LCD) panel as a spatial light modulator (SLM) and electro-shutters as the shuttering device of the laser lights in the optical system. This approach has some advantages. Namely, the structure of the optical system can be simple and the number of LCD panels in the optical system can be decreased.

Development Of Transparent Lsco and Lscno Conductors for Optical Shutter Systems

ABSTRACTWe have prepared lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide (La0.50Sr0.50CoO3; LSCO 50/50) and lanthanum strontium cobalt nickel oxide (La0.50Sr0.50Co0.50Ni0.50O3; LSCNO) as candidate transparent electrodes for use in a shutter-based infrared sensor protection device. The shutter device requires that the electrode be transparent (80% transmission) and have moderate sheet resistance (300 ω/sq.). Because of the effects of film thickness on intrinsic material properties, such as resistivity and extinction coefficient, and simple engineering issues (i.e., the relationship between film thickness, resistance and transmission), films of various thicknesses were prepared to achieve an optimal balance of electrical and optical performance. van der Pauw measurements and FTIR spectroscopy were used to study thin film properties. The best LSCO films prepared demonstrated electrical (438 ω/sq.) and optical (68% transmission at 8 µm) properties that did not meet the target property goals for this application. However, the LSCNO films (of optimal thickness) offered performance (323 µ/sq. and 73% transmission) close to the device requirements.

Intensity and pressure effects in CO 2 laser induced carbon-13 enrichment with temporally modified pulses

Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) of CF 2HCl has been studied under collisional conditions in the context of carbon-13 enrichment. Intensity and pressure effects have been investigated with temporally modified pulses generated from a TEA CO 2 laser using a simple, inexpensive plasma shutter device. Our results show that it is possible to achieve highly selective dissociation even upto a sample pressure of 250 Torr by 40 ns pulses under appropriate condition.