Shoulder Extension Research Articles

Exercises in canine physical rehabilitation: range of motion of the forelimb during stair and ramp ascent

To evaluate overall joint range of motion of the forelimb in healthy dogs ascending stairs compared with incline slope walking. Normal canine forelimb kinematics (range of motion, flexion and extension) were compared during ascent of stairs or a ramp, and compared to unimpeded trotting on a flat surface. Eight adult dogs with no evidence of orthopaedic or neurological lameness were assessed using a 2-dimensional kinematic system as they walked up a custom built ramp and stairs. In healthy dogs, ramp and stair ascent consistently had greater range of motion compared to trotting on a flat surface, and ramp ascent had significantly greater range of motion compared to stair ascent (P<0·05). Shoulder flexion and extension, elbow extension and carpal flexion were all significantly greater while ascending the ramp compared to stairs. Shoulder extension on the flat was significantly greater than while ascending stairs. When planning physical rehabilitation exercises following injury to the forelimb, stair and ramp ascent may be considered, as both augment range of motion of joints. Ramp ascent provides the greatest increase in range of motion of forelimb joints.

Comparison of exercises inducing maximum voluntary isometric contraction for the latissimus dorsi using surface electromyography

The aim of this study was to compare muscular activation during five different normalization techniques that induced maximal isometric contraction of the latissimus dorsi. Sixteen healthy men participated in the study. Each participant performed three repetitions each of five types of isometric exertion: (1) conventional shoulder extension in the prone position, (2) caudal shoulder depression in the prone position, (3) body lifting with shoulder depression in the seated position, (4) trunk bending to the right in the lateral decubitus position, and (5) downward bar pulling in the seated position. In most participants, maximal activation of the latissimus dorsi was observed during conventional shoulder extension in the prone position; the percentage of maximal voluntary contraction was significantly greater for this exercise than for all other normalization techniques except downward bar pulling in the seated position. Although differences in electrode placement among various electromyographic studies represent a limitation, normalization techniques for the latissimus dorsi are recommended to minimize error in assessing maximal muscular activation of the latissimus dorsi through the combined use of shoulder extension in the prone position and downward pulling.

견관절 등척성 수축을 동반한 복부 드로우-인 기법이 젊은 성인의 복근 두께에 미치는 효과

This study was conducted in order to examine whether abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction selectively contracted deep abdominal muscles. This study's subjects were 13 males 17 females. In order to evaluate the comparison of effects of ADIM and ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, measurements were made on transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) using a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system. Each position was repetitively measured three times with a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system and their mean values were used for analysis. The ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction significantly increased the thickness of TrA relative to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction significantly increased the thickness of IO compared to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder extension and abduction significantly decreased the thickness of EO compared to the ADIM only and the ADIM with isometric shoulder extension significantly decreased the thickness of EO relative to the ADIM with isometric shoulder adduction (p<.05). ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction is an effective method to selectively strengthen deep abdominal muscles and therefore may be employed as an intervention for trunk stabilization.

Physiotherapeutic approach in early and late post-menopausal Brazilian women

To evaluate changes in joints after physiotherapy in post-menopausal women, specifically to identify clinical responses to the measurements of flexibility, functional capacity and joint pain in early and late post-menopausal women at a multi-disciplinary health education programme. A total of 69 women participated in the Integral Program for the Attention to Climacteric Women at the Department of Gynecology – Federal University of Sao Paulo and were sorted into two groups of early (n = 32) and late (n = 37) post-menopause. The average age of menopause was 47.9 ± 5.6 years. The Blatt Kupperman Menopausal Index scores for the early (baseline = 12.8 ± 6.1) and late (baseline = 14.1 ± 7.7) post-menopausal groups after the programme were 8.4 ± 7.1 and 9.4 ± 8.1, respectively. Both groups presented improvements regarding functional capacity (p < 0.01) and complaints of pain (p < 0.001) after the intervention. The group of early post-menopausal women had better flexibility for hip flexion (p < 0.001), and the late post-menopausal group showed greater improvement in shoulder flexion (p < 0.001), extension (p < 0.001) and elbow flexion (p < 0.001). After multi-disciplinary approach, both early and late post-menopausal groups experienced decrease in intensity of climacteric symptoms, reduction in pain intensity and improvement in functional capacity, but the flexibility was different between both the groups.

Effect of Handle Design on Pallet Jack Operations

Pallet jacks used in manual material handling jobs are commonly pulled behind the operator to allow full visibility, resulting in awkward shoulder extension and trunk rotation. In this laboratory study, we compared an alternative handle with a standard handle during use when traveling with the pallet jack behind the operator. Total oxygen consumption, usability, comfort, and preference were compared between the two handles. The results showed different advantages associated with each handle design, leading to the conclusion that a secondary handle, used in conjunction with a primary standard handle, may be a beneficial intervention for pallet jack use.

Influence of Inter-Set Stretching on Strength, Flexibility and Hormonal Adaptations

Adequate levels of strength and flexibility are important for the promotion and maintenance of health and functional autonomy as well as safe and effective sports participation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of 8 weeks of strength training with or without inter-set static stretching on strength, flexibility and hormonal adaptations of trained men. Sixteen trained men were randomly divided into 2 groups: the static stretching group (SSG) and passive interval group (PIG). All participants performed 24 training sessions 3 times a week. The test and retest of 8RM, strength, flexibility, cortisol and growth hormone concentration in pre and post test conditions were also evaluated. To compare the differences between and within groups in pre- and post-training tests, ANOVA with repeated measures was performed (SSGpre x SSGpost; PIGpre x PIGpost; SSGpost x PIGpost). An alpha level of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons. Both groups showed significant increases in strength (SSGpre vs. SSGpost; PIGpre vs. PIGpost) in the same exercises for leg extension (LE) and Low Row (LR). Specifically, in the SSG group, the parameters for LE were (p = 0.0015 and ES = 2.28 - Large), and the parameters for LR were (p = 0.002 and ES = 1.95 - Large). Moreover, in the PIG group, the parameters for LE were (p = 0.009 and ES = 1.95 - Large), and the parameters for LR were (p = 0.0001 and ES = 2.88 - Large). No differences were found between the groups (SSGpost vs. PIGpost). Both groups showed significant increases in flexibility but in different joints (SSGpre vs. SSGpost; PIGpre vs. PIGpost). In the SSG group, only three joints showed significant increases in flexibility: shoulder extension (p = 0.004 and ES = 1.76 - Large), torso flexion (p = 0.002 and ES = 2.36 - Large), and hip flexion (p = 0.001 and ES = 1.79 -Large). In the PIG group, only three joints showed increases in flexibility: horizontal shoulder abduction (p = 0.003 and ES = 2.07 - Large), hip flexion (p = 0.001 and ES = 2.39 – Large), and hip extension (p = 0.02 and ES = 1.79 - Large). In-between group analyses (SSGpost x PIGpost) revealed differences in two joints: shoulder extension (p = 0.001) and horizontal shoulder abduction (p = 0.001). Hormonal profiles showed no significant differences in cortisol secretion or growth hormone concentration. In conclusion, both studied strength protocols (with and without inter-set static stretching) resulted in flexibility and strength gains without an effect on the anabolic and catabolic hormonal profile.

Case Report: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in an Elite Archer in Full-draw Position

One possible pathomechanism of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is shoulder abduction and extension inducing backward motion of the clavicle which causes compression on the brachial plexus. This position occurs during the full-draw stage of archery, by drawing and holding the bowstring. A 28-year-old elite archer presented with a feeling of weakness and dull shoulder pain, and experienced decreased grip power and hypoesthesia in the ulnar nerve dermatome in the full-draw position. On CT angiography, the cross-sectional area of the subclavian artery in the costoclavicular space decreased to 40% compared with that of the subclavian artery in a noncompressed state. This patient had first rib resection through the supraclavicular approach with a clavicle osteotomy. At 3.5 years postoperatively, the patient maintained his job as a professional coach and did not have any specific complaints when teaching and demonstrating archery skills. A literature review revealed numerous causes of TOS, ranging from congenital abnormalities to repetitive postures related to sports activities. The abduction and external rotation (ABER) position (shoulder at 90° abduction and external rotation) has been suggested for detecting TOS and is a documented cause of compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels. We present the case of an archer with TOS association with repeated use of the ABER position. TOS should be suspected when athletes repeatedly use shoulder extension and abduction for their sports if other pathologic conditions can be ruled out.

Biomechanical Contributions of Posterior Deltoid and Teres Minor in the Context of Axillary Nerve Injury: A Computational Study

To determine whether transfer to only the anterior branch of the axillary nerve will restore useful function after axillary nerve injury with persistent posterior deltoid and teres minor paralysis. We used a computational musculoskeletal model of the upper limb to determine the relative contributions of posterior deltoid and teres minor to maximum joint moment generated during a simulated static strength assessment and to joint moments during 3 submaximal shoulder movements. Movement simulations were performed with and without simulated posterior deltoid and teres minor paralysis to identify muscles that may compensate for their paralysis. In the unimpaired limb model, teres minor and posterior deltoid accounted for 16% and 14% of the total isometric shoulder extension and external rotation joint moments, respectively. During the 3 movement simulations, posterior deltoid produced as much as 20% of the mean shoulder extension moment, whereas teres minor accounted for less than 5% of the mean joint moment in all directions of movement. When we paralyzed posterior deltoid and teres minor, the mean extension moments generated by the supraspinatus, long head of triceps, latissimus dorsi, and middle deltoid increased to compensate. Compensatory muscles were not fully activated during movement simulations when posterior deltoid and teres minor were paralyzed. Reconstruction of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve only is an appropriate technique for restoring shoulder abduction strength after isolated axillary nerve injury. When shoulder extension strength is compromised by extensive neuromuscular shoulder injury, reconstruction of both the anterior and posterior branches of the axillary nerve should be considered. By quantifying the biomechanical role of muscles during submaximal movement, in addition to quantifying muscle contributions to maximal shoulder strength, we can inform preoperative planning and permit more accurate predictions of functional outcomes.

Scapular Bracing and Alteration of Posture and Muscle Activity in Overhead Athletes With Poor Posture

Overhead athletes commonly have poor posture. Commercial braces are used to improve posture and function, but few researchers have examined the effects of shoulder or scapular bracing on posture and scapular muscle activity. To examine whether a scapular stabilization brace acutely alters posture and scapular muscle activity in healthy overhead athletes with forward-head, rounded-shoulder posture (FHRSP). Randomized controlled clinical trial. Applied biomechanics laboratory. Thirty-eight healthy overhead athletes with FHRSP. Participants were assigned randomly to 2 groups: compression shirt with no strap tension (S) and compression shirt with the straps fully tensioned (S + T). Posture was measured using lateral-view photography with retroreflective markers. Electromyography (EMG) of the upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) in the dominant upper extremity was measured during 4 exercises (scapular punches, W's, Y's, T's) and 2 glenohumeral motions (forward flexion, shoulder extension). Posture and exercise EMG measurements were taken with and without the brace applied. Head and shoulder angles were measured from lateral-view digital photographs. Normalized surface EMG was used to assess mean muscle activation of the UT, MT, LT, and SA. Application of the brace decreased forward shoulder angle in the S + T condition. Brace application also caused a small increase in LT EMG during forward flexion and Y's and a small decrease in UT and MT EMG during shoulder extension. Brace application in the S + T group decreased UT EMG during W's, whereas UT EMG increased during W's in the S group. Application of the scapular brace improved shoulder posture and scapular muscle activity, but EMG changes were highly variable. Use of a scapular brace might improve shoulder posture and muscle activity in overhead athletes with poor posture.

Peak torque and average power at flexion/extension of the shoulder and knee when using a mouth guard in adults with mild midline discrepancy.

[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate the changes in torque and power during flexion and extension of the shoulder and the knee joints caused by midline correction using mouth guards made from different materials in adults with mild midline discrepancy. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were males (n=12) in their 20s who showed a 3–5 mm difference between the midlines of the upper and lower teeth but had normal masticatory function. [Methods] The torque and average power of the lower limb and upper limb were measured during flexion and extension according to various types of mouth guard. [Results] There were significant differences in relative torque and average power between three conditions (no mouth guard, soft-type mouth guard, and hard-type mouth guard) at shoulder flexion and extension. There were no significant differences in relative torque and average power between the three conditions at knee flexion and extension. [Conclusions] These results suggest that use of a mouth guard is a method by which people with a mild midline discrepancy can improve the stability of the entire body.

Core Muscle Activation During Dynamic Upper Limb Exercises in Women

Although several everyday functions and sporting activities demand controlled use of the abdominal and back muscles while working with the upper limbs, the activity of core muscles during dynamic upper limb exercises in the standing position has not been studied extensively. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine abdominal and back muscle activity during dynamic upper limb exercises while standing and to evaluate whether dynamic exercises are appropriate for strengthening muscles. The activation of the rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, longissimus, and multifidus muscles during dynamic bilateral or unilateral shoulder exercises with or without fixation of the pelvis was measured in 20 healthy women using surface electromyography. Trunk muscle activation during isometric maximum contraction was used as a comparative reference. With bilateral shoulder extension and unilateral shoulder horizontal adduction, abdominal muscle activity was >60% of activity during reference exercises. With unilateral shoulder horizontal abduction and shoulder extension exercises, back muscle activity was >60% of the activity level reference exercise. Muscle activation levels were 35-64% lower during shoulder horizontal adduction and abduction without fixation compared with exercises with fixation. The results indicate that upper limb exercises performed in the standing position are effective for activating core muscles. Bilateral and unilateral shoulder extension and unilateral shoulder horizontal abduction and adduction with the pelvis fixed elicited the greatest activity of the core muscles.

Needle electromyography at 1 month predicts paralysis of elbow flexion at 3 months in obstetric brachial plexus lesions

Treatment decisions in obstetric brachial plexus lesions are often based on clinical paralysis of elbow flexion at 3 months of age, when electromyography (EMG) is misleading because motor unit potentials (MUPs) occur in clinically paralytic muscles. We investigated whether EMG at 1 week or 1 month identifies infants with flexion paralysis at 3 months, allowing early referral. Forty-eight infants (27 females, 21 males) were prospectively studied. The presence or absence of flexion paralysis at around 1 week (median 9 d; range 5-17d), 1 month (median 31 d; range 24-53 d), and 3 months of age (median 87 d; range 77-106 d) was noted for clinical (shoulder external rotation, elbow flexion, extension, and supination) and EMG parameters (denervation activity, MUPs and polyphasic MUPs in the deltoid, biceps, and triceps muscles). At 1 month, the absence of biceps MUPs had a sensitivity of 95% for later flexion paralysis, and absence of deltoid MUPs had a sensitivity of 100% for flexion paralysis; the false-positive rates for the same findings were 21% and 33% respectively. EMG at 3 months was highly misleading as MUPs were seen in 19 of 20 clinically paralytic biceps muscles. EMG at 1 month can identify severe cases of flexion paralysis for early referral EMG of the biceps at 3 months is highly misleading; the discrepancy between the EMG and clinical testing may be due to abnormal axonal branching and aberrant central motor control.

Efeitos crônicos do flexionamento estático sobre parâmetros neuromusculares em adultos jovens

INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento engloba, dentre outras qualidades físicas, a flexibilidade e a força. Assim, conhecer as inter-relações mútuas entre essas qualidades físicas potencializaria a eficácia do treino. OBJETIVO: Verificar as alterações nos parâmetros neuromusculares em um programa de flexionamento estático, após 12 semanas de intervenção. MÉTODOS: Participaram 70 cadetes, com idade média de 17,03 ± 1,14 anos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo experimental (GF, n = 35) e grupo controle (GC, n = 35). A força foi avaliada através de 1RM de contração estática nos movimentos de flexão e extensão horizontal de ombro (FFHO/FEHO) e extensão da coluna lombar (FECL). A flexibilidade foi avaliada pelo protocolo LABIFIE de goniometria nos movimentos de flexão e extensão horizontal de ombro (FHO/EHO) e flexão da coluna lombar (FCL). A concentração de hidroxiprolina na urina coletada pelo método Nordin foi realizada pelo protocolo HPROLI 2h. RESULTADOS: A ANOVA de medidas repetidas demonstrou aumento significativo para FHO (∆% = 3,9%; p = 0,001), EHO (∆% = 21,1%; p = 0,001), FCL (∆% = 73,8%; p = 0,001), FFHO (∆% = 20,4%; p = 0,001) e FECL (∆% = 4,0%; p = 0,008) do pré para o pós-teste. Os níveis de hidroxiprolina não apresentaram alterações significativas. Nas comparações intergrupos, foram encontradas diferenças significativas para FHO (p = 0,016), EHO (p = 0,005), FCL (p = 0,004), FFHO (p = 0,001) e FECL (p = 0,007). O poder do experimento observado foi de 86% para um beta calculado de 0,14. CONCLUSÃO: O flexionamento estático foi capaz de melhorar tanto a flexibilidade como a força.

Relationships between Upper Extremity Strength and the Purdue Pegboard Test and the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test in Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (P05.187)

Objective: To document the relationship between measures of upper extremity strength and hand function in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1(DM1). Background Distal weakness is a common feature in patients with (DM1). The assessment of hand function in this patient population is just beginning to be explored. Measurements of upper extremity strength and hand function have demonstrated good reliability; however, the relationship between strength and function is unknown. Design/Methods: Patients with DM1 participating in a longitudinal study performed strength tests of the upper extremity including manual muscle testing (MMT) and quantitative muscles testing (QMT). MMT included shoulder abduction, elbow flexion and extension, wrist flexion and extension, and short and long finger flexors of the thumb and first two digits. QMT included shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, elbow extension and grip. Patients also performed the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) and the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT). Results: Data from 71 genetically confirmed patients with DM1 were analyzed using Spearman9s rho. Statistically significant (p Conclusions: Moderate relationships exist between upper extremity strength tests and hand function tests. The PPT correlates better with MMT which included several distal hand muscles and hence captures fine motor function deficits. The JTHFT correlated better with QMT and the most significant correlation was with lifting heavy objects and this may reflect more the proximal strength deficits. Patients need to be followed longitudinally to document which of these tests is able to reflect changes over time. Supported by: Award number U54NS048843 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Disclosure: Dr. Eichinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dilek has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dekdebrun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martens has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heatwole has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thornton has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme Corporation as a consultant. Dr. Thornton has received research support from Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Moxley has nothing to disclose. Ms. Pandya has received personal compensation for activities with Shire Pharmaceuticals Group.

Unilateral absence of latissimus dorsi muscle

Latissimus dorsi (LD) is the broadest muscle of the back responsible for extension and adduction of shoulder. The authors report a case of isolated unilateral absence of the latissimus dorsi muscle observed during an ablative surgical procedure and flap reconstruction. The left LD muscle was completely absent in our patient and no tendon fibers belonging to this muscle could be observable on further dissection. The surrounding muscle anatomy was normal and in place suggesting a developmental etiology for its absence. Awareness of this possible variation is of importance in considering reconstructive options.

Sit-to-Stand from a Toilet Seat by Hemiplegic Subjects Using a One-Point Cane

ABSTRACTThis report describes differences found in hemiplegic subjects between a feasible group (FG) and an unfeasible group (UG) during sit-to-stand (STS) movements from a toilet seat using a one-point cane in a one-point-cane gait. The 25 subjects’ motions were analyzed using motion pictures, the center of pressure (COP), and the percentage of one-point-cane load. Of 25 subjects, 14 were able to do the STS movement; 11 subjects were not. The STS movement from a toilet seat using a one-point cane was achieved by all but 10 subjects of UG. After guidance, the percentage of achievement using a one-point cane was significantly higher than that before guidance in the UG. Shoulder extension and elbow flexion during the lifting of the buttocks from a toilet seat facilitates the movement of the body against gravity when using the one-point cane. These studies suggest that the one-point-cane position is beneficial for the COP position at the start of the STS movement from a toilet seat.

Experimentally induced pain alters the EMG activity of the lumbar multifidus in asymptomatic subjects

Lumbar musculature plays an important role in stabilization during functional movements such as walking, bending and overhead activities. Current research has focused on the lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle to determine if altered activity of the LM may contribute to low back pain (LBP). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether experimentally induced LBP affects deep LM muscle activity during functionally oriented tasks, weight shifting and upper extremity lifting. Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) activity of the LM at L4 was measured in 17 healthy adults during a dominant side shoulder flexion and extension task and during a staggered-stance weight shift task. Data were collected at baseline, after pain was induced with hypertonic saline and after the pain had subsided. Comparisons of within-subjects effects were performed with the use of a two-way repeated-measure ANOVA. A significantly higher magnitude of activity was found in the induced pain condition as compared to the baseline condition for the shoulder extension phase of the upper extremity task (p = 0.04). During forward weight shifting, lower values in both the induced pain (p = 0.02) and the recovery conditions (p = 0.01) were measured. During backward weight shifting, lower values were measured during the recovery condition as compared to baseline (p = 0.03). Across trials and subjects the EMG amplitudes were increased during the extension phase of the upper extremity task and decreased during the weight shifting task. These results suggest that the LM does not respond to induced pain in the same manner during different phases of functionally oriented tasks.

Effect of Backrest Height on Wheelchair Propulsion Biomechanics for Level and Uphill Conditions

Yang Y-S, Koontz AM, Yeh S-J, Chang J-J. Effect of backrest height on wheelchair propulsion biomechanics for level and uphill conditions. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of backrest height on wheelchair propulsion kinematics and kinetics. DesignAn intervention study with repeated measures. SettingUniversity laboratory. ParticipantsConvenience sample included manual wheelchair users (N=36; 26 men and 10 women) with spinal cord injuries ranging from T8 to L2. InterventionParticipants propelled on a motor-driven treadmill for 2 conditions (level and slope of 3°) at a constant speed of 0.9m/s while using in turn a sling backrest fixed at 40.6cm (16in) high (high backrest) and a lower height set at 50% trunk length (low backrest). Main Outcome MeasuresCadence, stroke angle, peak shoulder extension angle, shoulder flexion/extension range of motion, and mechanical effective force. ResultsPushing with the low backrest height enabled greater range of shoulder motion (P<.01), increased stroke angle (P<.01), push time (P<.01), and reduced cadence (P=.01) regardless of whether the treadmill was level or sloped. ConclusionsA lower cadence can be achieved when pushing with a lower backrest, which decreases the risk of developing upper-limb overuse related injuries. However, postural support, comfort, and other activities of daily living must also be considered when selecting a backrest height for active, long-term wheelchair users. The improvements found when using the low backrest were found regardless of slope type. Pushing uphill demanded significantly higher resultant and tangential force, torque, mechanical effective force, and cadence.

Early post operative results after repair of traumatic brachial plexus palsy

Treatment options for traumatic brachial plexus injuries include nerve grafting, or neurotization. The type of lesion and the reconstructive procedures affect functional results and postoperative pain relief. A total number of twenty five patients suffering from post-traumatic brachial plexus injury were included in the study. The patients underwent exploration and primary repair of the affected plexus, based on case by case policy. Spinal accessory nerve transfer to suprascapular nerve procedure regained 78.95% of functional muscle power, 10.50% of non functional muscle power and only 10.5 % of non innervated muscle. The Oberlin procedure regained 83.33% with elbow flexion muscle power, 16.67% with non functional muscle power. Intercostal nerve transfer to musculocutaneous nerve regained 62.5% with functional muscle power, 25% with non functional muscle power and only 12.5 % with non innervated muscle. The shoulder, elbow and wrist extension functions were significantly improved early post-operatively. In addition, the post-operative improvement of shoulder, elbow and wrist extension functions had significant negative correlations with the pre-operative elapsed time, and accompanied by a significant positive correlation with post-operative follow up period. Early intervention for traumatic brachial plexus palsy is recommended to get good results with pain relief.

Glenohumeral joint muscles strength of the young tennis players

This paper consists from two parts. First is small theoretic review about shoulder and upper arm kinematics, biodynamics in forehand and serve strokes. Second is dedicated to study young tennis players’ glenohumeral joint muscles strength peak torque, analyzing an asymmetry level of dominant and nondominant side. Five 11 years old girls, weight 42,6 kg (± 5,1), height 157,8 cm (± 5,8) have participated in study. Tests performed with use of Technogym’s isokinetic device REV-9000. Mode of the testing – isometric muscle contraction. Verbal and visual feedbacks were utilized to increase the motivation of the subjects. Based on the results of this testing we created individual shoulder joint muscular strength models, that reflects peak torque of right and left shoulder flexion and extension, shoulder abduction and adduction, shoulder internal and external rotation.