Shrimp Chitosan Research Articles

Effects of shrimp chitosan on the physical properties of handsheets

The effects of shrimp chitosan as an additive were determined on the physical properties of handsheets, especially: their brightness, opacity, surface roughness and surface water absorptiveness. Commercial, hardwood, bleached kraft pulp was beaten to attain 390 mL Canadian standard freeness and then made into four sets of handsheets by mixing each part of the beaten pulp slurry with shrimp-chitosan solution to obtain 0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% (oven dry weight (o.d. wt.) of pulp), respectively, in accordance with standard test methods. All the sets of handsheets were conditioned for 1 wk and then tested for their mechanical and physical properties at 50 ± 2% relative humidity and 23 ± 1 °C. The results indicated that even though there were some substantial decreases in some physical properties of shrimp-chitosan-treated handsheets (brightness, surface roughness and surface water absorptiveness), their opacity was slightly increased. Most of the mechanical properties of shrimp-chitosan-treated handsheets such as the bursting index, folding endurance, tensile index, modulus of elasticity and tensile energy absorption were greatly increased with the addition of shrimp chitosan at 0.25% o.d. wt. of pulp to 0.50% o.d. wt. of pulp. However, there was no effect on the tearing strength by adding shrimp chitosan to the handsheets.

Toksisitas Oligomer Kitosan Derajat Deasetilasi Rendah Enzimatis Menggunakan Metode Brine Srimp Lethality Test (BSLT)

Chitosan oligomers or chitooligomer is a mixture of oligomers of D-glucosamine which are formed through a process of depolymerization of chitosan with cuting its β-glycosidic bonding. Chitosan oligomer has received much attention in various fields because of the specific biological activity 10 times greater than chitosan. Chitosan oligomer having biological activity as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-tumor and anti-cancer. Before it is applied to humans, the bioactive compounds to be used as pharmaceutical products must pass a preliminary test using test animals. BSLT method is often used to praskrining against bioactive compounds. This method uses shrimp larvae are widely used in searches that are toxic bioactive compounds from natural materials. This study aims to determine the toxicity of chitosan oligomers enzymatic (crude) as a preliminary test before being used as a pharmaceutical product either as anti-cancer or anti microbial with BSLT method. The results showed chitosan oligomer (crude) hydrolysis of leather tiger shrimp chitosan (DD 60%) with chitosanase enzyme for each time of incubation has strong toxicity properties with a value of 36.90 ppm LC50 (1 hour incubation); 47.43 ppm (incubation 2 hours) and 104.86 ppm (incubation 3 hours).

Enhanced wound healing activity of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) vs. shrimp (Penaeus monodon) chitosan based scaffolds

Chitosan (CS) has received great attention in tissue engineering, especially in wound healing acceleration. In this study, chitin was isolated from desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) then deacetylated to chitosan. Then, chitosan was characterized by degree of deacetylation (DD), molecular weight (M.Wt), swelling index (SI), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X ray diffraction (XRD). The chitosan was then casted into 2D scaffolds and was pictured using scanning electron microscope (SEM). In a comparative study, primary cell cultures of neonatal (1–2day old) mice skin tissue, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, were seeded onto locust chitosan based scaffolds (LCSBS) and shrimp chitosan based scaffold (SCSBS). Their attachment percentage was determined after 1h. The cell proliferation rate was tested for 5days on LCSBS and SCSBS. Wound healing activity progress of LCSBS and SCSBS was tested in vivo using histopathology, and results revealed that seeded and unseeded LCSBS accelerated healing in contrast to SCSBS. The data demonstrated that LCSBS shows a high degree of biocompatibility in vivo. These results suggest that LCSBS is a potential substitute for the development of low cost implantable materials to accelerate wound healing.

In vitro antifungal efficacy of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 chitosan-AgNPs composite against post-harvest disease of citrus fruits

Green and blue mold postharvest diseases are the most vital negative components influencing the local market of citrus fruits. Citrus fruits were collected, and fungi were isolated. Among the fungal isolates identified, Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum recorded the highest occurrence of 39.5 and 25.6%, respectively. In this work, we extracted chitosan from Aspergillum niger ATCC 9642. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the functional groups of the obtained compound, which exhibited the main characteristic bands of O–H stretching at 3302 cm-1, and C–O–C band at 1125 cm-1. A. niger ATCC 9642 chitosan had the degree of deacetylation of 88.5%, a molecular weight of 1.8 × 105 Da, and viscosity of 7.3 centipoises; these values were comparable to those for standard shrimp chitosan. Ultraviolet-visible light spectra revealed the presence of A. niger ATCC 9642 chitosan-AgNPs composite. Using antifungal and spore germination assays, it was found that this composite exhibited effective antifungal action against P. digitatum and P. italicum compared with a chitosan standard. In a comet assay, the percentage of tail DNA was considered as a parameter that indicated DNA damage. The comet parameter increased significantly (P < 0.05) with A. niger ATCC 9642 chitosan–AgNPs composite, and the increase was dose-dependent. The increase in the DNA damage positively correlated with the inhibition performance of the A. niger ATCC 9642 chitosan–AgNPs composite.

Control biológico In Vitro de nematodos agalladores (Meloidogyne sp.) a base de quitosano y fluensulfone

El nematodo agallador (Meloidogyne sp.) tiene importancia económica potencial en diversos cultivos, en su combate casi siempre se han utilizado diferentes productos de agroquímicos, por lo que se necesita evaluar nuevos productos que sean una mejor alternativa en su manejo y en el cuidado al medio ambiente. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la eficacia biológica de diferentes extractos del quitosano un biopolímero natural con efecto nematicida y regulador de poblaciones de estos fitonematodos y Fluensulfone un nematicida de amplio espectro, el estudio se realizó In vitro, se colectaron muestras de suelo y se extrajeron los nematodos mediante el método de embudo de Baermann, se colocaron en cajas petri en diluciones con 30-35 nematodos por unidad experimental, en donde para su control se utilizó quitosano extraído de langostino de rio y quitosano comercial a diferentes concentraciones (0. 25, 0.50, 0.75), así mismo un nematicida comercial con extracto de quitosano Nematrol Plus , esto comparado con otros nematicidas comerciales Ditera (Myrothecium verrucaria ), Nemover (Extracto de pino) y Nimitz (Fluensulfone) .Se encontró que el efecto nematicida del quitosano en dosis media (0.50) fue mejor posterior a las 24 horas después de la aplicación con una mortalidad de 95.83 a 100 % de nematodos, y una eficacia del 100 %, esto comparado con los nematicidas comerciales.

English

Chitosan is a naturally available biopolymer. It has been prepared by alkaline N-deacetylation process of shrimp (Crangon crangon) chitin and fish (Labeorohita) chitin. The physico-chemical properties such as the degree of deacetylation (DD), solubility, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity and chitosan yield have indicated that shrimp shell and fish scale waste are good sources of chitosan. The deacetylation value of shrimp shell chitosan, fish scales and commercial chitosan was found to be 76, 80 and 84%, respectively. The crystalline index (CrI) of fish and shrimp shell was 84 and 82%. Fat binding capacity of fish chitosan, shrimp chitosan and commercial chitosan was found to be 226, 246 and 446%, respectively. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra presented a detailed structure of α-chitin with O-H, N-H and CO stretching movements. Structural differences between shrimp chitosan and fish chitosan were studied by using FTIR, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectra were used to determine the chitosan degree of deacetylation (DD). Characteristic properties of extracted chitosan were found to depend upon the source of origin and degree of deacetylation. Key words: Chitosan, fish scales, shrimp shell.

English

Contamination of the aqueous environment by heavy metals and due to the discharge of metal containing effluents into the water bodies is one of the environmental issues of the century. Thus, in this work, the main concern has been the preparation of chitin and chitosan from the raw materials of shrimp shells and the characterization of the prepared chitosan by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The work was then shifted to investigate the potentiality of Cr+6 adsorption with the prepared chitosan. The controlled parameters of adsorption process were studied. The percentage of Cr+6 removal using the shrimp chitosan was 64.29%. Key words: Shrimp shells, chitosan, adsorption, chitin.

Dye removal from wastewater using shrimp chitosan as an eco-friendly adsorbent

Aims: In this research, application of fishery wastes as locally available, cheap, eco-friendly, non-toxicity, reusable, abundant biodegradable resources and highly efficient adsorbent was studied for Direct Blue-86 (DB-86) removal from aqueous solution. Materials and Methods: Comparison of the adsorption of DB-86 by chitosan produced from three different fishery wastes (shrimp, crab and squid collected from Persian Gulf) has been investigated. Effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, flow rate, ionic strength, interfering ions and dyes were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that maximum removal of dye (~ 100%) was obtained by passing 100 mL of DB-86 (50 mg L-1, pH=2) through a column containing 0.5 g chitosan by using continuous method (fixed-bed) at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Maximum desorption of 72% was achieved at alkaline medium (pH=13.5). It was shown that equilibrium isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption of chitosan (qm) and the energy of adsorption were calculated as nearly 60 mg/g and 3.6 mg-1, respectively. Conclusion: Chitosan was successfully used for removal of DB-86 from spiked Karoon River sample and the effluent of Pars Paper Factory, a local pulp and paper factory in Ahvaz. Results represent of three replicated experiments.

Bio-clarification of water from heavy metals and microbial effluence using fungal chitosan

Water pollution is among the most hazardous problems that threaten human health worldwide. Chitosan is a marvelous bioactive polymer that could be produced from fungal mycelia. This study was conducted to produce chitosan from Cunninghamella elegans and to use it for water pollutants elimination, e.g. heavy metals and waterborne microorganisms, and to investigate its antibacterial mode of action against Escherichia coli. The produced fungal chitosan had a deacetylation degree of 81%, a molecular weight of 92.73kDa and a matched FT-IR spectrum with standard shrimp chitosan. Fungal chitosan exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Chitosan was proved as an effective metal adsorbent, toward the examined metal ions, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+, and its adsorption capacity greatly increased with the increasing of metal concentration, especially for Cu and Zn. The scanning electron micrographs, of treated E. coli cells with fungal chitosan, indicated that the cells began to lyse and combine after 3h of exposure and chitosan particles attached to the combined cells and, after 12h from exposure, the entire bacterial cell walls were fully disrupted and lysed.Therefore, fungal chitosan could be recommended, as a bioactive, renewable, ecofriendly and cost effective material, for overcoming water pollution problems, from chemical and microbial origins.

Coatings comprising chitosan and Mentha piperita L. or Mentha × villosa Huds essential oils to prevent common postharvest mold infections and maintain the quality of cherry tomato fruit

In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of coatings comprising shrimp chitosan (CHI) and Mentha piperita L. (MPEO) or Mentha×villosa Huds (MVEO) essential oils to control mold infections caused by Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer in cherry tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during storage at room temperature (25°C for 12days) and low temperature (12°C for 24days). The effects of the coatings on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cherry tomato fruits during storage were also assessed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CHI against all test fungi was 8mg/mL, whereas the MIC for both MPEO and MVEO was 5μL/mL. Combinations of CHI at 4mg/mL and MPEO or MVEO at 2.5 or 1.25μL/mL strongly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of target fungi. The coatings comprising CHI and MPEO or CHI and MVEO at the different tested concentrations delayed the growth of decay-causing fungi in artificially contaminated tomato fruit during storage at either room temperature or low temperature. The assayed coatings preserved the quality of cherry tomato fruit during storage, in terms of physicochemical and sensory attributes. These results indicate that coatings comprising CHI and MPEO or CHI and MVEO represent promising postharvest treatments to prevent common postharvest mold infections in cherry tomato fruit during storage without affecting the quality of the fruit.

Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Chitosans Extracted from Three Different Marine Sources.

Chitins in the α and β isomorphs were extracted from three Tunisian marine sources shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus) waste, crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) shells and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) bones. The obtained chitins were transformed into chitosans, the acid-soluble form of chitin. Chitosans were characterized and their biological activities were compared. Chitosan samples were then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that all chitosans presented identical spectra. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of the extracted chitosans were investigated. In fact, cuttlefish chitosan showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (83 %, 5 mg/ml), whereas it was 79 % and 76 % for shrimp and crab chitosans, respectively. However, in linoleate-β-carotene system, cuttlefish and crab chitosans exerted higher antioxidant activity (82 % and 70 %, respectively), than shrimp chitosan (49 %). Chitosans were tested for their antimicrobial activities against three Gram-negative and four Gram-positive bacteria and five fungi. Chitosans markedly inhibited growth of most bacteria and fungi tested, although the antimicrobial activity depends on the type of microorganism and on the source of chitin. In addition, chitosans showed high antitumor activity which seemed to be dependent on the chitosan characteristics such as acetylation degree and especially the molecular weight.

Chitooligosaccharides from the shrimp chitosan hydrolysate induces differentiation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages into dendritic-like cells

Dendritic cells and macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells that activate T-cell-mediated immune responses. A water-soluble hydrolysate with immunomodulatory activity was obtained by cellulase degradation of shrimp chitosan. This chitosan hydrolysate was further separated into a low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) and achitooligosaccharide mixture (oligomixture). In this study, the effects of these three chitosanolytic samples on the induction of murine RAW264.7 macrophages into dentritic-like cells were investigated. Both the chitosan hydrolysate and oligomixture but not the LMWC increased cell size, induced dendritic morphological changes and caused G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in RAW264.7 cells. The oligomixture markedly suppressed the superoxide production of RAW264.7 cells and stimulated the phagocytic activity and expression of dendritic cell surface markers (B7.1, B7.2, and CD40). These findings demonstrate that an oligomixture (chitooligosaccharides) isolated from chitosan hydrolysate can induce differentiation of RAW264.7 macrophages into dendritic-like cells, and consequently, enhances both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

A sulfuric–lactic acid process for efficient purification of fungal chitosan with intact molecular weight

The most recent method of fungal chitosan purification, i.e., two steps of dilute sulfuric acid treatment, pretreatment of cell wall at room temperature for phosphate removal and extraction of chitosan from the phosphate free cell wall at high temperature, significantly reduces the chitosan molecular weight. This study was aimed at improvement of this method. In the pretreatment step, to choose the best conditions, cell wall of Rhizopus oryzae, containing 9% phosphate, 10% glucosamine, and 21% N-acetyl glucosamine, was treated with sulfuric, lactic, acetic, nitric, or hydrochloric acid, at room temperature. Sulfuric acid showed the best performance in phosphate removal (90%) and cell wall recovery (89%). To avoid depolymerisation of chitosan, hot sulfuric acid extraction was replaced with lactic acid treatment at room temperature, and a pure fungal chitosan was obtained (0.12g/g cell wall). Similar pretreatment and extraction processes were conducted on pure shrimp chitosan and resulted in a chitosan recovery of higher than 87% while the reduction of chitosan viscosity was less than 15%. Therefore, the sulfuric–lactic acid method purified the fungal chitosan without significant molecular weight manipulation.

Effect of shrimp chitosan coatings as affected by chitosan extraction processes on postharvest quality of strawberry

Edible coatings as affected by chitosan extraction processes were used to preserve the quality of strawberries (Fragaria × ananssa) during their storage at ambient temperature (20–25 °C). Thus, three different chitosans were prepared from shrimp shell and were designated as the following: C1 by classical method, C2 without the decoloration step, and C3 without the decoloration step and the deproteinization step. In order to study the effectiveness of coatings, changes in physicochemical parameters and mold spoilage were studied. Chitosan coatings had no significant effects on titrable acidity, pH and soluble solids content (SSC) of strawberries throughout the storage, while the SSC content of control fruits increased with the storage time. In contrast, chitosan coatings delayed changes in weight loss and the appearance of fungal infection. Coated samples had greater visual acceptability than had the untreated fruits. By visual analysis, it was possible to verify that the best quality was maintained until the day 12, for the strawberries coated with C3 (1 %).

Foot and Mouth Disease virus-loaded fungal chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal administration: impact of formulation on physicochemical and immunological characteristics

Nasal vaccination is a promising, needle-free alternative route for parenteral vaccination. This study introduces a simple, scalable nasal vaccine delivery formulation for Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDv) using chitosan (CS) nanoparticles and assesses the potential of fungal CS for use as nanocarriers for mucosal vaccines. Fungal CS was extracted from fungal biomass and physiochemically characterized. FMDv-loaded CS nanoparticles, prepared using an ionic gelation technique, were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, morphology, loading efficiency and virus particle release. The immunogenicities of nasally applied FMDv-loaded fungal or commercial shrimp CS were compared with intraperitoneally administered fluid vaccine in guinea pigs. The nanoparticles had varied sizes (221.9–281.2 nm), positive electrical charge (+7 to +13 mV) and excellent antigen-loading capacity (93–97%). In vitro release studies revealed a biphasic virus particle release for all CS nanoparticles. Higher serum titers were developed with CS formulations than with free virus and were comparable with the titers for intraperitoneally administered fluid vaccine. Significantly higher IgA levels were found after the administration of nasal vaccine than after fluid vaccine or free virus. Overall, CS-FMDv nanoparticles stimulated humoral and mucosal immunity following intranasal administration. Fungal CS polymers were potent mucosal immunoadjuvants and showed promise as alternative sources of CS for mucosal vaccine formulations.

Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of shrimp chitosan on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) during refrigerated storage

SummaryThis study aims to determine the effects of chitosan obtained from Metapenaeus stebbingi shells on the shelf life of refrigerated gilthead sea bream. It was determined that 1% chitosan‐coated samples had the lowest thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (3.05 mg malondialdehyde (MDA) kg−1) and free fatty acids (FFA) value (2.79% oleic acid), while the control group had the highest TBA (5.08 mg MDA kg−1) and FFA value (6.13% oleic acid) on the 27th day of storage. In the last day of storage, TVB‐N was found higher in control group (25.62 mg 100 g−1) than chitosan‐coated samples (14.57 mg 100 g−1). Total viable count value of the control group exceeded maximum permissible limit on the 27th day of storage. However, it was lower than 7.0 log CFU/g in chitosan‐coated samples during the refrigerated storage. As a result of this study, it was determined that shelf life of refrigerated gilthead sea bream can be increased up to 27 days with chitosan.

Antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against some local food spoilage bacteria and food borne pathogens

The objective of this study was to determine the more efficient antibacterial activity of chitosan among irradiated and nonirradiated form. Chitin was isolated from shrimp and then converted into chitosan. The initial molecular weight of chitosan was 1.6 X 106 Da and after step by step pretreatments using alkali, acid and H2O2, the final molecular weight was found to be reduced to 2.7 X 104 Da and the degree of deacetylation (DD) was 70%. Chemical treatments deproteinated and decalcified the chitin. Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, was dissolved in lactic acid and then irradiated to perform antimicrobial activity. To conduct the experiment, seven different strains of bacteria were isolated from spoiled orange and it was found that chitosan was more effective to inhibit the growth of these bacteria. The more efficient result was found with irradiated chitosan than the non-irradiated one and the efficiency was consistently along with the increasing of the radiation dose. The best antimicrobial activity was observed with 32 kGy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i1.11809 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 28, Number 1, June 2011, pp 45-47

&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H-NMR Analysis of Degree of Substitution in N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosans from Various Chitosan Sources and Types

N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosans were synthesized by the reaction between shrimp, crab and squid chitosans with monochloroacetic acid under basic conditions at 50°C. The mole ratio of reactants was obtained from various reaction conditions of shrimp chitosan polymer and oligomer types. The mole ratio 1:12:6 of chitosan:sodium hydroxide:monochloroacetic acid was used for preparing carboxymethyl of chitosan polymer types while carboxymethyl of chitosan oligomer types were used the mole ratio 1:6:3 of chitosan:sodium hydroxide:monochloroacetic acid. The chemical structure was analyzed by fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnatic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The FT-IR was used for confirm the insertion of carboxymethyl group on chitosan molecules. The 1H-NMR was used for determining the degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethylation at hydroxyl and amino sites of chitosans. Carboxymethyl chitosan samples had the total DS of carboxymethylation ranging from 1.0-2.2. The highest of DS of carboxymethylation was from shrimp chitosan oligomer type.

The Influence of the Chemical Structures of Chitosan and Acid Dye on the Adsorption Process

The objective of this paper is the study of the influence of the chemical structures of adsorbent and adsorbate on the adsorption process. By using of crab shell chitosan (CC) and deep‐pink shrimp chitosan (CP) for removal of acid 183 and AR114 from aqueous solutions, it is shown that CP, which corresponds to the highest molecular weight, is the most efficient adsorbent material. In addition, the best extent of decolorization is obtained for AR 183 that is the smallest molecule. Langmuir model represents the best fit of the experimental data, indicating monolayer coverage of chitosan outer surface. Pseudo‐second order kinetic model describes accurately the adsorption processes, suggesting chemical rate limiting steps. The positive values of the enthalpy changes indicated endothermic attachment of dyes to the biomaterials. CP/AR183 system corresponds to the most energetically favorable phenomenon. Besides, desorption of AR from chitosan was found to be very low in acidic aqueous medium for all couples.

Postpartum hemorrhage: use of hemostatic combat gauze

Cheap and simple interventions that are intended to minimize postpartum hemorrhage are of major public health concern. We report a case of postpartum hemorrhage in which conservative interventions had failed. The use of a chitosan-covered gauze that originally was developed for combat trauma allowed us to achieve hemostasis, and a seemingly inevitable hysterectomy was avoided.