Shower Water Research Articles

To Study the Need of Systemic Formwork for Waste Water Treatment at Fish Processing Plant' (A Review)

Waste water from angle preparation enterprises originates from several sources, including emptying angles, dressing, liquefying water from ice dissolution, washing equipment and utensils, treating with additional substances, and cleaning and disinfecting offices and spaces. Water is used not only to clean angles but also to wash blood, sludge, and offal from the surfaces of various handling equipment, utensils, floors, and sump pumps. The majority of computerized handling supplies come with a water shower framework that may clean hardware and remove offal. The emergence of these forms in tall water use also leads to the mixing of blood and offal in the wash water. Fish handling waste water is full of significant pollutants that are colloidal, soluble, and particulate. Features of waste water produced depend on the type of angle used for preparation, the preparation method, and the final object placed. When handling operations such as minor (angle washing or cleaning), mild (angle filet preparation), and severe (surimi planning), the degree of defilement can change. Fish waste water must have exceptionally high levels of nitrogen, fat, oil, and oil (Mist), as well as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In order to reduce shameful waste transfer in the environment, this extended show introduces angle waste management processors to the concepts of fishery waste categorization and the many types of treatment used. This topic includes many aspects of angle waste, separate management of fluid angle waste and strong waste using chemicals, Indore composting technique, and suitable transfer.

Balancing water conservation and health: do water-saving showerheads impact the microbes we breathe in during showering?

Low-flow showerheads offer consumers economic and water-saving benefits, yet their use may inadvertently affect the microbial content of produced water and water-associated aerosols. This study aimed to compare the abundance and microbial composition of bacteria in shower water and associated respirable aerosols produced by various low flow rate (1, 1.5, and 1.8 gpm) showerheads. Our findings indicate that the lowest-flow showerhead produces water with lower total microbial and opportunistic bacterial pathogen densities compared to higher low flow rate counterparts. However, microbiome analysis revealed that 1.8 gpm flow rate showerheads exhibit reduced abundance of Gram-negative organisms and common biofilm-forming organisms, suggesting potentially lower pathogenicity compared to 1 and 1.5 gpm low-flow showerheads. Additionally, the number of respirable aerosols produced by showerheads as well as the partitioning of certain microorganisms from the water to aerosol phases was negatively correlated with flow rate, suggesting that there may be increasing exposure potential to pathogenic bioaerosols when using a 1gpm showerhead compared to a 1.8 gpm showerhead. However, the 1.5 gpm showerhead seemed to balance microbial partitioning, aerosol generation, and water conservation. Moreover, the microbial composition of aerosols produced from shower water was more influenced by the age of the showerhead than the flow rate, highlighting the significance of biofilm formation on the microbial community. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of evaluating the microbial risk associated with low-flow showerheads using multiple metrics in both water and aerosols, and dynamically assessing this over time, to ensure accurate future risk assessment.

Quantification model of water use efficiency in indoor swimming venues based on behavioral analysis

Swimming venues provide various services based on water as the carrier, but studies on their water use are few. This study constructed a stochastic model to quantify the water use efficiency of indoor swimming venues under different scenarios based on Monte Carlo simulation. It explored the impact of shower behavior, swimming pool replenishment rate, and appliance water efficiency on water use efficiency in swimming venues. The results show that the indoor swimming pool replenishment volume and shower water use accounted for relatively high proportions and are relatively stable, with a total of about 81 % of the total water use; the model could effectively quantify the water demand in swimming pools under different scenarios. The theoretical water withdrawal of the swimming pool per unit volume under the saving mode and the reasonable mode are 26.32 m3/(m3·a) and 34.71 m3/(m3·a) respectively, which are comparable to the water use quota values of swimming venues by region in China. Conclusions could be drawn from sensitivity analysis that replenishment rate is the most important factor affecting the water withdrawal per unit volume of the swimming pool, followed by shower duration. This study provides theoretical basis for water-saving management to swimming venue managers, and reference for different industries to carry out research on the mechanism of water use behavior and water demand analysis.

Design and Construction of an Automatic Warm Water Media Shower Based on Arduino Uno

This research aims to design and develop a prototype of an automatic warm water shower using sound sensors and ultrasonic sensors based on Arduino Uno. The research method uses steps from the Research and Development (R & D) Approach. The automatic warm water shower prototype developed allows users to carry out bathing activities more efficiently and comfortably, avoids wasting water due to negligence in closing the tap, and provides an automatic warm water feature. How the automatic warm water shower prototype works using a sound sensor and an ultrasonic sensor based on Arduino Uno. If the ultrasonic sensor detects the presence of an object within a distance of 30 cm, the ultrasonic sensor will activate the solenoid valve which acts as an automatic tap in turning on the tap, but when the ultrasonic sensor does not detect any the presence of an object, the ultrasonic sensor will deactivate the solenoid valve so that the tap will close automatically. If the user wants to take a shower using warm water, the user simply claps his hands and then the sound of the clapping activates the sound sensor, then the sound sensor will activate the water heater which functions as a heater. This research produces prototypes of automatic faucets and automatic hot water showers which show the potential for integrating technology into everyday bathing devices to increase user efficiency and comfort and avoid wasting water.

Hydrotherapy in Pain Management in Pregnant Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: the benefits of water are significant during the birth process. Improved maternal experience of labor, less use of epidurals, better pain management, shorter labor, and a greater sense of control are observed during the birth process. Objective: This report aims to determine the benefits of hydrotherapy in clinical childbirth approaches and its applicability in pain control. Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials selected from various databases with no publication date limits was conducted, comparing groups that did not use hydrotherapy with groups that did during labor. Results: Seven articles met the inclusion criteria, with five articles using hot water immersion and two using hot water shower as hydrotherapy treatments. This study identified 840 participants, with the intervention groups including 417 term pregnant women and the control groups including 423 pregnant women. The effect size of hydrotherapy on pain was calculated using the visual analog scale in five articles and analgesic use in the other two articles. Hydrotherapy significantly reduced pain during labor with a mean difference of -0.97 (95% CI: -1.91 to -0.03; I2 = 97.32%, p < 0.001). The duration of the first stage of labor was not significantly affected, with a mean difference of -0.17 h (95% CI: -0.55 to 0.21; I2 = 56.75%, p = 0.059). Additionally, hydrotherapy did not significantly impact the newborns' Apgar scores at 5 min, with a mean difference of 0.18 (95% CI: -0.48 to 0.85; I2 = 2.15%, p = 0.939). Conclusions: Hydrotherapy is beneficial for pain control in the first stage of labor and does not increase its duration or negatively affect the Apgar score of newborns.

Wise Choice of Showerhead Patterns: How to Save Energy during Showering While Maintaining Thermal Comfort

Heat transfer coefficients between shower water and human skin could significantly impact occupants’ thermal sensation and energy consumption during showering. A recent study found that heat transfer coefficients varied considerably among showerhead patterns. However, the specific effects of the showering heat transfer process on the showerhead patterns have yet to be determined. Two experiments were conducted to quantify the spray patterns during showering, and the impacts of the patterns’ parameters on the heat transfer coefficient were examined using different statistical methods. Five showerheads with 18 spray patterns were tested in this study. The resistance factor, water supply pressure, and nozzle area ratio of these patterns were measured to qualify their shower performance. The results indicated that all the tested parameters significantly impacted the heat transfer coefficient in general, and using resistance factor and nozzle area ratio could accurately predict the heat transfer performance of the showerhead pattern. Additionally, this study demonstrated that changing to a showerhead with a higher heat transfer coefficient could save considerable energy while maintaining the same thermal sensation during showering. The influence of water spray patterns on the heat transfer coefficient could provide residents with scientific references when selecting showerheads in their bathrooms.

A tough and bioadhesive injectable hydrogel formed with maleimidyl alginate and pristine gelatin

Injectable hydrogels have wide applications in clinical practice. However, the development of tough and bioadhesive ones based on biopolymers, along with biofriendly and robust crosslinking strategies, still represents a great challenge. Herein, we report an injectable hydrogel composed of maleimidyl alginate and pristine gelatin, for which the precursor solutions could self-crosslink via mild Michael-type addition without any catalyst or external energy upon mixing. This hydrogel is tough and bioadhesive, which can maintain intactness as well as adherence to the defect of porcine skin under fierce bending and twisting, warm water bath, and boiling water shower. Besides, it is biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable, which could support the growth and remodeling of cells by affording an extracellular matrix-like environment. As a proof of application, we demonstrate that this hydrogel could significantly accelerate diabetic skin wound healing, thereby holding great potential in healthcare.

Correlation between bacterial microbiome and Legionella species in water from public bath facilities by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Public bath facilities are major sources of sporadic cases and outbreaks of Legionella infections. Recently, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing has been used to analyze bacterial characteristics in various water samples from both artificial and natural environments, with a particular focus on Legionella bacterial species. However, the relationship between the bacterial community and Legionella species in the water from public bath facilities remains unclear. In terms of hygiene management, it is important to reduce the growth of Legionella species by disinfecting the water in public bath facilities. Our findings contribute to the establishment of appropriate hygiene management practices and provide a basis for understanding the potential health effects of using bath and shower water available in public bath facilities.

Relief of The Impact of Heat Stress on Friesian and Cross-Bred Friesian Dairy Cows by Water Showering under Egyptian Hot Humid Summer Conditions in Nile Delta

Relief of The Impact of Heat Stress on Friesian and Cross-Bred Friesian Dairy Cows by Water Showering under Egyptian Hot Humid Summer Conditions in Nile Delta

Study on the performance of tube evaporative cooling dehumidifier based on CFD

Most of the existing numerical models for falling film dehumidifiers consider two-dimensional adiabatic-type models. However, the performance of the adiabatic type dehumidifier is relatively poor, in addition to the fact that the two-dimensional model cannot well represent the flow process of liquid desiccant and the dehumidification process in the actual operation of the dehumidifier. Therefore, in order to better study the falling film of liquid desiccant and the heat and mass transfer process inside the tube, this paper established a three-dimensional model of the evaporative cooling falling film dehumidifier with higher dehumidification performance outside the tube based on CFD technology. The results showed that the simulation results of the constructed model were in good agreement with the experimental results, and the average relative error about 12 %. The out-of-tube evaporative cooling system cooled the dehumidifier through the combined effect of droplet evaporation and low-temperature liquid film on the outer wall surface. Under the baseline conditions: the dehumidification performance of the solution outlet section was better than that of the solution inlet section. The best cooling effect and dehumidification performance was achieved when the flow rate of shower water was 0.25 kg/(m2·s) and the flow rate of evaporative cooling air was 0.3 m/s. The dehumidification performance at a solution inlet velocity of 0.01 m/s was 79 % of that at 0.06 m/s; even if the solution flow rate was small, evaporative cooling dehumidifier still had a good dehumidification performance. The results of this paper provided a reference for the design of evaporative cooling type solution dehumidifier.

Assessing the impact of anti-microbial showerheads on the prevalence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in shower water and shower water-associated aerosols

Respiratory infections from drinking water-associated pathogens that can cause infections in the immunocompromised (DWPIs) are increasing, yet knowledge of DWPI aerosolization and if dynamics are DWPI-specific is lacking. Although there are several DWPI mitigation strategies, the use of antimicrobial showerheads is one of the easiest and most economical. There are many manufacturers and designs of antimicrobial showerheads that claim to remove microorganisms from shower water, yet all fail to assess efficacy in realistic conditions. In this study, a custom-built shower laboratory housing triplicates of three different showerheads (antimicrobial filter-based, antimicrobial silver-embedded and conventional acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic) were used to assess the physiochemical and microbial dynamics in shower water and respirable shower water-associated aerosols (1µm – 5 µm) over the course of 84 days. Collectively, findings from the study suggest that showerheads marketed as antimicrobial produce similar chemical and DWPI water quality to non-antimicrobial showerheads (p= &amp;gt;0.05) when operated under real-world conditions, however marked differences in the rare microbial community were present. In addition, although there were no differences in absolute DWPI abundance between showerhead type, each DWPI peaked in concentration at a different biofilm ages, suggesting that potential DWPI inhalation risk is DWPI- specific and influenced by the number of days of operation of the showerhead.

The one health approach applied to surveillance and control of Legionnaires’ disease in Switzerland

Abstract Issue/problem Legionnaires’ disease numbers have been increasing in Switzerland since 2001. With a reporting rate of 6.5 / 100'000 inhabitants in 2022, Switzerland has one of the highest incidences in Europe. The reported cases are mainly severe, about 87 % are diagnosed by hospitals, about 5 % have already died at the time of reporting. In the majority of cases the infection source is unknown. Description of the problem Because the causative agent, Legionella spp., is ubiquitous in humid environments, including building plumbing systems, a collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary approach is key for an efficient response to this public health threat. Results At the national level, a close collaboration between the federal offices for public health, food safety (public shower and bath water) and energy (buildings and energy) was established in 2019 with the creation of a dedicated legionellosis expert group. Goals were to strengthen the coordination and to improve measures to combat the observed increase. Lessons Stakeholders from authorities responsible for implementing measures but also building and sanitary experts, specialists in cooling technology, laboratory experts and scientists have been involved in multiple activities coordinated by the national legionellosis expert group. Together they revise recommendations for prevention and control of legionellosis, and develop factsheets for building technology engineers and an outbreak investigation toolbox. A coordinated communication to the public is ensured, for example in view of possible energy shortage measures. Knowledge gaps have been identified and scientific research to fill them is coordinated, mutually funded and the results will be transferred into practice in the coming years. Key messages • The One Health approach has proven to be very effective in coordination of activities and communication. • The future will reveal if the joint efforts will have an impact on the high incidence.

Exploring the Interaction of Cosmic Rays with Water by Using an Old-Style Detector and Rossi’s Method

Cosmic ray air showers are a phenomenon that can be observed on Earth when high-energy particles from outer space collide with the Earth’s atmosphere. These energetic particles in space are called primary cosmic rays and consist mainly of protons (about 89%), along with nuclei of helium (10%) and heavier nuclei (1%). Particles resulting from interactions in the atmosphere are called secondary cosmic rays. The composition of air showers in the atmosphere can include several high-energy particles such as mesons, electrons, muons, photons, and others, depending on the energy and type of the primary cosmic ray. Other than air, primary cosmic rays can also produce showers of particles when they interact with any type of matter; for instance, particle showers are also produced within the soil of planets without an atmosphere. In the same way, secondary cosmic particles can start showers of tertiary particles in any substance. In the 1930s, Bruno Rossi conducted an experiment to measure the energy loss of secondary cosmic rays passing through thin metal sheets. Surprisingly, he observed that as the thickness of the metal sheets increased, the number of particles emerging from the metal also increased. However, by adding more metal sheets, the number of particles eventually decreased. This was consistent with the expectation that cosmic rays were interacting with the atoms in the metals and losing energy to produce multiple secondary particles. In this paper, we describe a new–old approach for measuring particle showers in water using a cosmic ray telescope and Rossi’s method. Our instrument consists of four Geiger–Müller tubes (GMT) arranged to detect muons and particle showers. GMT sensors are highly sensitive devices capable of detecting electrons and gamma rays with energies ranging from a few tens of keV up to several tens of MeV. Since Rossi studied the effects caused by cosmic rays as they pass through metals, we wondered if the same process could also happen in water. We present results from a series of experiments conducted with this instrument, demonstrating its ability to detect and measure particle showers produced by the interaction of cosmic rays in water with good confidence. To the best of our knowledge, this experiment has never been conducted before. Our approach offers a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative to more sophisticated cosmic ray detectors, making it accessible to a wider range of researchers and students.

Unveiling the hidden threat of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital water environments: A single-center study

This retrospective study examined the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital water environments. Results showed that carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was detected in 41.5% of the samples within 1m of a water source (showers or sinks), with 20.6% of the positive samples associated with shower water sources.

Assessing the health risks associated with the usage of water-atomization shower systems in buildings

In the context of climate change policies, buildings must implement solutions to reduce energy and water consumption. One such solution is showering with water atomization showerheads, which can significantly reduce water and energy usage. However, the lack of risk assessment for users' health has hindered the widespread adoption of this technology. To address this gap, we assess the risk of spreading bacteria, in particular the pathogenic bacterium Legionella pneumophila, from shower hose biofilms of different ages grown under controlled or uncontrolled conditions considering different levels of water hardness, during showering using water atomization showerheads (ECO) or continuous flow showerheads (STA). We compared the aerosol and bioaerosol emission – total, viable and cultivable – during a 10 min shower event between the two shower systems. We showed that the water-atomization showerhead emitted slightly more nanoparticles smaller than 0.45 µm and slightly fewer particles larger than 0.5 µm than the continuous flow showerhead. Additionally, ECO showerheads emitted fewer cultivable bacteria than STA, regardless of the biofilm's age or growth conditions. When Legionella pneumophila was detected in biofilms, ECO showerheads released slightly less cultivable Legionella in the first flush of shower water compared to the STA, ranging from 6.0 × 102 to 1.6 × 104 CFU·L−1. However, cultivable L. pneumophila was not detected in the aerosols emitted during showering with either showerhead. These findings suggest that emerging water-drop emission technologies might affect human exposure to aerosols differently than traditional systems, emphasizing the importance of assessing the health risks associated with any new shower system. Additionally, these findings provide valuable insights for achieving a balance between water and energy conservation.

Towards a sustainable use of shower water: Habits and explanatory factors in southern Spain

One of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 is the efficient use of water resources in all sectors in order to tackle water shortages. In the home, showering is one of the main water consuming activities. How can people make more sustainable use of shower water? To answer this question, this research analyses showering habits and explanatory factors of shower use. The study is carried out with data from 945 students of the University of Granada, Spain. Significant differences are observed in shower use during the summer and winter months: the average duration is 8.8 and 11.6 min, respectively, and the frequency is greater in summer (with an average frequency of eight showers per week). Determinants of different shower water use include gender, ideology, pro-environmental actions, inherent values, and connectedness to nature, among others. Those variables relate differently to duration and frequency of showers, according to the season, thus highlighting the importance of seasonality. The results show that there is room to achieve a more sustainable use of the shower, in terms of frequency and duration, through awareness measures that are tailored to groups that make a less sustainable use of showers. The main recommendation is that awareness campaigns should be designed on the basis of the user profile as well as the season.

Thermal effectiveness and NTU of horizontal plate drain water heat recovery unit - experimental study

The operating characteristics of plate heat exchanger in horizontal drain water heat recovery unit for domestic shower system were investigated in an experimental study. Based on test data the thermal effectiveness (ε) and number of heat transfer units (NTU) were calculated. The tests were carried out in simulated real-world conditions in three shower water flow rates (water consumption levels) for 4, 8 and 12 l/min, and two primary and secondary flows configurations (balanced and unbalanced), as a reflection of the three shower intensity standards and water temperature range of 30–50 °C covering the usual user-specific shower conditions. The least favorable test results (ε = 18.6% and NTU = 0.24) were obtained for the drain water temperature of 26.6 °C and cold water / drain flow rate at 12/12 l/min. The most beneficial results (ε = 50.0% and NTU = 0.99) were obtained for the sewage temperature of 50.8 °C and 4/12 l/min. It has been shown that the higher the flow on the drain water side and lower on the cold water side, the better the effectiveness. For a system with equal and low flows on both sides, the drain temperature change has a negligible effect on the effectiveness (4% growth with a drain temperature increase of 25.4 °C for 4/4 l/min). The paper presents developed easy-to-use charts of the variability of the effectiveness and NTU with the drain water temperature relates to a different set of primary and secondary flows in horizontal, plate, compact drain water heat recovery exchanger. The results of effectiveness obtained in the research were compared to the values presented in the literature for other drain water heat recovery units, both in vertical and horizontal applications.

Assessing the impact of anti-microbial showerheads on the prevalence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in shower water and shower water-associated aerosols

Assessing the impact of anti-microbial showerheads on the prevalence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in shower water and shower water-associated aerosols

Sequencing data for "Assessing the impact of anti-microbial showerheads on the prevalence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in shower water and shower water-associated aerosols"

Sequencing data for "Assessing the impact of anti-microbial showerheads on the prevalence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in shower water and shower water-associated aerosols"

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) insecurity in unhoused communities of Los Angeles, California

BackgroundAccess to water and sanitation is a basic human right; however, in many parts of the world, communities experience water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) insecurity. While WaSH insecurity is prevalent in many low and middle-income countries, it is also a problem in high-income countries, like the United States, as is evident in vulnerable populations, including people experiencing homelessness. Limited knowledge exists about the coping strategies unhoused people use to access WaSH services. This study, therefore, examines WaSH access among unhoused communities in Los Angeles, California, a city with the second-highest count of unhoused people across the nation.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using a snowball sampling technique with 263 unhoused people living in Skid Row, Los Angeles. We calculated frequencies and used multivariable models to describe (1) how unhoused communities cope and gain access to WaSH services in different places, and (2) what individual-level factors contribute to unhoused people’s ability to access WaSH services.ResultsOur findings reveal that access to WaSH services for unhoused communities in Los Angeles is most difficult at night. Reduced access to overnight sanitation resulted in 19% of the sample population using buckets inside their tents and 28% openly defecating in public spaces. Bottled water and public taps are the primary drinking water source, but 6% of the sample reported obtaining water from fire hydrants, and 50% of the population stores water for night use. Unhoused people also had limited access to water and soap for hand hygiene throughout the day, with 17% of the sample relying on hand sanitizer to clean their hands. Shower and laundry access were among the most limited services available, and reduced people’s ability to maintain body hygiene practices and limited employment opportunities. Our regression models suggest that WaSH access is not homogenous among the unhoused. Community differences exist; the odds of having difficulty accessing sanitation services is two times greater for those living outside of Skid Row (Adj OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.08–6.37) and three times greater for people who have been unhoused for more than six years compared to people who have been unhoused for less than a year (Adj OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.36–8.07).ConclusionOverall, this study suggests a need for more permanent, 24-h access to WaSH services for unhoused communities living in Skid Row, including toilets, drinking water, water and soap for hand hygiene, showers, and laundry services.