Shoulder Flexibility Research Articles

The effects of Neurodynamic Mobilization exercises on upper extremity pain, muscle strength, and functions in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled, single blinded study.

Manual therapy techniques are available for pain management in Multiple Sclerosis (MS); however, the results of neurodynamic mobilization (NM) are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NM exercises on pain, muscle strength and upper extremity functions in MS patients. Patients aged between 18 and 65 years diagnosed with Relapsing Remitting (RR) MS (n = 31) according to McDonald 2010 diagnostic criteria were included in the study. Patients were divided into the NM group (bilateral upper extremity NM and strengthening exercises) (n = 15) and the control group (bilateral strengthening exercises) (n = 16) by simple randomization. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (most severe and average score) was used to assess pain intensity, and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) questionnaire was used to assess pain character. Muscle strength was evaluated with the digital muscle strength measurement device (Kforce Kinvent), manual skills were evaluated with the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) and Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36). Measurements were obtained from the most affected side, unilateral. The mean of the most severe score of VAS (p < 0.001), the average score of VAS (p < 0.001), and the LANSS in both groups (p < 0.05) decreased significantly. Shoulder flexor muscle strength was increased significantly in both groups (p < 0.05). Shoulder extensors, elbow flexors, and elbow extensors was increased significantly in NM group (p < 0.05). MAM-36 scores was increased significanty in both groups (p < 0.05). NHPT scores showed significant decrease in the NM group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of VAS, LANSS, muscle strength, MAM-36 and NHPT (p > 0.05). It was found that NM exercises added to upper extremity strengthening therapy in patients with MS reduced pain, increased muscle strength of shoulder extensors, elbow flexors, and elbow extensors, and improved manual dexterity. However, although positive effects were observed when NM exercises were added to the strengthening exercises, the results were found to be similar in these groups.

Validity and Reliability of the 6-min Pegboard and Ring Test in Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Tests for assessing upper extremity (UE) functional capacity in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the 6-min pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) as a practical tool for this purpose. Children with DMD (n = 22) were evaluated using the 6PBRT for UE functional capacity, the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q-DASH) for functionality, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for quality of life, and a dynamometer for handgrip strength and UE muscle strength. The 6PBRT showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.978 (95% confidence interval, 0.946-0.984). A very strong positive correlation was observed between the test and retest 6PBRT mean scores (r = 0.981). The mean 6PBRT score exhibited moderate-to-strong correlations with handgrip strength (r = 0.653, r = 0.646, right/left, respectively), muscle strength (shoulder flexors [r = 0.793, r = 0.797, right/left, respectively], shoulder abductors (r = 0.763, r = 0.743, right/left, respectively), elbow flexors [r = 0.743, r = 0.755, right/left, respectively]), mean Q-DASH score (r = -0.555), and mean PedsQL score (r = 0.611). The 6PBRT appears to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing upper extremity functional capacity in patients with DMD. This test is suitable for patients who are able to lift both hands above their heads. NCT06174025.

"Surviving the dip" after subacromial balloon spacer implantation for massive rotator cuff tear treatment: a retrospective case series.

Subacromial balloon spacer implantation (SBSI) attempts to decrease glenohumeral joint (GHJ) pain and improve function in patients with an irreparable rotator cuff tear (RCT) and minimal osteoarthritis. Between 12 and 26 weeks post-SBSI, gradual implant resorption may create a "balloon dip" that decreases GHJ function and increases pain. This retrospective cohort study attempted to delineate shoulder function, active mobility, strength, pain, and functional task impairment during the "balloon dip" period. Sixty-five consecutive patients (55.9 ± 7years of age, 42 men) with an irreparable RCT treated by the same fellowship-trained shoulder surgeon participated in this study. Outcome measurements pre-SBSI, during Phase I (early pain control ≤ 3weeks post-SBSI), Phase II (early rehabilitation > 3-11weeks post-SBSI), Phase III (advanced rehabilitation-early balloon resorption > 11-16weeks post-SBSI), Phase IV (early strength training > 16-24weeks post-SBSI), and Phase V (advanced strength training > 24weeks post-SBSI) included the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score for perceived bilateral shoulder function, visual analog scale (VAS) surgical shoulder pain score, active mobility, and shoulder manual muscle strength testing (p ≤ 0.05). The mean final follow-up time was 40weeks (range = 24.1-89.7weeks). The surgical shoulder had higher ASES scores at Phase V than pre-SBSI. Surgical shoulder pain was less during Phase V than pre-SBSI. The surgical shoulder had greater flexion during Phase V than at Phase II or pre-SBSI, and greater external rotation (adducted) during Phases V-III than pre-SBSI. Peak shoulder internal rotation to level 12 (thoracic spinous process #10) occurred during Phase V. Peak shoulder flexor, external rotator, and internal rotator strength occurred during Phase V. During Phase I, most subjects were unable to sleep on their surgical shoulder, wash their back/do up their bra, reach a high shelf, or lift 10-lbs overhead. Tasks that were impaired during the "balloon dip" (between Phase III and V) were lifting 10-lbs overhead, reaching a high shelf, and doing normal work. By the end of Phase V, however, most subjects could perform each task with minimal or no difficulty. Surgical shoulder function improved and pain decreased, however, specific perceived functional task impairments remained. During the "balloon dip" phase, the perceived ability to lift 10 lbs above shoulder level, to reach a high shelf, and to do usual work activities were the most impaired tasks.

Study on the impact of shoulder flexibility training on smash speed mechanics in badminton using machine learning

The smash stroke in badminton is a key attack style that makes the opponent player miss the strike; the smash requires speed, agility, strength, and precision. The smash demands a high level of shoulder flexibility from the players, which increases the Range of Motion (ROM) during the backswing and forward swing phases. The shoulder flexibility provides excellent energy storage and transfer, improving smash speed. The biomechanical efficiency of Shoulder Flexibility Training (FLT) on smash speed efficiency is still under study. This lack of study leads to modelling training program limitations, which may increase the risk of injury. Examining the process by which smash speed mechanics are impacted by Shoulder Flexibility Training (SFT) programs is the primary goal of the present investigation. It is approximately a 6-week training program for Amateur Players (AP) and National Players (NP), which uses core shoulder motions like flexion, abduction, and rotation as its basis. Motion capture systems and radar sensors investigated joint motion and smash speeds. To address the shortage of study evidence on the subject, a hybrid CNN + LSTM model was applied to predict smash speed concerning improved shoulder flexibility. As reported by the research results, students’ smash speed and shoulder flexibility improved significantly during training. There was a 4.35% boost to smash speed at contact and a 4.69% gain in shoulder internal rotation compared to non-contact athletes. Additionally, there was a 9.83% boost in smash speed at contact and a 9.76% boost in shoulder internal rotation for the best athletes. Considering post-training illnesses, the CNN + LSTM model successfully predicted smash speed, with R³ scores of 0.99 for NP and 0.97 for AP.

Investigation of the playing digital games on shoulder flexibility, muscle strength and reaction speed in volleyball players.

Esports is a natural extension of digital games. Digital games provide a platform for players to showcase their skills, thereby forming the foundation of e-sports. These two domains continuously support each other, demonstrating significant growth in popularity and establishing a solid presence in the competitive landscape. Digital games require high levels of attention, strategy, reflexes, and coordination, offering pathways to reach the pinnacle of competition. The benefits derived from digital games enhance the ability to perform effectively under stress, making them crucial for both physical and mental performance. This study investigates the effects of digital gaming on the physical performance, shoulder flexibility, muscle strength and reaction speed of female volleyball players. A total of 50 female volleyball players took part, who were divided into two groups based on their digital playing habits: Group 1 consisted of female players who played video games for at least 4 h per day in the last 6 months, while Group 2 included those who played <4 h per day. In the study, the Activ5© Handheld Digital Dynamometer was used to measure the strength of the shoulder muscles during various movements, including flexion, hyperextension, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation. In addition, the BlazePod™ trainer device was used to assess reaction times. The results showed that volleyball players who frequently played digitally showed significant improvements in shoulder flexibility, especially in flexion of the non-dominant side. In addition, these players showed faster reaction times than those who played less frequently. However, a significant decrease in hyperextension muscle strength was observed in the group that frequently played digital games. The study highlights that while digital games can improve certain physical skills such as reaction speed and shoulder flexibility, they can also contribute to muscular imbalances or a decrease in muscle strength in certain areas. These findings suggest potential benefits for volleyball players, particularly in movements that require quick reflexes and flexibility, such as serving and spiking. However, the results also raise concerns about potential negative effects on muscle strength and posture, highlighting the need for balanced training programs to mitigate these effects. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of digital games on athletic performance and physical health.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOULDER FLEXIBILITY AND HANDSTAND ALIGNMENT IN DIFFERENT FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS APPARATUS

A study was performed with the objective of analyzing the relationship between shoulder flexibility and handstand performance across three female artistic gymnastics apparatuses: floor exercise (FX), balance beam (BB), and uneven bars (UB). Twenty-one gymnasts participated and were divided into two groups: “G1”, consisting of twelve child gymnasts, and “G2”, consisting of nine adolescent gymnasts, aged 9 and 14 respectively. The study aimed to consider the sensitive phases for the development of flexibility. Using the Kinovea program, the shoulder angle (°H) in the handstand and the alignment of the joint segments (AJS) involved were analyzed. Participants underwent two different active shoulder flexibility tests (GFMT and FIG), and results were compared between the groups. Significant differences were found between groups in the GFMT test (p = 0.018), the FIG test (p = 0.026), and AJS in the BB handstand (p = 0.043). Significant relationships were also observed between the GFMT test and °H in UB (p = 0.021); and between the FIG test and °H in BB (p = 0.006), both withing the cild gymnast group. Overall, the adolescent group presented better scores, supporting the notion of greater body awareness and technical mastery of the handstand across the different female artistic gymnastics apparatuses.

Effects of Yi Jin Jing on enhancing muscle strength and physical performance in older individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aging population is rapidly increasing, leading to physical decline and higher risks of chronic diseases, including sarcopenia, which adversely affects muscle quality and strength. Yi Jin Jing (YJJ), a traditional Chinese exercise method, can enhance flexibility and strength, but evidence regarding its effectiveness in older adults is conflicting. This meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the effects of YJJ on muscle strength and physical performance in this demographic. We searched seven electronic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Sinomed, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Following PRISMA guidelines, we quantified the effects of YJJ on muscle strength (grip strength, isokinetic strength) and physical performance (chair sit-to-stand, squatting-to-standing, shoulder flexibility, sit-and-reach tests). Treatment effects were calculated using Hedges'g. The Cochrane tool assessed risk of bias, the PEDro scale evaluated methodological quality, and the GRADE method assessed evidence quality. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 17.0 software, utilizing standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This meta-analysis included 10 RCTs involving 590 participants. The overall risk of bias was assessed to be low. The methodological quality of these studies was generally moderate, and the quality of the main results varied from low to moderate. The findings revealed that YJJ had considerable effects on the chair sit-to-stand test (Hedges'g = 1.06), squatting-to-standing test (Hedges'g = 1.08), and small to moderate effects on handgrip strength (Hedges'g = 0.25), 60°/s extensor peak torque (Hedges'g = 0.47), 60°/s extensor average power (Hedges'g = 0.31), 60°/s extensor total work (Hedges'g = 0.29), 60°/s flexor peak torque (Hedges'g = 0.42), 60°/s flexor average power (Hedges'g = 0.37), and 180°/s extensor peak torque (Hedges'g = 0.29), and left shoulder flexibility (Hedges'g = 0.4). However, there were no significant improvement effects in 180°/s extensor average power (Hedges'g = 0.19), 180°/s extensor total work (Hedges'g = 0.11), 180°/s flexor peak torque (Hedges'g = 0.01), 180°/s flexor average power (Hedges'g = -0.08), right shoulder flexibility (Hedges'g = 0.09), and sit-and-reach test (Hedges'g = 0.15). YJJ significantly enhances specific aspects of physical performance, particularly chair sit-to-stand and squatting-to-standing tests, while showing small and moderate improvements in handgrip strength and knee muscle strength. However, it had no significant effects on other metrics, including shoulder flexibility and sit-and-reach tests. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024530487, Registration number: CRD42024530487.

The Association Between Isometric Shoulder Strength and Sports Performances in University Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Soccer, a globally popular sport, demands a complex interplay between physical attributes, including speed, agility, power, and endurance. Although lower-body strength and power are often emphasized, the role of upper-body strength, particularly shoulder strength, remains less explored. Given the importance of upper-body movements in activities such as heading, shooting, and defending, understanding the relationship between shoulder strength and soccer performance is crucial. Aims This study aimed to explore any possible correlation between isometric shoulder muscle strength (flexors and extensors) and sports performance (sprint and agility) and to evaluate whether isometric shoulder strength is associated with sports performance in university-level soccer players. Methods A total of 35 male amateur soccer players were recruited, who underwent demographic measurements such as age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), and were then subjected to isometric strength assessment of the shoulder flexors and extensors using a handheld dynamometer (HHD). Subsequently, the players' sprint and agility performances were recorded. Appropriate statistical tests were performed on the obtained data. Results The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between shoulder flexor strength and sprinting (r=-0.707, p<0.01) and between shoulder extensor strength and sprinting (r=-0.611, p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between shoulder flexor strength and agility (r=-0.121, p=0.48) or between shoulder extensor strength and agility (r=-0.212, p=0.22). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only shoulder flexor strength (β=-0.688, t=-2.651, p=0.01) was found to have statistically significant relationships with sprint performance, explaining 50% of the variance in sprint performance. Conclusions The present study found a negative bidirectional relationship between shoulder muscle strength and sprint performance. Shoulder flexor strength explained 50% of the variance in sprinting performance. This information is useful for physiotherapists, coaches, and trainers to focus on strengthening the shoulder musculature to improve performance.

Hip and shoulder flexibility in novice rhythmic gymnasts and age-matched controls: Inter-limb asymmetry

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport of asymmetry and lateral preferences, so the main objective of this study was to examine and compare hip and shoulder range of motion (ROM) and inter-limb asymmetry in 44 rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) and 51 age-matched non-athletes (NAs), i.e. controls. The baseline characteristics of 95 female participants, divided into two age-group categories (U8: 6–8 years, N=36; U11: 8–11 years, N=59) were established, as well as their hip (right/left hip flexion, right/left hip extension, right/left hip abduction, in °) and shoulder ROM (right/left shoulder flexion, right/left shoulder extension, in °), and asymmetry index (ASI, in %) was calculated. Significant differences between RGs and NAs were established (the exception is hip and shoulder extension in U8s, p&gt;0.05), with greater ROM values recorded in RGs. Significant age differences were recorded among RGs in hip flexion and left hip abduction (p&lt;0.05), in favor of U11s, and within NAs only in the case of right hip flexion (p=0.017), but in favor of U8s. The presence of asymmetries (ASI&gt;15%), as well as its absence, is established in both RGs and NAs, but statistically significant side-to-side differences were recorded in U8 NAs (shoulder flexion, p=0.044) and U11 NAs (shoulder extension, p=0.057).

Influence of external fixation on the isomeric strength of the shoulder flexors in individuals with scapular elevation.

Sufficient shoulder flexor strength is necessary for accurate movement of the shoulder joint because several factors can cause compensatory movements of the scapula. We investigated the influence of external fixation on the isometric shoulder flexors strength (ISFS) in individuals with and without scapular elevation (SE) during shoulder flexion. The healthy and SE groups included 29 individuals. The ISFS was measured using a tensiometer (kg) under conditions of with and without external fixation, in a random order. The change in the ISFS (the strength difference with and without external fixation) was compared between the healthy and SE groups using an independent t-test. The change in the ISFS differed significantly between the healthy and SE groups (3.5% and 32.3%, respectively; p= 0.001). These findings suggest that external fixation should be considered during shoulder flexion to determine the ISFS accurately in individuals with compensated SE.

Comparison of Core Endurance, Strength, Power, Balance and Flexibility in Young Elite Sailors

Aim: This study examines and compares the core endurance levels, balance performance, muscle strength, and flexibility among young elite saiflors in different sailing classes. Method: Athletes were randomly selected from the Galatasaray Sailing Club and divided into three groups: windsurfing (n=14), optimist (n=13), and laser class (n=13). Demographic features, body mass index, and dominant side of the body were recorded. Upper extremity strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer, while lower extremity power was evaluated through vertical jump, standing long jump, and single-leg jump tests. Core endurance was evaluated with sit-up, plank, and rotary stability tests. Balance and flexibility were assessed using Y balance, straight leg raise, shoulder flexibility, sit and reach, shoulder elevation, and total body rotation tests. The data from the three groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and inter-group comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Significant differences were observed among the groups in the hand grip test for both right and left hands (p&amp;lt;0.001). The laser group displayed the highest mean value. The standing long jump test also showed a significant difference between the groups (p&amp;lt;0.05), with the laser group exhibiting the highest mean value. The single-leg jump test revealed a significant difference among the groups (p&amp;lt;0.05), with the windsurfing group having the highest average. The Y balance test indicated a significant difference among the groups (p&amp;lt;0.05), with the optimist group displaying the highest average values. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that each sailing class necessitates distinct physical attributes and specific performance parameters, particularly in terms of strength and balance.

Validity and reliability of the Six-Minute Pegboard Ring Test for assessing functional capacity and upper limb function in persons with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundThe timed walk test is essential for assessing the functional capacity of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). When a decline in ambulation ability and loss of function in the later stages of MS is observed, it is imperative to utilize alternative methods for measuring functional capacity. ObjectiveTo investigate the validity and reliability of the Six-Minute Pegboard Ring Test (6PBRT) in persons with MS. MethodsForty-three persons with MS were included in this study. Disease severity was quantified using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The 6PBRT was employed to assess upper extremity function during exercise stress, and vital signs were monitored pre- and post-test. Muscle strength was measured using a digital dynamometer for shoulder flexor, shoulder abductor, and grip strength, in addition to a hand dynamometer. Manual dexterity was evaluated through the 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and walking endurance was assessed using the 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT). Test-retest reliability was computed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ResultsThe ICC value for the 6PBRT was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.97), indicating excellent test-retest reliability. Significant differences in vital signs were observed before and after conducting the 6PBRT (p < 0.05). A strong negative correlation was found between the 6PBRT score and EDSS (r = -0.650, p < 0.001). The 9HPT of the dominant side demonstrated a moderate correlation with the 6PBRT score (r = -0.502, p = 0.001), whereas no significant correlation was shown between the non-dominant side 9HPT and the 6PBRT score (p > 0.05). Moreover, a positive moderate correlation was shown between the performance on the 2MWT and the 6PBRT score (r = 0.413, p = 0.006). However, no significant correlation was detected between the proximal muscle strength of the upper extremity, handgrip strength, and the 6PBRT score in individuals with multiple sclerosis (p > 0.05). ConclusionThe 6PBRT is a reliable and valid tool to evaluate upper extremity function and exercise capacity in persons with MS.

Upper Extremity Function and Neuromuscular Parameters in Primary Headaches: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: To investigate the upper extremity function, muscle strength, endurance, and proprioception in patients with primary headache compared to healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study was completed with 37 patients with primary headache (22 patients with tension-type headache and 15 patients with migraine) and 36 healthy controls with matched age and gender. Headache severity was evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS); upper extremity function with Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT); upper extremity isometric muscle strength of shoulder flexor, extensor, and elbow flexor with a hand-held dynamometer; upper extremity endurance with 6-Minute Pegboard and Ring Test (6PBRT); and upper extremity proprioception with shoulder reposition tests using Dualer IQTM digital inclinometer. Intergroup differences were examined using the Mann-Whitney U Test, and the Spearman correlation analysis was used to ascertain the relationship between the variables in headache groups. Results: There was a significant difference between the results for the 9-HPT, some upper extremity isometric muscle strength tests, 6PBRT, and shoulder reposition tests between patients with tension-type headache, migraine, and healthy controls (p&amp;lt;0.05). Except for the 9-HPT and 6PBRT (r between -0.518 and -0.645; p&amp;lt;0.05 for all), there was no significant relationship between the results for patients with tension type and migraine (p&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusion: Upper extremity function, some upper extremity muscle strength parameters, endurance, and proprioception were decreased in patients with tension-type headache and migraine compared to healthy controls, and upper extremity function was found to be associated with upper extremity endurance in these patients.

Effects of Shoulder Corrective Training Program on Pitching Loads and Sonographic Morphology in Elbow Joint in Youth Baseball Players.

Chen, P-T, Lin, Y-C, Chang, H-Y, Chiu, C-H, Chen, C-Y, Chen, P, and Lin, Y-H. Effects of shoulder corrective training program on pitching loads and sonographic morphology in elbow joint in youth baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e440-e447, 2024-We assessed the effects of a 12-week shoulder corrective training program for shoulder flexibility and strengthening on pitching loads and sonographic morphology of the elbow joints in youth baseball players. Seventeen subjects were recruited and underwent evaluations before and after the training program. We found that following training, subjects demonstrated significantly increased ranges of shoulder internal rotation (38.9 ± 12.9° vs. 69.2 ± 10.8°, p < 0.001), external rotation (91.2 ± 14.6° vs. 107.3 ± 9.5°, p = 0.004), and horizontal adduction (21.5 ± 8.0° vs. 32.7 ± 7.3°, p = 0.002); improved strength in the shoulder internal rotators (8.7 ± 1.6 kg vs. 9.8 ± 2.1 kg, p = 0.04), external rotators (6.5 ± 1.9 kg vs. 7.5 ± 2.8 kg, p = 0.04), middle trapezius (12.7 ± 2.1 kg vs. 14.3 ± 2.4 kg, p = 0.04), and middle deltoid muscles (10.8 ± 3.3 kg vs. 14.8 ± 3.2 kg, p = 0.001); and decreased thickness of the ulnar collateral ligament (6.1 ± 0.6 mm vs. 4.8 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.002). Although there was no substantial change in elbow torque and arm speed, significantly increased ball speed (51.2 ± 4.6 mph vs. 54.1 ± 4.5 mph, p < 0.001) and decreased arm slot (63.8 ± 11.9° vs. 53.0 ± 12.7°, p = 0.02) were observed. We suggest that adequate corrective training should be performed regularly to minimize or mitigate adverse soft tissue changes at the elbow in youth baseball players. Balanced shoulder strength and flexibility may decrease medial elbow stress during pitching. Future studies should consider the kinetic and kinematic effects of other corrective training programs on the shoulder or elbow joint during pitching.

Effectiveness of physiotherapy lymphedema management in limb circumference and shoulder mobility among women with breast cancer-related lymphedema

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy lymphedema management (LM) in upper limb circumference (LC) and shoulder mobility and determine whether baseline muscle strength (MS) was associated with LC and shoulder mobility in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Methods: This study analyzed 79 patients (mean age = 58.89 ± 10.22 years) who were categorized by age group (&lt;60 and ≥60 years) and lymphedema stage (stages 1-2 and 3-4) and completed 8 sessions of LM. Key outcomes evaluated included shoulder flexor strength, LC, and shoulder flexion range of motion (ROM). Data were analyzed using a paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation based on age group and stage of lymphedema. Results: There was a significant reduction in LC by 12.56%, 16.41%, 9.60%, 22.84%, and 7.76% for all patients, those aged &lt;60 years (n = 38), ≥60 years (n = 41), stage 1-2 (n = 41), and stage 3-4 (n = 38), respectively (all p &lt; 0.05). Shoulder flexion ROM improved by 3.99% (p &lt; 0.05), 3.06% (p &gt; 0.05), 5.06% (p &lt; 0.05), 2.95% (p &gt; 0.05), and 5.5% (p &lt; 0.05) for all patients, those &lt;60 years, ≥60 years, stage 1-2, and stage 3-4, respectively. Baseline MS was significantly correlated with LC at pre- and post-treatment for all groups (r = −0.53-−0.92) (p &lt; 0.05), except for the LC of those with stages 1-2 of lymphedema at post-treatment while baseline MS was significantly correlated with shoulder flexion ROM at pre- and post-treatment in all groups (r = 0.86-0.98), except for stages 1-2. Conclusion: An 8 sessions of LM may effectively reduce lymphedema and improve shoulder mobility. MS may be associated with LC and ROM; thus, the LM protocol should include regular assessment of MS and incorporate progressive strengthening exercises at an early stage.

Preparation For Flight: The Physical Profile of Pre-Professional and Professional Circus Artists in the United States.

Established norms for fitness and performance measures are lacking in circus arts. These would assist healthcare professionals and coaches to screen for readiness to participate in training or performance, determine post-injury return to performance, and develop targeted conditioning programs. The purpose of this research was to establish norms for trunk and extremity physical exam and performance measures in circus artists by professional status, assigned sex at birth (ASAB), and age. Descriptive laboratory study. Circus artists (n=201; ages 13-69y; 172 females ASAB, 29 males ASAB) from 10 cities across the United States underwent a baseline physical examination including shoulder, hip and trunk measures of passive (PROM) and active (AROM) range of motion, measures of flexibility (shoulder and hip), strength (manual muscle tests, grip strength), cardiovascular fitness (3 minute-step test), balance (single limb and handstand), and performance, (pull-ups, and the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test [CKCUEST]). ANOVAs were used to determine between group differences by age and T-tests to discern differences by ASAB or professional status. Differences existed by professional status for shoulder external rotation PROM, hip PROM, hip flexibility, shoulder and abdominal strength, and cardiovascular fitness. Sex differences were seen in active scapular upward rotation, hip and shoulder PROM and flexibility, hip and grip strength, and for functional performance measures (pull-ups, CKCUEST). Differences by age were limited to active scapular upward rotation, shoulder PROM, flexibility and strength, cardiovascular fitness, and balance. Overall, professionals outperformed pre-professionals for lower abdominal strength, pull-ups, handstand balance, cardiovascular fitness, hamstring, and straddle flexibility. Generally, males ASAB demonstrated greater shoulder flexibility and upper body functional strength while females ASAB had greater hip and lumbar flexibility and hip strength. No measures showed consistent declines with increasing age, though some showed differences between adolescents and adults. These normative values for physical characteristics and functional performance in pre-professional and professional circus artists may be used to guide screening for readiness to participate in advanced training or performance, return to performance after injury, and the development of targeted strength and conditioning programs. 3.

Application Research of Functional Movement Screen in Weightlifting Athletes

This study aimed to investigate the functional movements and the causes of injuries of weightlifting athletes by Functional Movement Screen test, and improve the physical training approaches for weightlifting athletes. Six weightlifting athletes from Hainan Provincial Sports Academy were screened for the Functional Movement Screen test. The test results were evaluated and analyzed by the researchers. The test items included the shoulder flexibility, the active straight leg raise, the trunk stability push-up, the rotary stability test, the deep squat, the hurdle step and the inline lunge. The average score of weightlifting athletes was 15.5 points. The average score for the inline lunge was 3 points, the hurdle step had an average score of 2.8 points, but the average score for shoulder flexibility was less than 1 point. The trunk strength and lower limb strength of weightlifting athletes were at relatively high levels, but shoulder flexibility was relatively weak.

Comparison of Intensive Physical Therapy and Electrical Stimulation to Reduce Spasticity in Stroke

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, often resulting in spasticity that significantly impairs the functional recovery of individuals. The comparative efficacy of intensive physical therapy and electrical stimulation in mitigating post-stroke spasticity remains a critical area of research. Understanding the impacts of these treatments can guide clinicians in optimizing rehabilitation strategies for stroke survivors. Objective: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of intensive physical therapy and electrical stimulation in reducing spasticity among stroke patients, with an emphasis on how these interventions influence muscle tone and functional outcomes. Methods: This quasi-experimental trial was conducted at Nishtar Hospital, Multan, over six months, involving 30 participants aged 50-65 years who had experienced a stroke. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either intensive physical therapy or electrical stimulation. Baseline and post-treatment assessments of spasticity were conducted using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, focusing on changes in MAS scores before and after the interventions. Results: Both interventions showed significant improvements in spasticity levels. The intensive physical therapy group exhibited notable reductions in MAS scores across various joints: shoulder flexors (from 3.13 ± 0.51 to 1.20 ± 0.41), shoulder extensors (from 3.00 ± 0.65 to 1.20 ± 0.67), and hip abduction (from 3.00 ± 0.65 to 1.33 ± 0.72). The electrical stimulation group also demonstrated significant improvements, with MAS scores in wrist flexion (from 2.73 ± 0.70 to 1.33 ± 0.61) and hip extension (from 2.80 ± 0.67 to 1.26 ± 0.45) showing notable reductions. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of overall effectiveness in reducing spasticity (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Both intensive physical therapy and electrical stimulation are effective in reducing post-stroke spasticity, with no significant difference in their overall efficacy. This suggests that either treatment can be considered as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy for stroke survivors, depending on individual patient needs, preferences, and specific functional goals.

Biomechanical Effects of Using a Passive Exoskeleton for the Upper Limb in Industrial Manufacturing Activities: A Pilot Study.

This study investigates the biomechanical impact of a passive Arm-Support Exoskeleton (ASE) on workers in wool textile processing. Eight workers, equipped with surface electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording, performed three industrial tasks, with and without the exoskeleton. All tasks were performed in an upright stance involving repetitive upper limbs actions and overhead work, each presenting different physical demands in terms of cycle duration, load handling and percentage of cycle time with shoulder flexion over 80°. The use of ASE consistently lowered muscle activity in the anterior and medial deltoid compared to the free condition (reduction in signal Root Mean Square (RMS) -21.6% and -13.6%, respectively), while no difference was found for the Erector Spinae Longissimus (ESL) muscle. All workers reported complete satisfaction with the ASE effectiveness as rated on Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST), and 62% of the subjects rated the usability score as very high (>80 System Usability Scale (SUS)). The reduction in shoulder flexor muscle activity during the performance of industrial tasks is not correlated to the level of ergonomic risk involved. This preliminary study affirms the potential adoption of ASE as support for repetitive activities in wool textile processing, emphasizing its efficacy in reducing shoulder muscle activity. Positive worker acceptance and intention to use ASE supports its broader adoption as a preventive tool in the occupational sector.

Video-Based Physical Exercise Effects on Young Adults in Social Isolation During the Coronavirus Pandemic

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of video-based exercises on the physical activity levels of individuals between the ages of 18-40 in social isolation to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: 64 volunteers participated as the control and 64 study groups were divided randomly and equally into two groups, the video-based exercise group (VEG) and the control group (CG). The video-based exercise group was included in an exercise program for 20 minutes, 7 days a week for 6 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Short Form) (IPAQ-SF). Secondary outcome measures were the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), sit and reach test, shoulder flexibility test, squat test, plank test, lateral bridge test (LBT), crunch test and single leg stance test (SLST). Tests were applied to the groups at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in all parameters in the study group before and after the application (p&amp;lt;0.05). According to the intergroup comparisons, there was a statistically significant increase between the groups in IPAQ-SF, Sit and Reach Test, Push Up Test, Plank Test, LBT, and SLST Tests; there was a statistically significant decrease between the groups in DTS, BAI, PSQI, and NHP scores (except for pain and social isolation scores) (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Our findings will shed light on the management of the physiotherapy and rehabilitation process by contributing to the increasing evidence in the literature on the effectiveness of video-based exercises and improving health-related multifaceted parameters in various post-pandemic situations where access to health services and preventive rehabilitation is restricted.