Shorthand Notation Research Articles

Opening the Borders of "American Art"

Katherine E. Manthorne Art: National Museum of Art, Smithsonian Institution-these are the first words that we encounter on the journal's cover. They announce a historic agenda that extends nationwide and embraces the potential participation of an immense body of readers and contributors. Such an ambitious mission raises a number of questions, two of which demand immediate attention. The first surrounds the use of the term American. So far, it has been used in these pages as a shorthand notation to refer almost exclusively to the United States, a single country of fifty states. This traditional focus often complicates efforts to address the rich art of our fellow inhabitants in the Americas. Notwithstanding this problematic concern, ongoing sociopolitical debates have reinforced our awareness of the need to account for the multiplicity of voices within the United States of America.' Yet while scholars debate the validity of the melting pot as a legitimate schema for national developments, the popular tendency has been to retain that myth. So whose story, whose art history, then, do we tell? In this climate of multicultural awareness, it is all too common to promise ever-widening representation. Since its inception, Art has played an active role in the rethinking of the discipline on issues of race and gender and of folk art and crafts production. We can do even better in questioning the politics of art, with its unwritten edicts for inclusion and exclusion. But it requires the participation of all to redress the balances and ensure that this journal's content speaks to our shared concerns. The second point centers on the concept of art and brings us to the heart of the current controversy over elitism versus democracy in the arts. One side might be represented by the recent National Endowment for the Arts report entitled American Canvas, which accused the arts of the sin of elitism. The other side finds its most prominent spokesperson in Metropolitan Museum of Art director Philippe de Montebello, who in turn has resoundingly asserted elitism as a virtue rather than a vice. Where in relation to these two endpoints should Art situate itself? To stake its claim, we need to pay attention to what has been called the ideology of democracy. In this world view, not only are all men and women created equal, but so too are all cultures and their artifacts.2 This democratizing tendency has been affirmed by much of the new art history and the newer move toward the study of visual culture as an alternative to more circumscribed definitions of artistic production. To date Art has subscribed to this principle, publishing essays on the art of Winslow Homer or Jackson Pollock alongside those on Elvis Presley's Graceland and a nodding-head pink flamingo. The journal's

Dehydration Process of TlB5O6(OH)4·2H2O and Crystal Structure of TlB5O8

The dehydration of TlB5O6(OH)4·2H2O leads to a loss of water in one step, forming anhydrous TlB5O8, which is amorphous to X-ray diffraction. This can be explained by structural considerations; a decrease in oxygenated coordination of thallium ions occurs during the heating. TlB5O8crystallizes at about 450°C and melts at 660°C. By slow cooling from the melt, single crystals were obtained. TlB5O8is orthorhombic, space groupPbca, with unit cell parametersa=7.557(3) Å,b=11.925(6) Å,c=14.734(19) Å;Z=8. The structure was solved from 1113 reflections untilR=0.023 andRw=0.026. The structure consists of two separate interlocking three-dimensional networks of pentaborate groups, which form large empty tunnels. Nine oxygen atoms belonging to four different pentaborate groups surround each thallium ion. Except for the presence of pentaborate groups with almost the same geometry, there is no relation between the structure of TlB5O8and that of its hydrated precursor, TlB5O6(OH)4·2H2O; the shorthand notation of polyborate anions in these compounds is 5:∞3(4Δ+T) and 5:4Δ+T, respectively.

Modeling formalisms for dynamic structure systems

We present a new concept for a system network to represent systems that are able to undergo structural change. Change in structure is defined in general terms, and includes the addition and deletion of systems and the modification of the relations among components. The structure of a system network is stored in the network executive. Any change in structure-related information is mapped into modifications in the network structure. Based on these concepts, we derive three new system specifications that provide a shorthand notation to specify classes of dynamic structure systems. These new formalisms are: dynamic structure discrete time system, dynamic structure differential equation specified systems, and dynamic structure discrete event system specification. We demonstrate that these formalisms are closed under coupling, making hierarchical model construction possible. formalisms are described using set theoretic notation and general systems theory concepts.

Crystal Structure of Thallium Triborate, TIB3O5

Thallium triborate, TlB3O5(TBO), crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group P212121with unit cell dimensionsa=5.2099(3) Å,b=8.248(1) Å, andc=10.206(2) Å;Z=4. The structure was solved from 1340 independent reflections toR=0.038 andRw=0.041. The borate anion of the structure forms a three-dimensional framework built up from B3O3rings; its shorthand notation is 3:∞3(2Δ+T), where Δ is a BO3triangle andTis a BO4tetrahedron. This compound is isostructural with CsB3O5(CBO) but some differences exist in the oxygenated surroundings of cesium and thallium cations due to the larger size of Cs+. Like CBO, TBO may be a good candidate for nonlinear optical applications as a second harmonic generator.

Duchamp from syntax to bride: Sa langue dans sa joue

In an interview in 1959 with Richard Hamilton and George Heard Hamilton, Marcel Duchamp stated, probably of the Mariée (Bride) of August 1912 (figure I), ‘It's not the bride itself, it's a concept of a bride that I had to put on the canvas one way or another, but it was more important that I should have thought of it in words, in terms of words, before I actually drew it.’1 This observation surprisingly suggests that we read Duchamp's prolific Notes as a consciously generative force behind his art, and not as a temporary shorthand notation of a primarily visual conception.2 In other words, it is somehow important that whatever concepts Duchamp attempted to convey through the images in the Bride (and later in the Large Glass) were first filtered through the verbal medium of the Notes.

MHD Leaky Waves in a Layered Plasma: III Numerical Solutions

We study numerically the Fourier pseudomodes of complex frequency, that represent leaky waves, for two configurations consisting of three layers of uniform plasma in equilibrium, using the methods developed in the previous papers. The spectra consist of an infinite set of branches. We introduce a shorthand notation that allows us to identify the branches and we discuss their behavior. We show examples of leaky waves that in the neighborhood of certain limiting cases correspond to some of the four basic mechanisms discussed in a previous paper.

A new approach to measurement modelling in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The procedure for the analysis of impedance spectroscopy results is outlined. On this basis, the measurement modelling of electrochemical systems is discussed. Attention is focused on several types of ambiguities resulting from the application of electrical equivalent circuits as models, and on the limitations of this type of model. Replacement of equivalent circuit models by more general mathematical models is proposed. This eliminates both the need for detailed assumptions in the measurement modelling and the ambiguity of the results. In this approach, the use of equivalent circuits is reduced to a rough shorthand notation of electrochemical systems. The demarcation between measurement models and process models is also discussed.

Crystal structure determination of lithium diborate hydrate, LiB2O3(OH).H2O, from X-ray powder diffraction data collected with a curved position-sensitive detector

The crystal structure of lithium diborate hydrate, LiB2O3(OH).H2O, has been solved ab initio and refined by the Rietveld method from powder diffraction data collected with a curved position-sensitive detector (INEL CPS120) using Debye–Scherrer diffraction geometry with monochromatic X-rays. In the first stage the indexing of the powder pattern was performed by the successive dichotomy method from data collected with a diffractometer using Bragg–Brentano geometry. The lattice parameters are a = 9.7984 (10), b = 8.2759 (7) and c = 9.6138 (8) Å and the space group is Pnna. The structural model was obtained from direct methods and two difference Fourier maps. The Rietveld refinement converged to final crystal structure and profile indicators RF = 0.05, RB = 0.05, Rp = 0.03 and Rwp = 0.04. The structure consists of BO4 tetrahedra (T) and BO2(OH) triangles (Δ) sharing corners in order to form infinite chains along [010], with the shorthand notation 3:∞1(Δ + 2T). The particular linkage of the B3O3 rings leads to a new diborate anion {[B2O3(OH)] n− n }, in which two tetrahedral B atoms have an occupation factor of 0.5. Li atoms, tetrahedrally surrounded by four O atoms, three belonging to separate chains and one to a water molecule maintain the cohesion of the structure.

Spin slip model for magnetically modulated structures in PrCo2Si2 and NdCo2Si2

Abstract One-dimensional spatially propagating magnetic structures of PrCo 2 Si 2 and NdCo 2 Si 2 are discussed, based on a phenomenological spin slip model, analogous to the case of the magnetic structures for Ho. Long period modulated structures can be easily expressed and understandable qualitatively in a shorthand notation by a combination between integers and dots.

Taxonomy and conformational analysis of loops in proteins

We propose a general classification scheme for loops, aperiodic segments of protein structure. In an effort to avoid the geometric complexity created by non-repeating φ ψ angles, a morphologic definition that focuses upon the linearity and planarity of loops is utilized. Out of 432 loops (4 to 20 residues in length) extracted from 67 proteins, 205 are classified as linear (straps), 133 as non-linear and planar (omegas), and 86 as non-linear and non-planar (zetas). The remaining 8 are classified as compound loops because they contain a combination of strap, Ω, and ζ morphologies. We introduce a structural alphabet as a shorthand notation for describing local conformation. The symbols of this alphabet are based on the virtual dihedral angle joining four consecutive alpha carbons. The notation is used to provide a compact description of loop motifs in phosphate binding and calcium binding proteins. Since similar loop conformations form similar “words”, the structural sequence facilitates the search for common structural motifs in a family of loops. Contrary to the view of loops as “random coils”, we find loops to have positional preferences for amino acid residues analogous to those previously described for β-turns.

BOND GRAPH MODELLING—A GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY APPROACH

Abstract Bond graph models are studied with the frame of General Systems Theory. Bond graph models as conceptual systems belong to the “Structure” level of GST. The Structure level can be partitioned in a hierarchy of four epistemological sublevels. To the “third” sublevel belong physical net-systems obeying the generalized Kirchhoff laws, consisting from R, C, I 1-ports, TR and GY 2-ports and from junction N-ports. It is shown that the acausal bond graph is the shorthand notation of the physical net-system, belonging therefore to the same epistemological sublevel. The causal bond graph conveys more information than the acausal one, allowing the formulation of the state space system equations in a straightforward manner. It represents therefore the next, higher level of structural system specification.

Response and Stability of a Random Differential Equation: Part II—Expansion Method

A linear stochastic differential equation of order N with colored noise random coefficients and random input is studied. An approximate expression for the autocorrelation of the response is derived in terms of the statistical properties of the random coefficients and input. This is achieved by using an expansion method known as the Born expansion (Feynman, 1962). Feynman diagrams are used as a short hand notation. In the particular case where the coefficients are white noise processes, the expansion method yields identical results to those obtained using an alternate method in a companion paper (Benaroya and Rehak, 1989). The expansion method is also used to demonstrate that white noise coefficients are statistically uncorrelated from the response.

The compact display of arbitrary nested arrays

An enhanced array display function, upward compatible from the one supplied with APL2, is presented. It overcomes several difficulties involved with the display of very large or very deep nested arrays, and permits convenient examination of arrays which would otherwise overflow the screen or observation window. Sub-array replication and sub-array similarity in the displayed array are considered at every depth, and presented in a straightforward shorthand notation if invoked. Also, leaf detail is elided by general compaction, but only if it precludes a reasonable overall display size.

Black and White and Red All Over: The Sonnet Mistress Amongst the Ndembu*

Among terminally ill figures of speech, the cliché of rosy cheeks, ruby lips, and snow-white skin may be counted downright deceased. Even in medieval and Renaissance love poetry, roses in the cheeks, lips like cherries or rubies, skin like ivory, lilies, or snow were stiffly conventional: freshness of complexion prompted no freshness of metaphor. The mistress's red-and-white face was relentlessly emblazoned, “red and white” becoming a short-hand notation for feminine beauty: “With lilies white / And roses bright / Doth strive thy colour fair” (Wyatt 65); “Fair is my love … / A lily pale, with damask dye to grace her” (Passionate Pilgrim no. 7); “Thou art not fair for all thy red and white” (Campion 264). The mistress in Spenser's Amoretti has “ruddy cheekes” and “snowy browes” (no. 64); the bride in his Epithalamion is a vision in red and white—cheeks like sun-reddened apples, lips like cherries, forehead like ivory, “breast like to a bowle of creame uncrudded, / Her paps lyke lyllies budded, / Her snowie necke”; when she blushes, “the red roses flush up in her cheekes, / and the pure snow with goodly vermill [vermillion] stayne, / Like crimsin dyde” (Il. 172-7, 226-8).

Automatic recognition and transcription of Pitman's handwritten shorthand—An approach to shortforms

A verbatim written transcript of speech would have many applications in the office, in verbatim reporting and as an aid for the deaf. Unfortunately, the automatic recognition of unlimited vocabulary speech is not likely to be possible for a number of years. An alternative strategy, investigated at Southampton University, is to attempt the less complex task of automatically transcribing handwritten notes made using the Pitman shorthand notation. Pitman shorthand outlines can be split into two classes of characters, shortforms (comprising over 90 of the most frequently used words and phrases in the English language) and vocalised outlines which can represent any word pseudo-phonetically. The shortforms represent as much as 50% of normal shorthand and are recognised directly using a dynamic programming technique with typical recognition accuracy of over 90%. Vocalised outlines are recognised using a syntactic method which interacts with a knowledge source derived from analysis of a large number of shorthand outlines. This paper describes the recognition strategy for Pitman shorthand shortforms which uses the dynamic programming template matching technique.

Descriptive field symbols for inped soil macropores

Abstract A short hand notation for depicting inped soil macropores is presented. By utilizing symbols for macropore diameter, facial shape, pore length, inped shape and pore orientation; it is possible to quickly portray inped field macropores. Circles, ellipses, and triangles of differing dimensions are used to symbolize round, elliptical, and irregular facial shaped pores of different diameters. The pore length and orientation are symbolized by line length and line direction. The inped shapes (spherical, tubular, and elongated) are respectively represented by one line, two parallel lines, or three parallel lines within or intersecting the pore shape symbols. Field application of this methodology saves time and is valuable when numerous inped pores need to be depicted.

UPON SOME INORGANIC HETEROCYCLES IN THALLIUM (I) BORATES AND GERMANATES

Abstract The structural study of some hydrated thallium (I) borates shows the existence of macroionic chains which can be considered as condensed heterocycles. In Tl [B3O4(OH)2] 0.5H2O, the unit is the well known B3O3 ring; it is formed by two BO3 triangles (Δ) and one BO4 tetrahedron (T); these units are linked to form an infinite chain; its shorthand notation is 3:∞1 (2Δ + T). The structure of Tl4 [B7O10(OH)3 · OBO(OH)] H2O contains a unit constituted by three B3O3 rings linked together by boron atoms; each ring is formed by two BO4 tetrahedra and one BO3 triangle; the corresponding fully hydrated polyanion is [B7O9(OH)7]4-. The chain is made up of units linked by BO2(OH) triangles; the shorthand notation of this borate is: 7:∞1 [(3Δ + 4T) + Δ]. The structure of Tl8Ge5O14 is composed of isolated Ge5O14 units; they are formed by a crown of four GeO4 tetrahedra linked by shared oxygens; two other oxygens of two of these GeO4 tetrahedra belong also to a fifth GeO4 tetrahedron which is located at the center of the crown.

4 - WITHDRAWN: Exponents and Polynomials

This Book/Chapter has been withdrawn as the rights have been returned to the author

A Shorthand Notation for Carbonate Facies--Dunham Revisited: ABSTRACT

Carbonate facies can be described in a concise format that reads like an algebraic equation: CARBONATE FACIES = (LITHIC DESCRIPTOR) (COMPOSITION) (TEXTURE) ± REMARK. Lithic descriptors are portrayed by symbols for sedimentary structures, admixtures of argillaceous or arenaceous material, diagenetic features, and/or porosity. The second term, composition, generally used for describing the sand-size fraction of the rock, is represented by symbols designed to look like the grains themselves. Compositional symbols that appear in the equation should include only common rock-forming particle types, listed in order of decreasing abundance. The third term of the equation, texture, consists of a one-letter or two-letter abbreviation for the textural terms of Dunham or of Embray and Klovan. The fourth term of the descriptive equation is optional and allows a qualifying remark, using a minimum of appropriate symbols. Thus, a limestone that is cross-stratifie and consists of 75% ooids and 25% carbonate cement is written as X^ThgrG. Advantages of this shorthand system are (1) it is graphic and can be used to expedite routine sample logging and digital data recording; (2) it is useful in maps and cross sections to illustrate facies patterns in carbonate rocks, (3) it provides an international shorthand that transcends language barriers, and (4) it is both descriptive and genetic and has important implications for porosity prediction, and is thus an aid in the search for stratigraphic traps. End_of_Article - Last_Page 146------------

Mise en évidence d'un nouvel anion à huit atomes de bore dans Tl 4[B 8O 12(OH) 4]H 2O

The structure solution of an hydrated thallium diborate previously formulated Tl 2B 4O 7 · 2H 2O has led to the correct formula Tl 4[B 8O 12(OH) 4]H 2O. This compound is triclinic with a = 7.221(4)Å, b = 9.494(4)Å, c = 15.592(8)Å, α = 114°.86(4), β = 90°.25(7), γ = 99°.70(4), Z = 2, space group P 1 . Independent reflections numbering 1594 were used in the solution and refinement of the structure to R = 0.039 ( R w = 0.042). The structure contains a new unit [B 8O 12(OH) 4] −, formed by four BO 4( T) tetrahedra and four BO 3(Δ) triangles. In the Christ and Clark classification for borates ( Phys. Chem. Mineral. 2, 59 (1977)), the structural formula should be written [B 7O 10(OH) 3 · OBO(OH)] 4−. A fundamental building block with seven boron atoms is found for the first time; the correspondent fully hydrated polyanion is [B 7O 9(OH) 7] 4−; the shorthand notation is 7 : 3 Δ + 4 T. The units [B 7O 10(OH) 3 · OBO(OH)] 4− or 7 : (3 Δ + 4 T) + Δ are linked together to form an infinite chain. Tl + and H 2O are located between the chains.