Shoulder Section Research Articles

Restrained occupants on the nonstruck side in lateral collisions

Of injury-producing collisions with high seat belt use, some 25% to 30% are lateral collisions. This paper describes some of the characteristics of those collisions as they relate to the front-seat occupant sitting on the side opposite to the impact. The data came from a stratified sample of in-depth crash investigations conducted in the Birmingham region in the period 1983 to 1989 involving current model cars. Crash severity was assessed using the Vehicle Deformation Index (VDI) of the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) ratings and velocity change. Injury severity was assessed using AIS 85 for each body region. 193 cases of restrained occupants in nonstruck side collisions were examined. Of those occupants with head injuries of AIS ⩽ 2, 35% came out of the shoulder section of the seat belt. Of abdominal injuries of AIS ⩽ 2, 72% came from the seat belt itself. Interaction between front seat occupants was not a frequent cause of injury to the nonstruck side occupant. Some aspects of seat belt geometry might be changed so that the trajectory and loading of the nonstruck side occupant are improved.

術後５年目のＨｙｄｒｏｘｙａｐａｔｉｔｅ‐ａｌｕｍｉｎａ ｃｏａｔｅｄ ｂｌａｄｅ ｉｍｐｌａｎｔの臨床成績

This study consisted of a retrospective clinical observation of 30 patients treated with 40 hydroxyapatite (HA)-alumina blade implants (Sumicikon) from August 1986 through February 1987. Nineteen single-headed implants and 21 double-headed implants were used in the maxilla and mandible as free-end and intermediate abutments for fixed bridgeworks. Two implants of 2 patients were removed, one implant was broken at the neck portion, and 3 implants of 2 patients were bropped from this investigation. Thirty-four implants were in function, but one implant had a remarkably radiolucent area at the shoulder section. In addition to this, one shallow-inserted implant that showed no radiographic change as compared with 5 years ago. Five year clinical results of this implant are good with 89% success and 92% survival rates.

XXVIII Brazilian Orthopaedic Society Meeting Shoulder and Elbow Section

XXVIII Brazilian Orthopaedic Society Meeting Shoulder and Elbow Section

Influence of high temperature low cycle fatigue deformation on the microstructure of a CrMoV rotor steel subjected to long-term service exposure at 425°C and retempering at 677°C

A study has been made of the influence on the microstructure of a CrMoV rotor steel of low cycle fatigue (LCF) deformation at 538°C with or without a 1-hour hold time applied at the peak tensile load of the fatigue cycle, following service exposure at 425°C for 23 years and retempering at 677°C for 24 hours. Samples for transmission electron microscopy were taken from the shoulder and gage sections of the broken fatigue specimens. The shoulder section of this steel revealed massive M 23C 6 along the grain boundaries, M 3C in globular or ellipsoidal form, fine spheroidal MC type carbide, and long needles of M 2C. LCF deformation at 538°C led to a tendency toward spheroidization of M 3C, promoted the nucleation of M 2C in ferrite, and slightly coarsened the MC carbide. Superimposing a 1-hour hold period at the peak tensile load resulted in nucleating M 2C preferentially at cementite-ferrite interfaces.

Influence of energy and protein intake during lactation on body composition of primiparous sows.

The effects of energy and protein intakes by 32 primiparous sows during a 28-d lactation on sow and litter performance and sow body composition and bone properties were examined. Dietary treatments were energy intakes of 8 (LE) and 16 (HE) Mcal of ME/d and protein intakes of 380 (LP) and 760 (HP) g of CP/d in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Sows fed diets that were inadequate in either energy or protein lost more weight than did sows fed the HE-HP diet, but backfat losses were greater when energy intake was deficient than when protein was deficient. Carcass measurements were influenced in a similar manner, with energy intake affecting (P less than .001) backfat thickness and protein intake affecting (P less than .05) longissimus muscle area. Heart, kidneys and liver of sows fed LP diets weighed less (P less than .01) and contained less water and protein (P less than .05) than those of sows fed HP. Sows fed LE had heart, liver and viscera that weighed less (P less than .05) than those of sows fed HE. There was less fat (P less than .05) in the heart, lung, liver and viscera of sows fed LE than in those of sows fed HE. Carcass components of the supraspinatus muscle and standardized sections through the longissimus muscle and right shoulder weighed less (P less than .05) from sows fed LP rather than HP, and these components contained less water and protein. Sows fed the LE diets had less fat in the loin soft tissue section, right shoulder section and supraspinatus muscle than sows fed HE. Bone composition and strength were not influenced by dietary treatment. The composition of weight lost during lactation was diet-dependent. Sows fed diets that were deficient in protein but adequate in energy lost large amounts of protein from muscles and internal organs. Energy deficiency resulted primarily in fat loss.

Fatigue of α-β brass two-phase bicrystals

The crystallographic features of the over-all fatigue process of several β-β brass two-phase bicrystals having interface parallel to the stress axis were studied. Fatigue testing at room temperature was performed at 30 Hz in tension-compression under constant stress amplitude of about ± 100MPa. Predominant slip in the α-phase occurred on the primary (111) plane, while those in the β-phase tended to occur on the planes apart from the (1̄01) plane, rather close to the (2̄11) plane. The intensification of slip occurred in the α-phase followed by the crack initiation at the edge of the α-phase near the shoulder section. From the fracture surface observation, the crack is thought to propagate predominantly in Stage II mode in the α-phase and in Stage I mode in the β-phase.

Additional Examples of an Unusual Peruvian Shirt Type

In “A New Type of Ancient Peruvian Shirt” (American Antiquity, 1955, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 263–73) A. H. Gayton described a late period Peruvian shirt (UNMF 15–93) from the Central Coast, collected by Edwin Ferdon of the Museum of New Mexico, especially notable for its horizontal neck opening. The more typical vertical opening has been thought to have been universal in pre- Conquest Peru. The shirt is composed of 3 long narrow webs folded vertically, seamed horizontally, with a horizontal neck slit and short sleevelike extensions closed at the ends but left open along the lower edges (Fig. 1). The 2 lower webs are of very open, almost square count, plain weave of 2-ply natural brown alpaca warps and wefts. The upper and longer one, which forms the shoulder and sleeve section, has the same open construction in natural brown alpaca for something less than half its width; the rest is warp faced in red and slate blue warp stripes.