Shot Pellets Research Articles

Laser fusion experiment

The recent progress of laser fusion research has been remarkable in obtaining the high density of more than 100 times solid density (Nakai et al. 1988) and high temperature plasma producing thermonuclear neutrons of 1013 per shot (pellet gain of 0·2%) (Yamanaka et al. 1986a) and in the understanding of the implosion physics. The data bases of the laser fusion are rapidly being accumulated and the technologies for the advanced experiments have been developed, both of which enable us to proceed toward the fusion ignition experiment and the achievement of the breakeven conditions.

Inertial fusion program in Japan and ignition experiment facility by laser

The recent progress in laser fusion research is remarkable with respect to obtaining the high density and high temperature plasma which produces thermonuclear neutrons of 10 13 per shot (pellet gain of 0.2%) and to the understanding of implosion physics. Data bases for laser fusion have been accumulated and technologies for advanced experiments have been developed, both of which enable us to make the research step toward the fusion ignition experiment and the achievement of the breakeven condition, which is estimated to be possible with a 100 kJ blue laser. The demonstration of high gain pellets requires laser energy in the range MJ in blue light. The design studies of the MJ laser are continue in the framework of the solid state laser at ILE. The design studies on the commercial reactor of ICF have proceeded and several conceptual designs have been proposed. These designs utilize a liquid metal first wall and blanket which enable long life for commercial use. As a consequence, the ICF reactor has technically a high feasibility for commercial application.

X-Ray and Visual Detection of Shot in Waterfowl Gizzards and Marsh Substrate

X-Ray and Visual Detection of Shot in Waterfowl Gizzards and Marsh Substrate

Toxic lead exposure in the urban rock dove.

Thirteen adult urban rock doves (Columba livia), 12 captured alive and one found dead, were studied from the Baltimore zoo. The mean concentration of lead in the blood for the 12 live birds was 184.5 +/- 531.2 (range 10.5-1,870 micrograms/dl). Three of the 13 birds with high measured blood and tissue lead concentrations were found at necropsy with lead shot pellets in their gizzards. Correlations were not found between concentrations of lead in the blood and body weight or hematocrit. Conversely, high correlations were noted between concentrations of lead in the blood and measured liver and kidney concentrations (r = 0.946, P less than 0.01; r = 0.993, P less than 0.01, respectively). Numbers of intranuclear acid-fast inclusions per 10 consecutive fields (100x oil immersion lens) correlated well with measured kidney lead concentrations (r = 0.990, P less than 0.001).

Effects of lead shot ingestion in willow grouse

Willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) is the most popular game bird in Norway and hunted extensively. Ingestion of lead shot pellets as grit with consequently adverse effects is therefore a distinct possibility as this has been observed in other upland game birds. The present experiment was carried out to study the possible effects of ingested lead shot pellets on willow grouse.

Application of a liquid-phase sintering technique in the manufacture of a less toxic, composite bird shot

The problem of lead poisoning among bottom feeding waterfowl is outlined. A programme for the development of an alternative, non-toxic shot material is described. Power metallurgical techniques were used to prepare composite pellets consisting predominantly of iron and lead. These shot proved to be significantly less toxic than the mere reduction in lead content would indicate. The reduction in toxicity apparently occurs through fixation of lead by iron oxide, formed by corrosion of the iron component of the shot pellets.

Food Habits of Migratory Ducks in Illinois

As a basis for an effective, long-time program of management for the waterfowl of the Mississippi Flyway, detailed information about the diet of ducks that migrate through Illinois was considered essential. In the autumns of 1938, 1939, and 1940, duck gizzards totaling 4,977 were collected from hunting clubs and individual hunters at 21 sites along the Illinois River between Ottawa and Florence and 11 sites along the Mississippi River between Rock Island and Quincy. The following 17 duck species were represented: mallard, pintail, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, baldpate, gadwall, shoveler, black duck, wood duck, lesser scaup, ring-necked duck, redhead, canvasback, ruddy duck, greater scaup, common goldeneye, and oldsquaw. The analyses indicated that, during the fall, most species of ducks in Illinois are predominantly vegetarians, that most of them feed principally on native wild plants, and that the lesser scaup is the only species with a diet predominantly animal. Of the 95 wild plants and 4 cultivated plants found in the gizzards and identified to species, the following 19 were most important: corn, rice cutgrass, marsh smartweed, coontail, wild millet, longleaf pondweed, red-rooted nut-grass, waterhemp, nodding smartweed, buttonbush, large-seeded smartweed, nut-grass, chufa, Walter's millet, sago pondweed, duckpotato, river-bulrush, teal grass, and giant bur-reed. Snails and mussels provided the largest animal food volume and occurred in the largest number of gizzards. Insects were second in volume and occurrence. More than 200 of the gizzards examined contained lead shot pellets that had been ingested.