Shrimp Meal Research Articles

An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using essential amino acid index (EAAI)

The essential amino acid index (EAAI) could be used in screening potential protein sources. However, when formulating diets, EAAI should be supported with feeding trials and digestibility tests to determine the extent of incorporation of these protein sources in Penaeus monodon diets. Using whole P. monodon juvenile as the reference protein, local fish meals were found to be good protein sources with an EAAI of 0.92 to 0.95, in addition to white and Peruvian fish meals, shrimp meal, squid meal and soybean meal (EAAI of 0.96, 0.94, 0.98, 0.96 and 0.87, respectively). The amino acid pattern (A/E ratio) of the protozoeal, juvenile and adult stage of P. monodon showed increasing arginine and decreasing phenylalanine with growth stage.

Growth of juvenile white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus) fed different proteins

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to compare the growth performance of hatchery-produced juvneile white sturgeon ( A. transmontanus) fed purified diets with different proteins. The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained one of eight different proteins as their sole protein source. The proteins were control (casein:wheat gluten:egg white, 62:30:8), casein, gelatin, egg white, soybean concentrate, and defatte herring, shrimp, and zein meals. Growth, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, productive protein value, and percent energy retained of sturgeon fed different proteins were significantly ( P<0.05) different. The body composition of sturgeon was also significantly different, and the difference was closely related to the fish growth. Sturgeon with poor growth had higher body moisture and ash but lower protein and lipid content than those with good growth. Among the different measurements, percent energy retained appeared to be the most sensitive index for assessing the quality of these proteins. Based on this measurement, the quality of the proteins in decreasing order was: control = casein > defatted shrimp meal > defatted herring meal > soybean concentrate > egg white > gelatin > defatted zein meal.

Apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei BOONE.

The apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD), apparent protein digestibility (APD), and apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) of thirteen feedstuffs used for marine shrimp diets were determined for the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. The feedstuffs evaluated were casein, corn starch, gelatin, soy protein, wheat gluten, fish meal, rice bran, shrimp meal, soybean meal, squid meal, cellulose, chitin, and diatomaceous sand. Each feedstuff comprised 88% of the experimental diets. The ADMD values ranged from 91.4% to -21.4%. The purified feedstuffs were more efficiently digested than the practical feedstuffs. The dietary fillers (cellulose, chitin, and diatomaceous sand) were either poorly digested or not digested.The APD values ranged from 99.1% to 3.0%. There were no differences in APD due to animal or plant feedstuff origin. The AAAD were determined for arginine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tryrosine, and alanine. The digestibility trends observed for APD were similar for AAAD. The high AAAD for chitin suggested that the low APD was due to the low digestibility of the amine fraction of the chitin structure and not a low protein digestibility. Arginine, lysine, and glutamate were most efficiently digested, while alanine had the lowest apparent digestibility value.

Evaluation of Methods for Determining In Vivo Digestion Coefficients for Adult Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii

AbstractAdult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs isosubstituted in experimental diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) coefficients were determined by the total collection and indicator (chromic oxide) methods. Feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal, soybean meal, alpha‐soy protein, casein, gelatin, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat gluten, shrimp meal, crab chitin, cellulose, squid meal, corn starch and diatomaceous sand. Rate of consumption of plant feedstuffs was generally higher than feedstuffs of animal origin. Consumption of fish meal and shrimp meal was low (0.59 and 0.44% body weightlday, respectively). Fecal chromium concentrations were lower than chromium concentrations of experimental diets and precluded calculation of realistic coefficients by the indicator method. Analysis of refused feed samples indicated that crayfish did not consume the indicator in the same proportion as the remainder of the diet; therefore, the total collection method was judged the better approach to determining digestion coefficients. ADMD and ACPD coefficients of plant feedstuffs were generally higher than coefficients determined for animal feedstuffs. ADMD coefficients indicated substantial carbohydrate digestion by crayfish.

Application of Van Soest Acid Detergent Fiber Method for Analysis of Shellfish Chitin

The Van Soest acid detergent fiber method was compared with the modified Welinder method for chitin analysis of Alaskan crab and shrimp meals to determine whether chitin constituted a significant fibrous component of shellfish meals. In the Welinder method, chitin is determined gravimetrically following decalcification and deproteinization with .1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 2N sodium hydroxide, respectively, Chitin is a fibrous component of shellfish meals, and the Van Soest acid detergent fiber method is acceptable for determination of shellfish chitin.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF SHRIMP SIZE AND DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE ON THE GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus AND P. vannamei

ABSTRACTThree size classes of juvenile Penaeus setiferus (average wet weight = 0.08, 0.99, and 3.82 g) and P. vannamei (average wet weight = 0.12, 1.39, and 4.72 g) were kept 3 weeks in indoor tanks at 28°C, and each of 3 isonitrogenous (28% protein) experimental diets were fed to each size class. Shrimp meal of a basal experimental diet was replaced by fish protein hydrolysate, soybean meal, and cotton seed meal to achieve animal:plant (A:P) protein ratios of 1:1.5, 0.9:1, and 1.5:1 in the 3 diets. Penaeus vannamei grew faster than P. setiferus given the same diets. For both species, A:P ratios of food improved growth for all 3 size categories of shrimp. This effect was significantly greater in the small animals than in the medium or larger‐sized ones. Thus, the quality of diet needed to achieve maximum growth appears to be size dependent, smaller shrimp being more dependent than larger ones on animal protein. Results also indicated that the two larger size classes of P. setiferus require higher animal protein in their feed for maximum growth than do similar size classes of P. vannamei.

Effects of fibre on digestibility and passage time in callithricidae.

The effects of fibre in a pelleted diet on food intake, digestibility of crude fibre, dry matter and energy, on passage time and consistency of faeces were studied in 2 species of Callithricidae, Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus fuscicollis. Coarse cellulose, microcellulose, wheat bran and shrimp meal (chitin = crude fibre) were tested in diets containing 2,4 and 6% total crude fibre, respectively. Digestibility and passage time were determined by inclusion of 0.5% Cr2O3 in the diet. Both celluloses had little influence on the digestibility of energy and dry matter. Digestibility of crude fibre was very low. Wheat bran led to evident depression of energy and dry matter digestibility. High digestibility of crude fibre occurred at the higher levels of inclusion in the diet. Shrimp meal was highly digested with little influence on digestibility of energy and dry matter, indicating considerable degradation of chitin. Wheat bran showed a marked effect, while microcellulose had no effect on passage time, consistency and volume of faeces.

Utilization of shrimp meal for rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri Rich.) pigmentation. Influence of fat content of the diet

Norwegian shrimp meal contains astaxanthin (diester 88%, monoester 12%). The total content of the pigments amounts to 25.2 mg/kg dry meal. Incorporation of this shrimp meal at 30% in rainbow trout diets with three different fat levels (9.4, 12.08, 17.4%) causes a reddish pigmentation of the skin and muscle. In the skin, astaxanthin was found in diester form, whereas this pigment was in a free form in the muscle. An increased lipid content in the diet does not seem to enhance deposition of carotenoids in the fish. Although the increase in carotenoid percentage in trout skin and muscle is important (1 mg/fish), it is relatively small compared to the large amount of pigment (25 mg/kg) contained in shrimp meal. The low fixation of carotenoids by trout is due to the poor digestibility of pigments. Since nearly 90% of the ingested pigments are found in feces, this implies that the main obstacle to carotenoids fixation is of digestive origin.

ASSIMILATION OF NUTRIENTS BY CULTURED HYBRID LOBSTERS (Homarussp.) FED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS1

ABSTRACTIndirect calorimetry and the chromic oxide indicator method were employed to investigate the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients by cultured lobsters (Homarussp.) growing on experimental diets. Starved and fed lobsters were compared by observing food and oxygen consumption and fecal and urinary excretions in a closed, recirculating metabolic chamber. Apparent digestible and metabolizable energy and nitrogen were determined for 2 diets, which differed in the type and level of protein and carbohydrate. The apparent digestibility of diet 79F, a purified ration containing 46.8% crude protein, was 68.8% on an as‐fed basis, with an apparent digestibility of energy of 88.1%. For diet SM25B, which contained 61.1% crude protein including shrimp meal, apparent digestibility was 66.2% as‐fed and the apparent digestibility of energy was 91.3%. Metabolizable energy values of 4.59 and 4.65 kcal/g dry weight were obtained for diets 79F and SM25B respectively. Growth on the two diets was similar but lobsters fed 79F consumed and excreted significantly more than those fed SM25B. For both diets protein and lipid were better than 90% digested, but the carbohydrate fraction was only about 65% digestible. The apparent higher nutritive value of SM25B for lobsters may be related to protein quality and improved efficiency of utilization.

THE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACID AND SHRIMP MEAL COMPOSITION OF PREPARED DIETS ON GROWTH OF JUVENILE SHRIMP, Penaeus stylirostris

AbstractPelletized diets containing different amounts of sun‐dried shrimp meal and brewer's yeast were tested. A relationship was observed between the content of shrimp meal and brewer's yeast in the diets and increased growth of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris. Data suggested that in feeds containing 5% squid meal, up to half the shrimp meal can be replaced by brewer's yeast. These feeds should thus contain at least 15% shrimp meal and less than 15% brewer's yeast. A quadratic correlation was found between the rate of growth of juvenile shrimp and the percentage of linoleic acid in the diets. The best nutritional response should be obtained in rations containing 14.5% linoleic acid. The same type of relation was observed for the ratio of the linolenic series (ω3)/linoleic acid (106) with the ratio of 1.18 giving the best nutritional response for the diets tested in this study.

SUCCESSFUL ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE CULTURE OF JUVENILE LOBSTERS

AbstractPurified and semipurified diets yielding good growth and survival of lobsters (Homarus americanus) have been developed. Growth of animals fed the semipurified diet for 18 months at 20±1°C indicates that market size (.5 kg) could be attained within 2.5 years. The semipurified diet contains 53% (dry weight) protein using casein, shrimp meal, gluten, and egg white as different protein sources. Substitution of these particular sources of protein with soy protein, shrimp protein, a soy protein‐shrimp meal combination, or bacterial cell protein caused significant reductions in growth.Similar growth can be achieved when the protein level of the semipurified diet is reduced to 30.5%. It appears that if specific protein and energy requirements are met, diets containing low protein levels can be nutritionally adequate for optimal growth, thereby increasing the possibility of cost‐effective diets for intensive lobster culture.

Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin 4. Ex shrimps ( Pandalus borealis)

1. 1. The quantitative carotenoid composition of shells of the common northern circumpolar shrimp Pandalus borealis (Crustaceae Malacostraca, order Decapoda) (i) fresh frozen, (ii) boiled and (iii) processed shrimp meal, is reported. Astaxanthin, present as the free diol, mono-and diester with higher fatty acids, was identified by co-chromatography with authentic standards, conversion to astacene and spectral criteria (electronic-, mass- and CD spectra). 2. 2. By conversion to its diester with (−) camphanic acid astaxanthin from unboiled shells was shown by HPLC analysis to consist of the (3S, 3′S), ( 3R,3′R; meso) and ( 3R,3′R) isomers in ratio 25:52:23. 3. 3. Natural astaxanthin monoester was by similar procedure found to consist of the ( 3S)-ol and the ( 3R)-ol in ration 47:53, Saponification of the monoester in the absence of oxygen provided astaxanthin, shown by the above HPLC method to consist of the ( 3S,3′S), ( 3R,3′S;meso) and ( 3R,3′R) isomers in ration 17:50:33. Natural astaxanthin diester provided astaxanthin, containing the optical isomers ( 3S,3′S), ( 3R,3′S; meso) and ( 3R,3′R) in ratio 12:46:43. 4. 4. The strongly racemized nature of astaxanthin and its monoester was confirmed by the chiroptical data. The CD data for the natural astaxanthin diester confirmed a high degree of racemization with some preference for R- configuration ( ca, 13% optical purity ). 5. 5. The data suggest some preference for 3R- configuration of astaxanthin in the in vivo acylation reaction.

THE NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF TWO PENAEID SPECIES TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF SQUID MEAL IN A PREPARED FEED1

ABSTRACTSeveral pelletized feeds containing 30–35% total protein were tested on two penaeid species, Penaeus stylirostris and P. setiferus. Alginate bound test diets varied in protein composition but all diets contained about 30% sun‐dried shrimp meal. Following initial testing with diets containing up to 13% squid meal, further test diets varied in percentage of squid meal between 0 and 12.7, and in α‐soy flour between 0 and 12.4. One test diet replaced these components with 12.5% brewer's yeast.Conversion rates, survival, and growth were determined during a 3‐week period, both in the two species and in two sizes of P. stylirostris.Comparisons of the various diets between the two species suggest that the presence of 5–6% squid meal is advantageous in feeds of about 30–35% total protein.

THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS ON PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus)

ABSTRACTThe protein sparing action of dietary carbohydrate levels in formulated feeds for the American lobster has been investigated. The formulated feeds were pelletized shrimp meal based feeds varying in both protein content (16.7–23.3%) and carbohydrate content (22.9–31.3%) and the protein: carbohydrate ratio (0.5‐1.0). Respiration rates, ammonia excretion rates, O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios of post‐larval lobsters fed the various formulated feeds were compared with lobsters fed brine shrimp (Artemia salina; 51% protein, P:C ratio = 5.1).Respiration rates measured immediately after feeding were highest among lobsters fed brine shrimp and were ˜37% higher than the standard respiration rates measured 24 hours later. There were no significant differences in respiration rates of lobsters fed the three formulated feeds. Ammonia excretion rates measured in the four groups of lobsters were directly correlated with the protein level of each feed; however, the O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios for each group were inversely correlated with the protein level of each feed. The increase in these parameters with decreasing protein levels in the formulated feeds is a strong indication of the increased dependence on dietary carbohydrate as an energy source in post‐larval lobsters.

THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF PENAEID SHRIMP AT VARIOUS LIFE‐CYCLE STAGES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

ABSTRACTInvestigations into the nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimp in controlled environment systems using extruded diets compounded from practical ingredients have shown that the protein requirement of the early postlarval animal exceeds 40% crude protein, but decreases to less than 30% crude protein in the later life‐cycle stages. Studies of the importance of protein quality, i.e., source and amino acid balance, indicate that when marine protein sources, e.g., fish meal and shrimp meal, exceed 40% of the finished ration performance of the animal suffers. The improbability of lysine and methionine being limiting amino acids in practical rations is discussed.In addition, the protein requirements of the Gulf of California brown shrimp, (Penaeus californiensis) is compared to non‐grooved shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS

ABSTRACTA series of artificial diets was evaluated in terms of growth, survival, and normalized biomass during three‐month growth studies utilizing juvenile lobsters. The effects of both texture and the addition of specific nutrients were examined.An increase in normalized biomass resulted from the addition of water soluble vitamins and minerals as well as with the addition of shrimp meal. The effect of shrimp meal in the diet could not be duplicated by the addition of chitin or glucosamine. A number of jell‐textured diets produced better growth rates than similar hard pelletized diets but animals on the soft diets suffered a high percentage of mortalities by the end of the experiment. These results are discussed in comparison with those of other investigators using lobsters as test animals.

Effect of protein source and level on growth and performance of the captive freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Growth, feed conversion and survival were determined for juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii held in tanks under semi-controlled environmental conditions. Feeding trials incorporated water-stable diets at three levels of protein (15, 25 and 35%). The principal protein source combinations consisted either of soybean and tuna meal, or of soybean, tuna and shrimp meal. In a 244-day comparison of these diets, higher protein content produced larger prawns ( P < 0.01), but differences between sources were not significant. No significant differences existed between feed conversion ratios (range 1.36–1.72) or percentage survival (range 90.3–93.6%). Trials of several other diets were also conducted, including soybean and Tilapia meal, and copra and Tilapia meal (25% protein level) as principal protein source combinations. After 167 days on these diets, growth was inferior to that obtained with soybean and tuna meal or soybean, tuna and shrimp meal combinations. No significant differences existed between feed conversion ratios or percentages of survival. For the 244 days, a control group of prawns received no formulated diet. Growth and survival in this group during the first 110 days suggested that naturally occurring algae contributed substantially to the prawns' nutrition. Mean prawn length after 244 days on the best diet (35% protein from soybean and tuna meal) was 73 mm, and growth rate was equivalent to that achieved under pilot pond conditions.

Jeanne D. Joseph1

ABSTRACTA commercial crustacean diet (7% lipid) was impregnated with oil (3% by weight) extracted from heads of Penaeus setiferus and fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii. After 3 weeks these prawns contained no more total lipid (1.4%) than control prawns fed the unaltered diet (1.3%), but changes in fatty acid composition were apparent. Whereas the sums of the saturates (25%), the monounsaturates (20%) and the polyunsaturates (54%) were the same for both groups, the experimental animals contained 6% more ω3 fatty acids and 6% less ω6 fatty acids than the control animals. Both groups contained the same percentage of ω3 fatty acids that were found in their respective diets, suggesting a retention of ω3 family acids.A more striking difference between the two groups was the far greater pigmentation in the experimental animals. Shrimp meals have been utilized in mariculture diets for a number of years, but these meals lack the pigmentation of fresh shrimp wastes because the carotenoids deteriorate when exposed to light, heat, and atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, oil extracted from the raw wastes is rich in carotenoids which are rapidly transmitted in the diet to laboratory reared prawns and result in a product more acceptable, visually, to the consumer.

In Vivo Digestibility Evaluation of Chitinous Materials

Chitinous products were investigated by in vivo rumen fermentation. Samples of cockroaches, grasshoppers, shrimp meal, crab meal, and purified chitin were placed in the rumen of fistulated steers. Average rumen solubilities were (dry matter loss from nylon bags) 66.5, 32.0, 17.4, 35.7, and 21.5%. Accounting for solubility in a water system at 40C indicated that the rumen system was solubilizing 5.0, 3.2, and 15.0% of cockroaches, grasshoppers, and crab meal over that occurring in water alone.

Shrimp Waste as a Pigment Source in Broiler Diets

Two experiments were conducted to study the pigmenting value of shrimp waste (meal) in diets fed broiler chicks. A 4% level of shrimp meal in conventional corn-soy broiler diets produced skin pigmentation which was considered to be unacceptably high. When wheat replaced yellow corn in the diets, levels of 2%, 4% or 6% of shrimp meal did not produce pigmentation approaching that obtained with the conventional diets. Skin pigmentation was found to be a better measure of the effect of shrimp meal carotenoids than foot pad pigmentation. Shrimp meal carotenoids were found to be valuable as a complementary source of pigment in conventional broiler diets in which ground wheat replaced a part of the yellow corn meal.