Shrimp Extract Research Articles

Effect of pressure cooking alone and in combination with other treatments on shrimp allergic protein, tropomyosin.

Shrimp allergen, tropomyosin is a highly heat stable allergen a common causative of shrimp allergy in sensitive individuals. Effect of house hold pressure cooking on immunogenicity of shrimp allergen, topomyosin from Metapenaeus dobsoni was investigated in both shrimp extract and peeled shrimp by extending the time of pressure cooking to 5, 10 and 20min. Soaked shrimps in salt, baking soda, papain and acetic acid along with pressure cooking was also investigated. In the case of extracts, IgE activity was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased and the tropomyosin band was absent in the immunoblott using pooled sera of shrimp sensitive individuals. While in the case of whole peeled shrimp, IgE activity was significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the tropomyosin band was retained in the immunoblott analysis which indicates the retention of allerginicity in the peeled shrimp. Although pressure cooked shrimp after soaking in acetic acid didn't show significant (p > 0.05) difference to that of without soaking, the tropomyosin band was observed to be very faint or absent in SDS PAGE and immunoblott analysis which indicated the effective reduction in allegenicity of whole peeled shrimp.

Comparison of digestibility and potential allergenicity of raw shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) extracts in static and dynamic digestion systems

In this work, a simplified dynamic digestion system was developed, and used for comparing the digestibility and potential allergenicity of raw shrimp extracts (RSE) in static and dynamic digestion systems. Protein hydrolysis was analyzed by electrophoresis, and the potential allergenicity was reflected in IgG/IgE binding ability and activation of basophils. In comparison with static digestion, protein hydrolysis indicated different kinetic behaviors, especially tropomyosin (TM) showed better digestion stability during dynamic digestion. The potential allergenicity of RSE exhibited different changing trends with digestion in the two systems. However, the apparent molecular weight (Mw) of immune fragments (>11 kDa) showed good approximation, and the IgE-binding fragment near 70 kDa revealed outstanding digestion stability than primordial protein in both systems. In conclusion, the dynamic conditions had a significant impact on the assessment of the persistence and potential allergenicity of digestion-resistant allergens, while the apparent Mw of IgG/IgE binding hydrolysate was not affected.

Cell-Based Functional IgE Assays Are Superior to Conventional Allergy Tests for Shrimp Allergy Diagnosis

The diagnosis of shellfish allergy currently relies on patient history, skin prick test (SPT), and serum specific IgE (sIgE) quantification. These methods lack sufficient diagnostic accuracy, whereas the gold standard of oral food challenges is risky and burdensome. Markers of reactivity and severity of allergic reactions to shellfish will improve clinical care of these patients. This study compared the diagnostic performance of SPT, sIgE, basophil activation test (BAT), and IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) test for shrimp allergy. Thirty-five subjects with documented history of shrimp allergic reactions were recruited and grouped according to results of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). In addition to routine diagnostics, BAT (Flow CAST) and EXiLE test with shrimp extract and tropomyosin were performed. Of 35 subjects, 15 were shrimp allergic with pruritus, urticaria, and itchy mouth on DBPCFC, whereas 20 were tolerant to shrimp. Tropomyosin only accounted for 53.3% of sensitization among subjects with challenge-proven shrimp allergy. BAT using shrimp extract as stimulant showed the highest area under curve value (0.88), Youden Index (0.81), likelihood ratio (14.73), odds ratio (104), and variable importance (4.27) when compared with other assays and tropomyosin diagnosis. Results of BAT significantly correlated with those of EXiLE (r= 0.664, P < .0001). BAT is a more accurate diagnostic marker for shrimp allergy than SPT and shrimp sIgE, whereas the EXiLE test based on an IgE crosslinking assay is a good alternative to BAT. Tropomyosin may not be the most important shrimp allergen in Chinese, which warrants further investigation to search for other major allergens and diagnostic markers.

Evaluation of Efficiency of Shrimp Extract (Astaxanthin) Histologically and Immunologically in the Treatment of Induced Diabetes Mellitus with Alloxan in Albino Male Rats

Evaluation of Efficiency of Shrimp Extract (Astaxanthin) Histologically and Immunologically in the Treatment of Induced Diabetes Mellitus with Alloxan in Albino Male Rats

Effects of dietary shrimp extract on growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism‐related genes of juvenile red tilapia

AbstractShrimp extract (ShE) is one kind of aquatic animal attractant with abundant amino acids. In order to investigate the effects of dietary ShE supplementation on the growth and muscle fatty acid of juvenile red tilapia (initial weight: 12.02 ± 0.02 g), a 62‐day experiment was conducted. The fish were fed six diets containing graded levels of ShE (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) without fish meal (FM) and an FM diet in triplicate groups. At the end of the experiment, the final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake of the red tilapia fed the 3% ShE diet and FM diet were significantly higher than those fed the other diets (p &lt; .05). The total saturated fatty acid of fish muscle in the ShE diet groups was lower than that in the FM diet group (p &lt; .05). The contents of erucic acid (C22:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n‐3; EPA), docosapentanoic acid (C22:5 n‐3; DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3; DHA) in the ShE diet groups were also lower than those in the FM diet group (p &lt; .05). The expression level of the lpl gene in red tilapia liver of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p &lt; .05). The liver mdh gene mRNA expression levels were higher in the red tilapia fed 0.5%, 2%, and 3% ShE diets than those of other groups (p &lt; .05). Moreover, the respiratory burst activity had a positive effect in the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% ShE diet groups (p &lt; .05). Our results suggest that dietary ShE has a significant effect on the growth and lipid metabolism‐related genes of fish, and 3% ShE was recommended to be supplemented in juvenile red tilapia diets.

Characterization and Identification of Allergen Protein in Shrimp Before and After Heated with SDS-PAGE Method

Food allergies are one of the most common allergies in Indonesian society. Generally, when children aged 5-6 years food allergies will disappear, except peanut allergies and allergies to seafood, such as fish, shellfish and crustaceans. This study aims to determine the pattern of separation of allergen proteins in shrimp using anion exchange column chromatography method and identify allergen proteins in shrimp using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein extraction from shrimp using Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.2 and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4�C. Protein separation was carried out by anion-exchange column chromatography method, and the fraction obtained was measured at 280nm wavelength. The highest yield at absorbance was identified by using SDS-PAGE. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine the protein profile and molecular weight of shrimp extract. Coloring of protein bands using silver staining. Data were analyzed descriptively based on the migration value of the sample protein bands compared to the marker protein band (Rf). The results of protein allergen profile analysis on shrimp using SDS-PAGE showed that the shrimp contained a protein band with a molecular weight of 37.77 kDa for cooked shrimp and 37.03 kDa for fresh shrimp.

Effect of extended period of boiling on allergic protein of flower tail shrimp Metapenaeus dobsoni

Consumption of shellfishes is a major cause of allergic reaction and IgE mediated hypersensitivity is an increasing health issue in sensitive individuals. Thermal stability of allergen of the flower tail shrimp Metapenaeus dobsoni was evaluated during extended period of boiling for immunoreactivity. Shrimp extracts boiled for 5 to 25 min showed increased IgE reactivity of 0.251 to 0.268 at absorbance of 490 nm in comparison to raw extract. Trpomyosin of 37 KDa was observed to withstand longer periods of boiling and found to retain IgE binding activity. Thermal treatment by means of boiling for longer duration increased the recognition of this major allergen in individuals with shrimp sensitivity. Hence, tropomyosin subjected to longer period of boiling could be used in facilitating shrimp allergy diagnosis and for detection of allergen in processed food products.

Identification of allergic proteins of Flower tail shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsonii).

Allergy to seafood mainly fish and shellfish has been reported. Tropomyosin is recognized as a major allergen in many crustaceans especially shrimps. A study was carried out to identify the IgE reactive proteins of allergic nature in Flower tail shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsonii), a frequently consumed shrimp in India mainly in dried form. Protein profiling and identification of IgE reactive proteins in raw and cooked extracts of Flower tail shrimp was carried out by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using sera of 13 patients having allergic reactions on consumption of shrimp and positive to skin prick test. The IgE binding ability was determined by ELISA and it was found higher in the case of cooked extracts ranging from 0.244 to 0.440 at 490nm. The SDS-PAGE of raw extract revealed many protein bands between 205 and 6.5 KDa, while in the case of cooked extracts bands of 36, 20, 29 and 70 KDa were prominent. Heat resistant protein of 37 KDa, tropomyosin was showing a clear immune reaction both in the case of raw and cooked extracts was identified as the major allergen by all the patient sera. The minor proteins of raw extract identified by immune reaction are 50, 75 and 100 KDa. The identified allergen can be used for the diagnosis and management of shrimp allergy.

Physiological study of the effect Astaxanthin (shrimp extract ) on some biochemical markers in male rats induced by Formaldehyde

The present study was conducted to show the protective and treated effects of astaxanthin in male rats induced by formaldehyde. The total numbers of male rats include ninety one (91) males, weighing (190-300) mg, aged (15-17) weeks. The animals were housed in animal house of college of science / University of Kufa from period February 2018 to July 2018. The animal were divided into two groups protective group total male rats were (36) and treated group (55) male rats.The result sowed a significant increase (p< 0.05) in Asparatate tranasaminase(AST), Alanine transaminase(ALT) and Alkaline phsphatase (ALP) levels in formaldehyde group whene compared with control group and significant decrease (p< 0.05) in protective and treated groups of astaxanthin 250 and 500 mg/kg as compared with control group and formaldehyde groups. The study of biomarkers also showed a significant increase (p< 0.05) in Regucalcin(RUG), 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine(8-OHGD) and Myeloperoxidase(MPO0 levels in formaldehyde group as compared with control group and showed a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in all biomarkers when compared of astaxanthin & formaldehyde with formaldehyde group and non-significant difference (p<0.05 when compared with control group. The present study roles of Astaxanthin asprotective and treatment were documented by decrement by liver enzyme AST,ALT and ALP also some biomarkers also Creatinine after increment by formaldehyde.

Xenopus Oocyte's Conductance for Bioactive Compounds Screening and Characterization.

Background: Astaxanthin (ATX) is a lipophilic compound found in many marine organisms. Studies have shown that ATX has many strong biological properties, including antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective and anti-diabetic activities. However, no research has elucidated the effect of ATX on ionic channels. ATX can be extracted from shrimp by-products. Our work aims to characterize ATX cell targets to lend value to marine by-products. Methods: We used the Xenopus oocytes cell model to characterize the pharmacological target of ATX among endogenous Xenopus oocytes’ ionic channels and to analyze the effects of all carotenoid-extract samples prepared from shrimp by-products using a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method. Results: ATX inhibits amiloride-sensitive sodium conductance, xINa, in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.14 µg, a maximum inhibition of 75% and a Hill coefficient of 0.68. It does not affect the potential of half activation, but significantly changes the kinetics, according to the slope factor values. The marine extract prepared from shrimp waste at 10 µg inhibits xINa in the same way as ATX 0.1 µg does. When ATX was added to the entire extract at 10 µg, inhibition reached that induced with ATX 1 µg. Conclusions: ATX and the shrimp Extract inhibit amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes and the TEVC method makes it possible to measure the ATX inhibitory effect in bioactive SFE-Extract samples.

Grasshopper Sensitization In Patients Allergic To Crustaceans, House Dust Mite and Cockroach. Should Products Containing Grasshopper Come With A Warning?

We have previously described Anaphylaxis after first ingestion of grasshopper (GH) in patients who had a prior history of systemic reactions after eating crustaceans.These patients also had high levels of house dust mite (HDM) and cockroach(CR) allergy. The common cross reacting allergen was identified as Tropomyosin. In this abstract we report GH sensitivity in patients allergic to crustaceans, HDM and CR. Freeze-dried commercial GH (locusta migratoria) were made into a 1:10 w/v 50% glycerine in saline solution by the usual method. After obtaining informed written consent, patients and controls were skin tested (ST) by the Prick/puncture (PP) method to 1:10 w/v GH, and to 10 k AU HDM, 1:10 w/v lobster, 1:20 w/v crab and 1:10 shrimp extracts. Control patients who had negative ST to HDM, crustaceans, shrimp and crab, had negative ST to GH . Crustacean allergic patients showed 93.2% reactivity to GH. CR allergic patients 64.7% positive ST to GH and HDM positive patients 22.8% positive ST to GH. These results show a high % of ST reactivity to GH in patients who had no occupational nor recreational exposure to grasshoppers , but were sensitized to crustaceans, cockroach and HDM. These patients are potentially at risk for anaphylaxis if they eat GH. Recent reports of anaphylaxis to ingested grasshopper from China and Singapore, and the recent recommendation of the WHO advising entomophagy as a solution to world hunger, indicate the possibility of an increasing incidence of GH anaphylaxis. Should insect containing products carry a warning for allergic patients?

Determination of Agmatine Rate by Spectrofluorimetric Method in Alkaline Medium: Optimization and Application on Shrimp.

Determination of Agmatine Rate by Spectrofluorimetric Method in Alkaline Medium: Optimization and Application on Shrimp. Khémesse Kital, Moumouny Traoré, Diégane Sarr, Moussa Mbaye, Olivier Mbaye, Lamine Cisse, Mame Diabou Gaye Seye, Atanasse Coly, François Delattre, Alphonse Tine Abstract In this work, a spectrofluorimetric method was developed to determine the rate of agmatine (AGM) in shrimp using orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) as derivatization agent. To optimize analytical results, the stoichiometry of the orthophthalaldehyde-agmatine complex (OPA-AGM) was determined. The effects of agitation and temperature on the fluorescence spectra of the complex in alkaline medium (pH 13) were then studied. We obtained in all media satisfactory analytical performances with very low detection limits (DL) ranging from 0.36 to 2.52 ng/mL and a quantification limit (QL) oF 1.62 to 8.40 ng/mL The relative standard deviations (RSD) obtained ranged from 0.08 to 1.5%, which shows the excellent replicability of measurements. In addition, recovery rates found in shrimp extract, between 96.3% and 103.4%, show the accuracy of measurements. Lastly, the interference effects on the determination of agmatine rate with biogenic amines and some metal ions likely to be present in shrimp were studied. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jcb.v7n1a2

Bioaccessibility and antimicrobial properties of a shrimp demineralization extract blended with chitosan as wrapping material in ready-to-eat raw salmon.

A shrimp extract (SME) obtained from the mild-acid demineralization treatment of shrimp shells to produce chitosan was collected. It was mainly composed of fat (≈73%), protein (≈19%), and ash (≈9%) and contained considerable amounts of calcium (≈1.9 g/100 g), astaxanthin (≈30 mg/100 g) and unsaturated fatty acids (≈27% MUFA, ≈39% PUFA). The SME was used in combination with chitosan for wrapping raw salmon to produce a ready-to-eat product enriched in calcium. No significant changes in hardness were found, as compared to the unwrapped salmon. Estimated intakes of bioaccessible calcium increased significantly by 3.6-fold, whereas intake of bioaccessible fat was reduced by 15%. SFA were the main fatty acid group reduced (≈80%), whereas MUFA and PUFA were only reduced by ≈20% each. Total viable counts, pseudomonads, enterobacteria, and specific fish spoilers were reduced by 2-4 log CFU/g in wrapped sample during the chilled storage period (19 days).

Detecting Allergens From Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon That Can Bind and Cross-link IgE by ELISA, Western Blot, and a Humanized Rat Basophilic Leukemia Reporter Cell Line RS-ATL8.

BackgroundBlack tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is one of the common causes of shellfish allergy that is increasing worldwide. One of the important problems in the management of shellfish allergy is the lack of accurate diagnostic assay because the biological and immunological properties of allergens in black tiger shrimp have not been well characterized. This study aims to detect proteins with the ability to bind and cross-link immunoglobulin E (IgE) from black tiger shrimp by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and a humanized rat basophilic leukemia reporter cell line RS-ATL8.MethodsSera from shrimp allergic subjects were subjected to ELISA and Western blots using raw or cooked shrimp extract as antigens. Pooled sera were used to sensitize the RS-ATL8 reporter cell line and cells were activated by shrimp extract. Eluted protein extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were tested on the RS-ATL8 cell line and subjected to mass spectrometry to identify potential candidate allergens.ResultsAllergic sera reacted stronger to raw shrimp extract than cooked shrimp extract (P=0.009). Western blot demonstrated that major IgE reactivity protein bands were at 32–39 kDa and 91–230 kDa in both raw and cooked shrimp extracts. The eluted protein bands at the molecular weight of 38 and 115 kDa from raw shrimp extract induced IgE cross-linking as assayed by the RS-ATL8 cell line. These protein bands were subjected to mass spectrometry for analysis. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme and crustacyanin were identified as potential candidate novel shrimp allergens.ConclusionsThe RS-ATL8 reporter cell line can be used to identify potential new shrimp allergens that can functionally cross-link IgE and induce mast cell degranulation.

Shrimp Allergy: Analysis of Commercially Available Extracts for In Vivo Diagnosis.

Skin prick testing (SPT) with commercial extracts is the first step in the diagnosis of shrimp allergy, although its clinical efficiency is unknown. Objective: To analyze the clinical usefulness of all commercial crustacean extracts available for SPT in Italy. We performed a multicenter study of 157 shrimp-allergic patients who underwent SPT with 5 commercial crustacean extracts and with house dust mite (HDM) extract. Commercial extracts were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and compared with a freshly prepared in-house shrimp extract. IgE to Pen a 1/Pen m 1, Pen m 2, and Pen m 4 was determined, and immunoblot analysis was performed on a large number of sera. The skin reactions caused by commercial crustacean extracts were extremely heterogeneous, resulting in 32 clinical profiles, with marked differences in protein content and missing proteins at molecular weights corresponding to those of major shrimp allergens. Only strong Pen a 1/Pen m 1 reactors reacted to both HDM and all 5 commercial extracts in SPT. Most patients, including those who were tropomyosin-negative, reacted to HDM. Patients reacted to a large and variable array of proteins, and IgE reactivity was common at high molecular weights (>50 kDa). The in vivo diagnosis of shrimp allergy must continue to be based on SPT with fresh material. Shrimp-allergic patients frequently react to a number of ill-defined high-molecular-weight allergens, thus leaving currently available materials for component-resolved diagnosis largely insufficient. Mites and crustaceans probably share several allergens other than tropomyosin.

Effects of Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Plant Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Characteristics of Chrysanthemum

Organic fertilizers are generally thought to be an effective way to sustain soil fertility and plant growth. To promote the productivity of chrysanthemum, five sources of liquid organic fertilizers (L1–L5), as well as a chemical fertilizer, were applied at an early stage of the growth cycle to investigate their effects on plant growth. In the short-term pot experiment, the liquid organic fertilizers significantly promoted root and aboveground growth by 10.2–77.8% and 10.7–33.3%, respectively, compared with the chemical fertilizer. The order of growth promotion was: L1 (shrimp extracts) &gt; L2 (plant decomposition) &gt; L4 (seaweed extracts)/L5 (fish extracts) &gt; L3 (vermicompost). Morphological and chemical analyses indicated that, compared with other organic fertilizers, the treatment with shrimp extract (L1) produced the greatest increases in root dry weight, total length, surface area, volume, tips, and thick root length, respectively. Furthermore, the shrimp extract treatment significantly increased the nutrient contents and altered the soil’s functional microbial community at the rhizospheric level compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment. Thus, the shrimp extract liquid organic fertilizer could be part of an effective alternative to chemical fertilization during the early stage of chrysanthemum growth.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK KIMIA PADA UMPAN PANCING DASAR TERHADAP HASIL TANGKAPAN IKAN-IKAN KARANG DI SELAT BANGKA, MINAHASA UTARA

Pancing dasar telah digunakan secara luas oleh masyarakat pantai di Sulawesi Utara untuk menangkap ikan-ikan karang, karena konstruksinya sederhana, relatif murah dan mudah dioperasikan dengan kapal atau perahu ukuran kecil. Walaupun alat tangkap ini telah berkembang sejak lama, tetapi masih memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penangkapan dan selektivitasnya. Suatu upaya untuk memahami proses tertangkapnya ikan dengan pancing dasar adalah tertuju pada umpan dan bagaimana komposisi kimia dan sifat-sifat fisiknya yang merangsang ikan untuk memakan umpan dan tertangkap. Penambahan ekstrak kimia pada umpan dapat meningkatkan fishing power dari alat tangkap pancing dasar. Tetapi informasi ilmiah tentang aplikasinya belum tersedia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kimia pada umpan pancing dasar terhadap hasil tangkapan ikan-ikan karang. Tiga jenis ekstrak kimia yang diberikan pada umpan potongan daging ikan malalugis segar, adalah power bait, squid liver oil, ekstrak udang dan umpan ikan segar tanpa ekstrak sebagai kontrol. Data tangkapan dikumpulkan dengan mengoperasikan 4 unit alat tangkap pancing dasar di perairan dekat karang pada kedalaman antara 30 sampai 50 m; dan analisis data dikerjakan berdasarkan rancangan acak kelompok. Hasil tangkapan total berjumlah 205 ekor, terdiri dari 20 famili dan 29 spesies ikan. Hasil analisis sidik ragam menunjukan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kimia pada umpan pancing dasar, memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap hasil tangkapan. Hasil uji BNT untuk perlakuan menunjukan bahwa pemberian ketiga jenis ekstrak pada umpan tidak ada perbedaan terhadap hasil tangkapan; tetapi pemberian ekstrak power bait dan squid liver oil sangat berbeda nyata terhadap umpan segar tanpa ekstrak; sedangkan pemberian ekstrak udang tidak berbeda nyata dengan umpan tanpa ekstrak.

First incidence of loose-shell syndrome disease in the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon from the brackish water ponds in Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThe recent incidence of loose-shell syndrome disease (LSSD) in grow-out shrimp ponds appears to be a major problem in Bangladesh. Therefore, the aims of our study were (i) to observe clinical signs of LSSD to confirm its incidence and (ii) to identify the probable causative agents for LSSD in shrimp. Sampling was conducted randomly from five LSSD-affected ponds and three non-affected ponds near Bakkhali River; ecological parameters were measured. A total of 180 healthy shrimps were used for this experiment, where LSSD-affected shrimp extracts were either injected into the shrimps or mixed with water in the experimental tanks. Finally, microbial examinations were performed to identify the possible LSSD causative agents from the infected individuals. The total shrimp production was higher in ponds with healthy populations (185 kg/ha) than from LSSD-affected ponds (126–146 kg/ha); the survival rate of shrimp at harvest was significantly different (p < .01) between normal and LSSD-affected ponds. The prevalence of infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) was found to be lower than that of the Vibrio infections. During the investigation, 8% of LSSD-affected individuals were WSSV positive and 5% were MBV positive, and 4% were infected by both. Our study suggested that the prevalence of LSSD in tiger shrimp might be associated with multiple Vibrio bacterial infections, poor soil and water quality, as well as poor pond management.

Cytotoxicity of T-2 and modified T-2 toxins: induction of JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells by hepatopancreas and muscle extracts of shrimp fed with T-2 toxin.

T-2 can be biotransformed in animal tissues to modified T-2s (mT-2s). Food contaminated with T-2 and/or mT-2s is a hazard to both animals and humans, including the immune system. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei were fed T-2 orally for 20 d, and hepatopancreas and muscle extracts, T-2, and T-2-glucuronide (T-2-GluA) were added to RAW264.7 in vitro and their effects on the JAK/STAT pathway were examined. STAT2 mRNA gene expression induced by hepatopancreas and muscle extracts was markedly higher compared with that of T-2 or T-2-GluA group. SCOSs, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA gene expressions induced by hepatopancreas extract were greater than those induced by muscle extract. Muscle extract significantly activated STAT3 phosphorylation but inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by hepatopancreas mT-2s was significantly higher than that by muscle extracts. Muscle and hepatopancreas extracts and T-2 also significantly induced IL-6 mRNA gene expression. With reference to phosphorylation levels, significant activation of JAK1 and STAT2 occurred with T-2 and JAK3 by muscle extract, JAK2 by hepatopancreas extract and STAT1 by T-2-GluA. This study showed that both T-2 and mT-2s are cytotoxic but the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells by T-2 was greater than that by mT-2s in hepatopancreas and muscle extracts from T-2-fed Litopenaeus vannamei.

Evaluation of electron beam irradiation to reduce the IgE binding capacity of frozen shrimp tropomyosin

ABSTRACTThe aim was to determine the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on IgE binding capacity of shrimp tropomyosin (TM) at the frozen stage. Following EB irradiation, protein extracts were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and TM degradation was observed. The degradations were further recognized by IgE from a shrimp-allergic patient by immunoblots. Specific IgE binding results showed that capacity of shrimp extracts and TM initially increased by 10% after irradiation at 3 kGy doses, and then decreased by 20% with irradiation doses increased to 10 kGy. Further inhibition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results showed that half-maximal inhibitory concentration of shrimp extract treated with 10 kGy doses enhanced to four times as compared with raw shrimp extracts. These results suggest that EB irradiation significantly changes the IgE binding capacity of frozen shrimp at 10 kGy doses by 20% and has the potential to reduce shrimp allergy risk.