Shoot Segments Research Articles

Optimized deep learning enabled lecture audio video summarization

Video summarization plays an important role in multiple applications by compressing lengthy video content into compressed representation. The purpose is to present a fine-tuned deep model for lecture audio video summarization. Initially, the input lecture audio-visual video is taken from the dataset. Then, the video shot segmentation (slide segmentation) is done using the YCbCr space colour model. From each video shot, the audio and video within the video shot are segmented using the Honey Badger-based Bald Eagle Algorithm (HBBEA). The HBBEA is obtained by combining the Bald Eagle Search (BES) and Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). The DRN training is executed by HBBEA to select the finest DRN weights. The relevant video frames are merged with the audio. The proposed HBBEA-based DRN outperformed with a better F1-Score of 91.9 %, Negative predictive value (NPV) of 89.6 %, Positive predictive value (PPV) of 90.7 %, Accuracy of 91.8 %, precision of 91 %, and recall of 92.8 %.

Impact of salt strength on in vitro propagation and rebaudioside A content in Stevia rebaudiana under semi-solid and liquid MS media.

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), commonly known as stevia, is a sought-after natural sweetener, but its conventional propagation methods are slow and inefficient. This study aims to enhance the in vitro culture for stevia by investigating the impact of different Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium salt strengths and plant growth hormones on growth and rebaudioside A content. Apical bud-containing shoot segments were used as explants and cultured on various semi-solid and liquid MS media formulations, incorporating cytokinins (BAP and Kin), auxins (NAA and IAA), and different MS major salt concentrations (MS full, ½ MS, and ¼ MS). Assessments of shoot growth parameters, root formation, and HPLC analysis for rebaudioside A content were conducted. The optimal conditions for in vitro growth was found to be in the ¼ MS + Kin 3mg/L + NAA 0.1mg/L (semi-solid) medium, resulting in significantly improved shoot growth and enhanced 30.04% rebaudioside A content. Genetic fidelity of regenerated plants was confirmed using RAPD and ISSR markers. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing in vitro propagation of stevia and potentially enhancing rebaudioside A content.

Anatomic adaptation of stems of aquatic Utricularia species dragging turions to the bottom of their habitats

Turions are vegetative, dormant, overwintering storage organs formed in aquatic plants. We have observed that shoots with maturating turions of three robust aquatic Utricularia species possess an anatomical adaptation of the central cylinder in apical shoot segments. The senescent mother shoots drag turions in these species to the bottom of their habitat. This adaptation leads to impregnation of the central cylinder by substances preventing the stems from early decomposing. Using anatomical staining methods, we have aimed to elucidate the substances impregnating the central cylinder - partly lignin and mainly polyphenols.

Propagación in vitro de Annona deceptrix (westra) H. Rainer (Annonaceae) una especie en peligro de extinción en Ecuador

This work aims to develop a protocol for the in vitro propagation of Annona deceptrix (westra) H. Rainer. In addition, it measures survival in ex-vitro conditions. Nodal shoot segments were used as explants, disinfected with different NaClO concentrations and exposure times, and then precultured in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal culture medium. Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was used for the multiplication and rooting phase, with different types and concentrations of phytoregulators. In the establishment phase, the explants responded better with the 1% NaClO treatment for 15 minutes, where the highest survival percentage was observed at 72.04%. For the variable number of shoots and stem diameter, the treatment with BAP (1 mgL-1) + (GA3 0.25 gL-1) + (WPM) reached the best average with a value of 2.00 and 2.35, respectively. Mm, respectively. For root induction, the best response was obtained when 3mgL-1 IBA (T3) was added to the culture medium, reaching an average root length of 5.75 cm after 60 days of culture in the medium. The rooted Vitro plants of an approximate height of 5 cm were brought to the mesh house for their acclimatization; in this phase, the survival rate was evaluated during the first week of acclimatization, and the plant's growth fifteen days after sowing in trays containing a peat-based substrate, where T3 had an average survival of 70% and higher plant height at 60 days, indicating that this treatment promoted faster seedling development under conditions exvitro. Keywords: Annona deceptrix, propagation, in vitro rooting, ex-vitro acclimatization, growth regulators.

Shots segmentation-based optimized dual-stream framework for robust human activity recognition in surveillance video

Nowadays, for controlling crime, surveillance cameras are typically installed in all public places to ensure urban safety and security. However, automating Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using computer vision techniques faces several challenges such as lowlighting, complex spatiotemporal features, clutter backgrounds, and inefficient utilization of surveillance system resources. Existing attempts in HAR designed straightforward networks by analyzing either spatial or motion patterns resulting in limited performance while the dual streams methods are entirely based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) that are inadequate to learning the long-range temporal information for HAR. To overcome the above-mentioned challenges, this paper proposes an optimized dual stream framework for HAR which mainly consists of three steps. First, a shots segmentation module is introduced in the proposed framework to efficiently utilize the surveillance system resources by enhancing the lowlight video stream and then it detects salient video frames that consist of human. This module is trained on our own challenging Lowlight Human Surveillance Dataset (LHSD) which consists of both normal and different levels of lowlighting data to recognize humans in complex uncertain environments. Next, to learn HAR from both contextual and motion information, a dual stream approach is used in the feature extraction. In the first stream, it freezes the learned weights of the backbone Vision Transformer (ViT) B-16 model to select the discriminative contextual information. In the second stream, ViT features are then fused with the intermediate encoder layers of FlowNet2 model for optical flow to extract a robust motion feature vector. Finally, a two stream Parallel Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (PBiLSTM) is proposed for sequence learning to capture the global semantics of activities, followed by Dual Stream Multi-Head Attention (DSMHA) with a late fusion strategy to optimize the huge features vector for accurate HAR. To assess the strength of the proposed framework, extensive empirical results are conducted on real-world surveillance scenarios and various benchmark HAR datasets that achieve 78.6285%, 96.0151%, and 98.875% accuracies on HMDB51, UCF101, and YouTube Action, respectively. Our results show that the proposed strategy outperforms State-of-the-Art (SOTA) methods. The proposed framework gives superior performance in HAR, providing accurate and reliable recognition of human activities in surveillance systems.

Assessment of the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of endophytic strains of Bacillus and closely related genera from Carpinus betulus in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.

Identification and characterization of the endophytic microorganism, is gaining their underestimated significance in influencing health, performance, and other biological attributions of plants in general and forest tree species in particular. Because of the scarcity of information on the endophytic microbiome of the Hyrcanian forests species, including hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) trees, as a major constituent thereof, the present study aimed at the identification and partial characterization of the endophytic Bacillus species of Carpinus betulus as the first step in this context. Shoot samples were collected from the Hyrcanian forest locations of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in Iran. Bacterial strains were isolated from the surface-disinfected shoot segments and subjected to phenotypic characterization. Following assessment of the genetic diversity of the isolates by BOX-PCR fingerprinting, the representative isolates of each of the 15 groups were used for further characterization. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rDNA and HSP60 gene of the isolates led to the identification of 10 species. The predominant species was B. cereus followed by B. subtilis. The other species encountered were B. thuringiensis, Priestia filamentosa, B. velezensis, B. mojavensis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. safensis, P. aryabhattai, and Gottfriedia acidiceleris. Most isolates possessed characteristics which could contribute to the biocontrol potential of the isolates, including formation of biofilm, production of hydrogen cyanide, tolerant to relatively high concentration of sodium chloride, and antibacterial activity. Ten Bacillus species were identified as the prevailing endophytic species of C. betulus in the Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran, most turned up to possess biological activities involved in biocontrol capability of the isolates against some plant pathogens. These potentially capable bacteria could be implemented in the promotion of plant growth as well as in the biological control of pathogens. This is the first report on the characterization and elucidation of the diversity of the potentially beneficial endophytic species of Bacillus and the closely related genera living in the internal tissues of hornbeam trees.

Characteristics of turion development in two aquatic carnivorous plants: Hormonal profiles, gas exchange and mineral nutrient content.

Turions are vegetative, dormant, and storage overwintering organs formed in perennial aquatic plants in response to unfavorable ecological conditions and originate by extreme condensation of apical shoot segments. The contents of cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid were estimated in shoot apices of summer growing, rootless aquatic carnivorous plants, Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Utricularia australis, and in developing turions at three stages and full maturity to reveal hormonal patterns responsible for turion development. The hormones were analyzed in miniature turion samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Photosynthetic measurements in young leaves also confirmed relatively high photosynthetic rates at later turion stages. The content of active cytokinin forms was almost stable in A. vesiculosa during turion development but markedly decreased in U. australis. In both species, auxin content culminated in the middle of turion development and then decreased again. The content of abscisic acid as the main inhibitory hormone was very low in growing plants in both species but rose greatly at first developmental stages and stayed very high in mature turions. The hormonal data indicate a great strength of developing turions within sink-source relationships and confirm the central role of abscisic acid in regulating the turion development.

Valorization of Spirodela polyrrhiza biomass for the production of biofuels for distributed energy

Considering the main objectives of a circular economy, Lemnaceae plants have great potential for different types of techniques to valorize their biomass for use in biofuel production. For this reason, scientific interest in this group of plants has increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt stress on the growth and development of S. polyrrhiza and the valorization of biomass for biofuel and energy production in a circular economy. Plants were grown in a variety of culture media, including standard 'Z' medium, tap water, 1% digestate from a biogas plant in Piaszczyna (54° 01′ 21″ N, 17° 10′ 19″ E), Poland) and supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl (from 25 to 100 mM). Plants were cultured under phytotron conditions at 24 °C. After 10 days of culture, plant growth, fresh and dry biomass, as well as physio-chemical parameters such as chlorophyll content index, gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration), chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were analyzed. After 10 days of the experiment, the percentage starch content of Spirodela shoot segments was determined. S. polyrrhiza was shown to have a high starch storage capacity under certain unfavorable growth conditions, such as salt stress and nutrient deficiency. In the W2 (50 mM NaCl) series, compared to the control (Control2), starch levels were 76% higher in shoots and 30% lower in roots. The analysis of the individual growth and development parameters of S. polyrrhiza plants in the experiment carried out indicates new possibilities for the use of this group of plants in biofuel and bioethanol production.

Propagation of a U16 hybid Eucalyptus line by plant cell tissue culture

Eucalyptus is one of the important plant species for paper pulp, fuel wood, and timber. In this study, a hybrid Eucalyptus, U16 line, was investigated for rapid in vitro propagation. The apical and adventitious shoots served as initial explants. These were free-disease symptoms that were collected for surface sterilization. Different disinfectants including mercuric and Javel solutions at different concentrations and treated times were performed. The results showed that explants were cleaned under taping water with soap, rinsed in 70oEtOH for 1 minute, and then immersed in 10% Javen solution for 15 minutes and 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 minutes gave the highest disinfection rate that was 46.5%. The modified MS medium included basal MS, 30 g/L sucrose, and 7 g/L agar supplemented with 20 ml/L of coconut water (MS medium*) was the most suitable for the rapid multiplication of Eucalyptus lines U16, the shoot multiplication coefficient reached 1.56. In vitro multiplication of eucalyptus U16 was carried out by culturing disinfected shoot segments on the MS* medium supplemented with BAP 1.5 mg/L and kinetin 1.0 mg/L which gave the highest shoot multiplication coefficient (3.24 shoot per explant). The in vitro rooting medium of the U16 line was basal MS supplemented with 1.0 mg NAA/L, the rooting rate was 90.49%, the number of roots was 8.3, and the roots expressed strong growth

Deep Learning Assists Surveillance Experts: Toward Video Data Prioritization

Video summarization (VS) suppresses high-dimensional (HD) video data by only extracting only the important information. However, prior research has not focused on the need for surveillance VS, that is used for many applications to assist video surveillance experts, including video retrieval and data storage. In addition, mainstream techniques commonly use 2D deep models for VS, ignoring event occurrences. Accordingly, we present a two-fold 3D deep learning-assisted VS framework. First, we employ an inflated 3D ConvNet model to extract temporal features; these features are optimized using a proposed encoder mechanism. The input video is temporally segmented using a feature comparison technique for selecting a single frame from each video segment. The segmented shots are evaluated using our novel shot segmentation evaluation scheme and are input into a saliency computation mechanism for keyframe selection in a second fold. Qualitative and quantitative analyses over VS benchmarks and surveillance videos demonstrate the superior performance of our framework, with 0.3- and 4.2-unit increases in the F1 scores for YouTube and TVSum datasets, respectively. Along with accurate VS, a key contribution of our study is the novel shot segmentation criterion prior to VS, which can be used as a benchmark in future research to effectively prioritize HD visual data.

Shoot Nutrition and Flavor Variation in Two Phyllostachys Species: Does the Quality of Edible Bamboo Shoot Diaphragm and Flesh Differ?

For their quality evaluation, it is essential to determine both bamboo shoot nutrition and palatability, which will have a decisive effect on their economic value and market potential. However, differences in shoot nutrition and flavor variation among bamboo species, positions, and components have not been scientifically validated. This study assessed nutritional and flavor differences in two components (i.e., shoot flesh (BSF) and diaphragm (BSD)) of two Phyllostachys species (i.e., Phyllostachys edulis and Phyllostachys violascens) and analyzed any positional variation. Results showed that BSF protein, starch, fat, and vitamin C contents were comparatively higher. Nutrient compounds in the upper shoot segment of Ph. edulis were higher and contained less cellulose and lignin. However, both species' BSD total acid, oxalic acid, and tannin contents were comparable. BSD soluble sugar and sugar:acid ratio were higher than upper BSD total amino acid, four key amino acids (i.e., essential amino acid, bitter amino acid, umami amino acid, and sweet amino acid flavor compounds), and associated ratios were all higher than BSF while also being rich in amino acids. The content and proportion of BSF essential and bitter amino acid flavor compounds in Ph. edulis were high relative to Ph. violascens. Conversely, the content and proportion of BSD umami and sweet amino acid flavor compounds were comparable to that of Ph. edulis. Our results showed that bamboo shoot quality was affected by flavor compound differences and that interspecific and shoot components interact. This study offers a new perspective to determine the formative mechanisms involved in bamboo shoot quality while providing a basis for their different usages.

In vitro propagation of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. using apical shoot segments and phytochemical assessments of the maternal and regenerated plants

BackgroundCodonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. is a medicinal plant traditionally used in China, Korea, and Japan to treat many diseases including poor gastrointestinal function, low immunity, gastric ulcers, and chronic gastritis. The increasing therapeutic and preventive use of C. pilosula has subsequently led to depletion of the natural populations of this species thus necessitating propagation of this important medicinal plant. Here, we developed an efficient and effective in vitro propagation protocol for C. pilosula using apical shoot segments. We tested various plant tissue culture media for the growth of C. pilosula and evaluated the effects of plant growth regulators on the shoot proliferation and rooting of regenerated C. pilosula plants. Furthermore, the tissues (roots and shoots) of maternal and in vitro-regenerated C. pilosula plants were subjected to Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometry, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their total flavonoids, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity were determined and compared.ResultsFull-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with vitamins and benzylaminopurine (1.5 mg·L−1) regenerated the highest shoot number (12 ± 0.46) per explant. MS medium augmented with indole-3-acetic acid (1.0 mg·L−1) produced the highest root number (9 ± 0.89) and maximum root length (20.88 ± 1.48 mm) from regenerated C. pilosula shoots. The survival rate of in vitro-regenerated C. pilosula plants was 94.00% after acclimatization. The maternal and in vitro-regenerated C. pilosula plant tissues showed similar FT-NIR spectra, total phenolics, total flavonoids, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) test confirmed the genetic fidelity of regenerated C. pilosula plants.ConclusionsThe proposed in vitro propagation protocol may be useful for the rapid mass multiplication and production of high quality C. pilosula as well as for germplasm preservation to ensure sustainable supply amidst the ever-increasing demand.

Uncertainty-aware semi-supervised few shot segmentation

Few shot segmentation (FSS) aims to learn pixel-level classification of a target object in a query image using only a few annotated support samples. This is challenging as it requires modeling appearance variations of target objects and the diverse visual cues between query and support images with limited information. To address this problem, we propose a semi-supervised FSS strategy that leverages additional prototypes from unlabeled images with uncertainty guided pseudo label refinement. To obtain reliable prototypes from unlabeled images, we meta-train a neural network to jointly predict segmentation and estimate the uncertainty of predictions. We employ the uncertainty estimates to exclude predictions with high degrees of uncertainty for pseudo label construction to obtain additional prototypes from the refined pseudo labels. During inference, query segmentation is predicted using prototypes from both support and unlabeled images including low-level features of the query images. Our approach can easily supplement existing approaches without the requirement of additional training when employing unlabeled samples. Extensive experiments on PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i demonstrate that our model can effectively remove unreliable predictions to refine pseudo labels and significantly improve upon baseline performance.

Efficient Elimination of Actinidia Chlorotic Ringspot-Associated Virus from Infected Kiwifruit Shoots Cultured In Vitro

In this study, methods of Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (AcCRaV) elimination by shoot tip culture, thermotherapy followed by shoot tip culture, and chemotherapy followed by shoot tip culture were explored. The results showed that the AcCRaV elimination rate was 23.3% when the secondary shoot tip culture method was used and when the shoot tip length was less than 0.5 mm. The AcCRaV elimination rate was 100% when thermotherapy (36°C [day] and 32°C [night]) was applied for 20 days followed by shoot tip culture (shoot tip length less than 1.0 mm). When shoot segments were treated with ribavirin at 15 µg/ml for 2 months followed by shoot tip culture, the elimination rate of AcCRaV was 100% (shoot tip length less than 1.0 mm). When shoot segments were treated with ribavirin at 25 µg/ml for 2 months followed by shoot tip culture, the elimination rate of AcCRaV was 100% (shoot tip length less than 1.5 mm). This is the first report on kiwifruit virus elimination methods.

Brain tumor segmentation using UNet-few shot schematic segmentation

Early finding and determination of a proper therapy technique will build the endurance of people with cancer. A key step in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors is accurate and reliable segmentation. Given its uneven shape and opaque borders, gliomas are among the most difficult brain cancers to detect. Because of significant differences in their design, programmed division of glioma brain growths is a fluid topic. Improved UNet-based designs for the automatic segmentation of brain tumors from MRI images are reported in this article. Training semantic division models requires an enormous measure of finely clarified information, making it challenging to quickly acclimatize to unfamiliar classes that don’t meet this requirement. The original Few Shot Segmentation attempts to address this issue but has other flaws. Hence in this paper a generalized Few-Shot Schematic Segmentation is discussed to break down the speculation capacity of at the same time sectioning the original classifications with the base classes and adequate models. A Context-Aware Prototype Learning (CAPL) which is used for improving the performance by utilizing the co-occurrence of earlier information from help tests and progressively enhancing logical data to the classifier, molded on the substance of each question picture. Results reveal the outperformance of the developed model.

The Detection of Video Shot Transitions Based on Primary Segments Using the Adaptive Threshold of Colour-Based Histogram Differences and Candidate Segments Using the SURF Feature Descriptor

Aim: Advancements in multimedia technology have facilitated the uploading and processing of videos with substantial content. Automated tools and techniques help to manage vast volumes of video content. Video shot segmentation is the basic symmetry step underlying video processing techniques such as video indexing, content-based video retrieval, video summarization, and intelligent surveillance. Video shot boundary detection segments a video into temporal segments called shots and identifies the video frame in which a shot change occurs. The two types of shot transitions are cut and gradual. Illumination changes, camera motion, and fast-moving objects in videos reduce the detection accuracy of cut and gradual transitions. Materials and Methods: In this paper, a novel symmetry shot boundary detection system is proposed to maximize detection accuracy by analysing the transition behaviour of a video, segmenting it initially into primary segments and candidate segments by using the colour feature and the local adaptive threshold of each segment. Thereafter, the cut and gradual transitions are fine-tuned from the candidate segment using Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) extracted from the boundary frames to reduce the algorithmic complexity. The proposed symmetry method is evaluated using the TRECVID 2001 video dataset, and the results show an increase in detection accuracy. Result: The F1 score obtained for the detection of cut and gradual transitions is 98.7% and 90.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed symmetry method surpasses recent state-of-the-art SBD methods, demonstrating increased accuracy for both cut and gradual transitions in videos.

Action Recognition Using Action Sequences Optimization and Two-Stream 3D Dilated Neural Network.

Effective extraction and representation of action information are critical in action recognition. The majority of existing methods fail to recognize actions accurately because of interference of background changes when the proportion of high-activity action areas is not reinforced and by using RGB flow alone or combined with optical flow. A novel recognition method using action sequences optimization and two-stream fusion network with different modalities is proposed to solve these problems. The method is based on shot segmentation and dynamic weighted sampling, and it reconstructs the video by reinforcing the proportion of high-activity action areas, eliminating redundant intervals, and extracting long-range temporal information. A two-stream 3D dilated neural network that integrates features of RGB and human skeleton information is also proposed. The human skeleton information strengthens the deep representation of humans for robust processing, alleviating the interference of background changes, and the dilated CNN enlarges the receptive field of feature extraction. Compared with existing approaches, the proposed method achieves superior or comparable classification accuracies on benchmark datasets UCF101 and HMDB51.

Eradication of Potato Virus S, Potato Virus A, and Potato Virus M From Infected in vitro-Grown Potato Shoots Using in vitro Therapies.

Certain viruses dramatically affect yield and quality of potatoes and have proved difficult to eradicate with current approaches. Here, we describe a reliable and efficient virus eradication method that is high throughput and more efficacious at producing virus-free potato plants than current reported methods. Thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and cryotherapy treatments were tested alone and in combination for ability to eradicate single and mixed Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus A (PVA), and Potato virus M (PVM) infections from three potato cultivars. Chemotherapy treatments were undertaken on in vitro shoot segments for four weeks in culture medium supplemented with 100 mg L−1 ribavirin. Thermotherapy on in vitro shoot segments was applied for two weeks at 40°C (day) and 28°C (night) with a 16 h photoperiod. Plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) and cryotherapy treatments included a shoot tip preculture followed by exposure to PVS2 either without or with liquid nitrogen (LN, cryotherapy) treatment. The virus status of control and recovered plants following therapies was assessed in post-regeneration culture after 3 months and then retested in plants after they had been growing in a greenhouse for a further 3 months. Microtuber production was investigated using in vitro virus-free and virus-infected segments. We found that thermotherapy and cryotherapy (60 min PVS2 + LN) used alone were not effective in virus eradication, while chemotherapy was better but with variable efficacy (20–100%). The most effective result (70–100% virus eradication) was obtained by combining chemotherapy with cryotherapy, or by consecutive chemotherapy, combined chemotherapy and thermotherapy, then cryotherapy treatments irrespective of cultivar. Regrowth following the two best virus eradication treatments was similar ranging from 8.6 to 29% across the three cultivars. The importance of virus removal on yield was reflected in “Dunluce” free of PVS having higher numbers of microtubers and in “V500’ free of PVS and PVA having a greater proportion of microtubers > 5 mm. Our improved procedure has potential for producing virus-free planting material for the potato industry. It could also underpin the global exchange of virus-free germplasm for conservation and breeding programs.

An optimal video summarization of surveillance systems using LFOB-COA with deep features and RBLSTM

The visual data attained from surveillance single-camera or multi-view camera networks is exponentially increasing every day. Identifying the important shots in the presented video which faithfully signify the original video is the major task in video summarization. For executing efficient video summarization of the surveillance systems, optimization algorithm like LFOB-COA is proposed in this paper. Data collection, pre-processing, deep feature extraction (FE), shot segmentation JSFCM, classification using Rectified Linear Unit activated BLSTM, and LFOB-COA are the proposed method’s five steps. Finally a post-processing step is utilized. For recognizing the proposed method’s effectiveness, the results are then contrasted with the existent methods.

One-step in vitro protocol for clonal propagation of Dendrobium Yuki White, a high value ornamental orchid hybrid

A novel and accelerated one-step protocol for complete in vitro mass propagation of Dendrobium Yuki White was optimized for the first time. Rapid shoot-root initiation and multiplication was simultaneously achieved from apical shoot segment explants on Murashige and Skoog basal medium fortified with 0.5 mg L−1 N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid, along with 40 mg L−1 adenine sulphate as an additive. Maximum number of shoots per explant (12) was obtained within eight weeks of culture. Maximum number of root induction (17) and elongation (6.5 cm) were recorded within this period. On the other hand, the matrix plot, network plot, and principal component analyses illustrated the association of auxin-cytokinin and the multiple growth attributes under study. In a simple acclimatization procedure, involving primary acclimatization in charcoal blocks for six weeks, and followed by a combination of coconut fibre and charcoal (1:1; v v−1) with intermittent water spraying ensured 97% survival rate in the next ten weeks. Based on the comprehensive information developed in this study, this protocol should be of immense importance for large-scale production of planting materials as well as for exploring the possible comparative roles of the auxin-cytokinin combinations used in this study.