Shot Accuracy Research Articles

Operation of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures and floor and ceiling effects for test performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures used in the newly developed Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test (BJSAT) and assess for floor and ceiling effects in test performance. Thirty-one semi-professional basketball athletes completed four trials of the BJSAT. The BJSAT contains one jump shot at eight different locations, equally distributed across two- and three-point shots. Intra-rater reliability was determined by assessing the level of agreement between scores live in-person and watching captured video by the same assessor. Inter-rater reliability was determined by examining the level of agreement between two assessors who separately scored the BJSAT while watching captured video. Descriptive statistics and Cohen’s kappa (κ) were calculated to quantify the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the BJSAT. Floor and ceiling effects in scoring outcomes were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of the BJSAT. Significance for the study was set at p <0.05. Intra-rater reliability demonstrated an almost perfect (κ = 0.85, p <0.01) agreement between scores (12.6 ± 2.5 vs. 13.1 ± 2.8). The agreement for inter-rater reliability was rated as substantial (12.3 ± 2.5 vs. 13.5 ± 2.9, κ = 0.70, p <0.01). Floor and ceiling effects were absent in the BJSAT indicating the assessment is suitable for semi-professional basketball athletes. The BJSAT is an assessment where one or multiple assessors can reliably score shooting performance for functions including player monitoring, to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving skills and to assist with team selection across the season.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ КОЛЕБАНИЙ СТВОЛА НА УГОЛ ВЫЛЕТА СНАРЯДА ПРИ ВЫСТРЕЛЕ

The problem of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of an artillery gun barrel during firing is considered. Unsteady stress-strain equations for the gun barrel are solved together with equations of internal ballistics. Ballistic parameters and dynamics of the projectile motion inside a gun bore are determined using a thermodynamic approach. Formulation of the vibration problem accounts for the initial gravitational deflection of the barrel, mass forces, varying distribution of the propellant gas pressure, and the effect of moving projectile mass on gun barrel vibrations. To solve the equations for longitudinal and transverse gun barrel vibrations, difference schemes are obtained by integro-interpolation method. It has been revealed that the solution to the problem in a one-dimensional formulation is almost as accurate as the results obtained in a three-dimensional formulation. Moreover, the former case is significantly less time consuming. The decay time of the barrel longitudinal vibrations after shot is shown to be much less than the time between shots in the burst. Deviations of the transverse barrel vibrations from the initial firing angle are more significant, and the vibration decay time is longer than the time between shots, which affects the accuracy of single shots and the dispersion of shells in the burst mode. Thus, when firing from a 30 mm gun at the range of 1 km, lateral vibrations lead to a change in the height of target hit point by 8.7 m.

Machine Learning based Accuracy Prediction Model for Augmented Biofeedback in Precision Shooting

Abstract In military, police, security companies, and shooting sports, precision shooting training is of the outmost importance. In order to achieve high accuracy, trainees need to do a lot of training. Consequently, they will consume a great number of rounds (cartridges) and a considerable amount of professional coaches’ time - both could cost much. Our motivation is to reduce the costs and shorten the training time by implementing an augmented biofeedback system based on machine learning techniques. We designed a biofeedback system, which can detect and give feedback about three kinds of errors that regularly occur during precision shooting practice: excessive hand movement error, aiming error and triggering error. The system provides concurrent feedback about the first error and terminal feedback about the last two errors. Machine learning techniques are used for the identification of hand movement errors. A precision shooting accuracy prediction model based on random forest (RF) has been found as the most appropriate. The experimental results show that: (a) the proposed RF model achieves the prediction accuracy of 91.27%, higher than any of the existing reference models, and (b) the hand movement is strongly related to the accuracy of the precision shooting. An appropriate use of our system can lead to the reduced number of rounds used and to the disburdening of coaches as the trainee can learn about the most common mistakes from the system during the training.

Significance of Differences in the Performance Momentum Power of Arms, Legs, and the Accuracy of Shooting in Handball According to Normal Weight Categories for Junior Players

Basic skills are considered to be the first basis in handball. One of the most important basic skills is shooting skill. Therefore, it should be trained on and mastered to let the team guarantee ending attacks successfully. The variable of momentum power is in the first rank in the order of the physical capacities in handball. Coaches are well aware of the idea of developing the skillful performance is related to developing physical capacities especially momentum power. The weight of the player is considered as one of the most important physical measures that affects sports performance. The increase of mass of the body (weight) of the player is regarded as one of the muscles capacity obstacles because it is an overload burden (resistance) to both power, speed and performance in the sports activities field that require conducting fast and strong movements as happens in in handball. The problem of the study lies in our ignorance to the role of normal weight and weight categories that are far from it; whether increase or decrease in the performance of momentum power of (arms and legs) and the accuracy of shooting of Junior handball players. Whereas the aims of the study were:

군 임무별 권총 사격 정확도에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인 탐색

군 임무별 권총 사격 정확도에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인 탐색

An Extensive Comparative Analysis of Successful and Unsuccessful Football Teams in LaLiga.

The characterization of the in-game actions with the strongest influence on victory in football might be useful for designing playing styles that enhance teams’ performance. The aim of this study was to analyze in-game match statistics on the top-3 and bottom-3 teams ranked in LaLiga. Accumulated offensive and defensive match statistics when playing at home and away were obtained from LaLiga for 8 consecutive seasons. Data extraction was performed by computerized video-analysis. The top-3 and bottom-3 teams were compared using independent t-test analysis and the magnitude of the difference was cataloged with effect sizes. Overall, the offensive variable with the greatest magnitude of difference in the top-3 vs. bottom-3 comparison was shooting accuracy (ES ± 90% confidence interval = 4.15 ± 0.52) followed by the number of offsides (2.25 ± 0.60) and corners (2.14 ± 0.61). However, when playing away, the offensive variable with the greatest magnitude of difference in the top-3 vs bottom-3 comparison was the number of shots (3.30 ± 0.44). The defensive variables that best differentiated top 3 - bottom 3 teams were the number of corners (2.16 ± 0.43) and shots conceded (2.04 ± 0.39). In conclusion, the match statistics that best discriminated successful from unsuccessful football teams were shooting accuracy while attacking and the number of shots conceded while defending.

The Monitoring of Corn Sprouts Growth Using The Region Growing Methods

The aim of this research is to apply plant growth monitoring function using region growing method and Matlab application with an object of corn sprouts and parameters of length and time. The research process is done by taking pictures digitally change the color level (Red Green Blue) to grayscale, cropping the image and then calculate the growth of the plant using region growing. From the results of the study, region growing can be used to calculate the growth of plant length with parameters of length and time. The results of manual measurements show the growth of plant length by an average of 2.1 cm/day then the results of measurements with region growing show an average plant length of 2.3 cm/day, this result shows the comparison between manual and region growing measurements is 0.2 cm. The difference between manual calculation and region growing is caused by the accuracy of shooting and image cropping process.

Determining the Critical Aiming Window Duration Based On Shooter Skill Level

The fine-tuning phase of aiming directly prior to trigger pull has been hypothesized to influence shot accuracy, however there is little research exploring and distinguishing the different phases of motor control during aiming. This analysis seeks to establish a baseline model for determining the duration of the fine-tuning stage of target acquisition, or the critical aiming window (CAW). The study uses data collected from United States Army Soldier volunteers in a simulated firing event from two different stationary shooting positions (standing and kneeling). The method of investigation included calculation of velocity, acceleration, and jerk of the target marker over the course of aiming to identify trends indicative of a transition between shooting phases. While acceleration and jerk yielded inconclusive results, a significant decrease in velocity was identified during specific shooting positions. This model uses a function of average velocity throughout the shooting trial to determine the CAW.

The effects of combining focus of attention and autonomy support on shot accuracy in the penalty kick.

The penalty kick is of great importance in the sport of soccer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test predictions of the OPTIMAL theory and identify key attentional and motivational factors that impact the accuracy of the penalty kick. The following six groups of moderately skilled participants performed penalty kicks following instructions that directed their focus of attention or impacted their autonomy support: external focus with autonomy support (EF/AS), external focus alone (EF), internal focus with autonomy support (IF/AS), internal focus alone (IF), autonomy support alone (AS) and control (C) groups. The analysis showed that the EF/AS group demonstrated better kicking accuracy relatively to the IF/AS, IF and C groups, but there were no significant differences between the EF/AS and EF or AS groups. Interestingly, the EF/AS group showed higher self-efficacy compared to the EF, IF/AS, IF and C groups. The finding suggest that a combination of attentional and motivational factors may produce benefits in motor performance.

Serial MR Imaging Post Trigeminal Radiosurgery - Identifying Radiosurgical Shot Accuracy in Euclidean Space

Serial MR Imaging Post Trigeminal Radiosurgery - Identifying Radiosurgical Shot Accuracy in Euclidean Space

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REPEATED SPRINT ABILITY AND ACCURACY OF SOCCER SHOOTING PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG PLAYERS

Soccer is an intermittent sport in which players require an ultimate level of physical fitness. On the pitch, repeated sprint capability fulfills the physical fitness demands. Shooting accuracy is a significant attacking skill and occurs repeatedly in a match. The purpose of the present study was to know repeated sprint ability and its relationship with accuracy of soccer shooting performance of Bangladeshi young players. The study was carried out in 70 male soccer players aged between 16 to 19 years. Accuracy of soccer shooting and repeated sprint ability assessed using Loughbrough soccer shooting test and repeated sprint ability test. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation of coefficient and multiple regression equation. The moderate relationship was found between repeated sprint ability and accuracy of soccer shooting except sprint decrement rate. It is recommended that a proper training schedule must be arranged and implemented to develop the accuracy of shooing performance. Therefore, while selecting soccer players for the team repeated sprint ability would also be taken into consideration along with the soccer technique and skills. Article visualizations:

The Impact of Mental Fatigue on Force and Motor Unit Firing Variability in Young Adults

Mental fatigue leads to declines in performance of tasks such as cycling time trial performance and skill-based outcomes such as soccer shot accuracy. The neuromuscular mechanisms leading to these declines are not well understood. Although force variability has been shown to increase under dual-task conditions, it is not known if these results extend to conditions of mental fatigue. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of mental fatigue on variability in motor output in healthy, young individuals. Specifically, we sought to determine if a task that induces mental fatigue has effects on force and motor unit firing variability. METHODS: Nineteen participants (10 female, 9 male) performed 10-s isometric contractions at 20 and 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) before, during, and after completing 20 min of the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). The PVT is a sustained attention task that induces mental fatigue, as indicated by increases in reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli. Force and indwelling motor unit (MU) firings were measured prior to and immediately following performance of the PVT (single task), and within the first and final minutes of PVT performance (dual task). Subjective ratings of fatigue were also obtained using a 10-point Likert scale before and after the PVT. RESULTS: Reaction time increased by 14% from the beginning of the PVT (276.14 ± 31.54 ms) to the end (314.15 ± 37.74 ms, p<0.001). Subjects also subjectively reported greater levels of fatigue following the PVT (4.95 ± 1.84) compared to before (3.00 ± 1.20, p<0.001), indicating successful induction of mental fatigue. For the coefficient of variation (CV) of force there was no significant main effect of time (p=0.14) or contraction intensity (p=0.33), and no significant interaction (p=0.51). For the CV of the MU interspike interval there was a main effect of contraction intensity with a greater CV of the interspike interval during the 50% MVC (19.51 ± 3.84%) than the 20% MVC (14.87 ± 3.59%, p<0.001) contractions. However, there was no significant main effect of time (p=0.83) and no significant interaction (p=0.23). CONCLUSION: Inducing mental fatigue did not lead to changes in the variability of force production or motor unit firing during isometric contractions at 20 and 50% MVC as a single-task or during a concurrent cognitive task.

Effect of Puck Mass as a Task Constraint on Skilled and Less-Skilled Ice Hockey Players Performance

Manipulation of task constraints have previously been effective in task simplification enhancing skill development. This study examines how manipulation of puck masses affects movement behaviors in skilled and less-skilled ice hockey players during a representative ice hockey task. Fifty participants were separated into a skilled (n = 25) or less-skilled (n = 25) group. Three trials per condition of an obstacle course and breakaway goal attempt were completed in a counter-balanced design using three puck masses, categorized as light (133 g), regulation (170 g), and heavy (283 g). Findings revealed that use of the light puck by less-skilled participants reduced obstacle-course completion time (p &lt; .05,) and error occurrence (p &lt; .05,) while improving shot accuracy (p &lt; .05,) and goal success (p &lt; .05,) compared to the regulation and heavy puck. However, skilled participants had a decrease in performance when deviating from the regulation puck for all the dependent measures excluding an increase in goal success when using the light puck (p &lt; .05,). Findings demonstrated the functional coupling of puck mass and movement behaviors are dependent on the skill level of the performer.

The Effects of Shoulder Kinesio Taping on Shooting Accuracy and Joint Position Sense in Female Archery Athletes

The Effects of Shoulder Kinesio Taping on Shooting Accuracy and Joint Position Sense in Female Archery Athletes

The validity and reliability of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the content validity, construct validity and reliability of the newly developed Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test (BJSAT). Basketball athletes from different playing levels (State Basketball League [SBL], n = 30, age: 22.7 ± 6.1 yr; SBL Division I, n = 11, age: 20.6 ± 2.1 yr) completed four separate trials of the BJSAT with each trial consisting of shot attempts from two- and three-point distances at pre-determined court locations. Each shot attempt was scored utilising a criteria where higher scores were given when greater accuracy was exhibited. The BJSAT detected a significant, large difference in accuracy between two- and three-point shots (d = 0.99, p < 0.01). Relative reliability across the repeated trials was rated as moderate for all athletes (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.71, p < 0.01) and good for the SBL athletes (ICC = 0.78, p < 0.01). Absolute reliability for all athletes was above the acceptable benchmark (coefficient of variation = 16.2%); however superior to skill tests available in the literature. In conclusion, the BJSAT is sensitive to two- and three-point shooting accuracy and can reliably assess jump shooting accuracy in basketball athletes.

Effects of visual exercises training on developing ball velocity and accuracy shooting of penalty corner in field hockey

The primary aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of visual training on visual abilities of field hockey female players. A secondary aim was to examine the effect of visual training on velocity of ball shooting in penalty corner of field hockey female players, and the third aim was to determine the effect of visual training on accuracy of ball shooting in penalty corner of field hockey female players. The researcher has used the expermintal design for one group from the first female Sahrkia Club team. Twelve players were participated in this study and underwent for pre and post tests after the visual exercises training over 8 weeks, which considered 3 training times every week. The results of current study indicate that, the visual skills such as eye coordination, anticipation time and concentration were very important factors when players performed the penalty corner situation in field hockey matches.

PELATIHAN MODEL BEEF CONCEPT DISERTAI PUSH UP DAN JOGGING LEBIH MENINGKATKAN KETEPATAN SHOOTING FREETHROW BOLA BASKET DARI PADA PELATIHAN MODEL BEEF CONCEPT DISERTAI DUMBEL DAN JOGGING

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The objective of a basketball game is to insert the ball into the opponent's basket and keep our basket alone so as not to concede the ball. This becomes important because it determines points to improve the ability and maximize points in the game so this needs to be trained. Free throw shots can be done using one hand or two hands. Whereas a free throw is a shot given to a player for committing an offense. This shot is done in the exact position behind the line of free shots in accordance with the rules. Purpose:This study aims to compare training model 1 (beef concept with push up and jogging) and training model 2 (beef concept with dumble and jogging) to improve the accuracy of free throw shooting.This research was conducted on 40 students of SMP Negeri 1 Kuta Selatan who were chosen in simple random which has fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample was divided into two groups so that each group was 20 people and given different treatment for six weeks. Group 1 was given model 1 training and Group 2 was given a model 2 training. Methods:The data obtained were analyzed by paired t- test to find the difference between before and after training in both groups and t-independent test to find the difference of shooting free throw accuracy between groups both before and after the training. The meaning limit is 0.05. The research design used is experimental design Randomized Pre and Post test Group Design. According to Pocock's (2008) theory, each group consisted of 20 groups of 1 and group 2. All groups were given preliminary tests, between treatment one and two treatment were given concurrent training, then each treatment was observed.Results:The result showed that the accuracy of free throw shooting between groups after training was 3.85 ± 1.09 in group 1 and in group 2 was 2.90 ± 1.12. The average accuracy of free throw shooting in training model 1 was higher than with model 2 training which was statistically significantly different with p = 0,010 (p &lt;0,05).Conclution:From the results of this study it is concluded that the training of model 1 further improves the accuracy of free throw shooting rather than training model 2, Suggestion: in practice it is suggested to use training model 1 to improve the accuracy of free throw shooting.&#x0D; Keywords: beef concept, push up, jogging, dumble, free throw shooting

SHOOTING ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIAN NATIONAL BASKETBALL MEN’S TEAMS IN DIFFERENT AGE CATEGORIES

Background. One of the most important problems for players, coaches and scientists is improving the accuracy of shooting the basket. It is the most important technique for playing basketball, and its dependence on performance is multifaceted. Methods. All 37 games in the 2015 European Championships in U16, U18, U20 and men’s national team were analyzed. Data was selected from the official boxscores of FIBA (International Basketball Federation). The following absolute game-related statistics were gathered: free-throws, 2-point and 3-point field goals (both successful and unsuccessful). The obtained values of the rate of success of 2-point, 3-point and free throw shooting were tested by the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 20.0, and statistical significance was set at p &lt; .05. Results. Comparing the number and accuracy of shots taken from 2-point distance, we found that there was no significant difference between men of different ages (p &gt; .05). Most 3-point shots were done by U16 youth team, the least was in men’s national basketball team, a significant difference in the indicators (p &lt; .05) was found between all the teams, except between men’s national team and U18 (p &gt; .05). Comparing free-throws’ indicators between different age groups, most throws were done by U16 team, the least were done by the U20 team (p &lt; .05); however, there were no differences between the other significant indicators (p &gt; .05). Comparing free-throws accuracy indicators between the different age groups of basketball teams, significant differences in indicators were found between men’s national basketball team and U20, U16 (p &lt; .05). Conclusions. The count of 2-point shots made in Lithuanian different age basketball national team games was more or less similar. Most 3-point shots were made by U16 team and the national men’s team made least 3-pointers. The indicators of accuracy did not have a significant difference between national teams, except for free throws: men’s national team made these shots most accurately, opposite situation was with U16 team.

THE EFFECT OF DYNAMIC BALANCE EXERCISES ON CERTAIN KINEMATIC VARIABLES AND JUMP SHOOT ACCURACY AMONG FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of dynamic balance exercises on certain Kinematic Variables andJump Shoot Accuracy among Female Basketball Players. Researchers used the experimental method for one groupwith pre - post Tests. The research sample was intentionally selected for Female Basketball Players under the ageof 16 at the Beni Suef club registered in the Egyptian Basketball Federation for the 2019 sports season andtotalling ten (10) players who were filmed during the Jump Shoot after dribbling to recognize certain KinematicVariables that affect shooting accuracy. Researchers conducted tests of front and lateral balance using a (MFT)device, Hexagon Test, Vertical jump from motion and skill tests to measure the accuracy and speed of the shoot.The implementation of the training program was conducted for eight weeks - five units per week; the time of eachunit was 120 minutes, including 40 min. devoted to balance exercises. The main findings showed improvementin the results of balance tests using the (MFT)device, Hexagon, vertical jump from motion, and improvement inthe motion path of the centre of gravity for the horizontal and vertical paths. It also showed benefits for thehorizontal displacement transfer of Momentum to vertical motion energy which enabled the player to reach thehighest point, and improvement of shooting angles which is considered the main factor in giving the ball theright trajectory in order to enter the ring to improve the ratio of the jump shoot. Researchers recommended thenecessity of using dynamic balance exercises within Female training programs.

The Impact of Fatigue on Jump Shot Height and Accuracy Over a Longer Shooting Distance in Basketball

This study basically aimed to establish how a gradual increase in effort (fatigue) affects the jump height and accuracy of shots at the basket. For this purpose, an elite basketball player, Primož Brezec, performed seven series of 20 shots from a distance of 7.24 metres. All shots were executed in four-second intervals and the height of each jump shot was measured. The accuracy of shots was established on the basis of the number of goals and distance from the centre of the ball to the centre of the rim of the basket. Thus, for each shot a kinematic analysis was applied using the APAS system to calculate the parabolas of ball fl ight and the distance between the two points mentioned. During an individual series of shots the subject player performed a special basketball motor task consisting of running, a defensive slide and jumps. The effort gradually increased with each motor task and, in the meantime, the subject’s heart rate and concentration of lactates in his blood were measured. The results of the study show that the jump height decreases on average with each series of shots (with the exception of series two) and that the differences between the series are statistically signifi cant (p &lt; 0.01). There were no statistically signifi cant differences between the individual series of shots in terms of shooting accu-racy and / or number of goals. The number of goals decreased drastically in the last series, i. e. in the conditions of maximum fatigue (heart rate: 197 beats / min, lactate concentration: 9.7 mmol / l). The average distance between the centre of the ball and the centre of the rim in the plane of the rim ranges between 13.5 and 16.6 cm, however, it does not increase with fatigue.Keywords: jump shot, kinematic analysis, accuracy, jump height, fatigue.