Shortest Path Routing Research Articles

Mixtec negative existential cycles, standard negation and negative indefiniteness

In Mixtec scholarship one finds hesitant claims that Mixtec standard negators (‘not’) derive from or are related to existential ones (‘there is not’). The data are complex, not least because there are several standard and existential negators. This paper confirms these claims, with reference to current typological theorizing on the “Negative Existential Cycle” and provides as full an account as possible of the effect of this cycle in Mixtec. The study also argues that the Mixtec languages show evidence for introducing a “Negative Existential Indefiniteness Cycle”. This process makes negative indefinite pronouns (like ‘nobody’) out of negative existential constructions (like ‘not exists somebody’), of which each component gets lost at the clausal level and may reappear.

Fault-Tolerant Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks using a Gaussian Network

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are utilised for sensing various physical and environmental variables like temperature, pressure, motion, and pollution. A component of a network to continue operating even when some sensor nodes fail is regarded as fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks. Due to battery life deadlines and the challenges associated with charging or replacing failing nodes, the deployment of sensor nodes in the target area is done in a dense manner to maximise coverage and connection. This paper implements a hybrid fault-tolerant routing methodology to address the problem of fault tolerance in hierarchical topology for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The network location is partitioned into small square grids, with a Gaussian integer serving as each grid's cluster head. A Gaussian network is created through communicating these cluster heads together. Discovering the Gaussian network's shortest path and multi-path routing, the project implements a hybrid Fault-tolerant Clustering routing protocol based on Gaussian network for Wireless Sensor Network (FCGW). The purpose of FCGW is to improve fault tolerance and reduce energy consumption for Wireless Sensor Networks. Experimental results using MATLAB shows that FCGW protocol has high data reliability. In addition, the FCGW protocol consumes lesser energy in the network compared to other protocols namely FT-LEACH, HEED and PSO-UFC

Warm-Starting Nested Rollout Policy Adaptation with Optimal Stopping

Nested Rollout Policy Adaptation (NRPA) is an approach using online learning policies in a nested structure. It has achieved a great result in a variety of difficult combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we propose Meta-NRPA, which combines optimal stopping theory with NRPA for warm-starting and significantly improves the performance of NRPA. We also present several exploratory techniques for NRPA which enable it to perform better exploration. We establish this for three notoriously difficult problems ranging from telecommunication, transportation and coding theory namely Minimum Congestion Shortest Path Routing, Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows and Snake-in-the-Box. We also improve the lower bounds of the Snake-in-the-Box problem for multiple dimensions.

Direct, indirect, and vicarious nature experiences collectively predict preadolescents' self-reported nature connectedness and conservation behaviors.

The quantity and context of children's nature experiences are undergoing significant changes, exacerbating a pervasive negative cycle that could impact future conservation efforts. Therefore, it is essential to conduct further studies on the potential impacts of these changes on children's willingness to engage in conservation practices. We surveyed 2,175 preadolescents (aged 9-12) from rural and city schools in Hangzhou, Kunming, and Xishuangbanna, China, regarding their nature experiences (direct, indirect, and vicarious) and self-reported nature connectedness and conservation behaviors. We found that children in urban areas have higher frequencies of indirect and vicarious experiences than those in rural areas, with some direct nature experiences seldom reported among city respondents. Direct, indirect, and vicarious nature experiences significantly predicted children's conservation behavior and collectively provided the highest predictive power for conservation behavior. Direct and vicarious experiences were strongly correlated with pro-nature behavior, and the latter with pro-environmental behavior. Emotional and cognitive connection with nature positively predicted conservation behavior, influenced by location and residence type. This study reveals that different types of nature experiences shape children's current conservation behaviors in China.

704-P: Effects of Comorbidity Burden among Adult Medicaid Beneficiaries with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes self-management and health outcomes are complicated by comorbid conditions. Obesity, arthritis, pain conditions and others can create barriers to exercise and blood sugar goals. The burden patients experience managing chronic conditions may affect subsequent behaviors and outlook, creating a negative cycle. Understanding the impact of patients’ perceptions of comorbidity burden may inform future patient-centered healthcare services and community supports. We conducted a secondary data analysis using baseline and 3 month follow up survey data from an ongoing social needs intervention trial involving adult Medicaid beneficiaries with Type 2 diabetes. The sample (N=350) was 24-68 years old (M=52, SD=9), mostly female (n = 274; 78%), African American (n = 232; 66%) or White (n = 98; 28%), and had a mean of 7.6 (SD=3.0) of the 21 conditions, including diabetes, assessed at baseline. Each condition was rated by participants for impact on their daily activities (1=not at all; 5=a lot). Sum scores reflect ratings for diabetes burden only (M=2.9, SD=1.6) and all other conditions combined (M=21.0, SD=12.7). Bivariate correlations showed significant (p<.05) positive associations between diabetes burden and three month outcomes: sum social needs (r= .17), stress (r= .11), depression (r= .14), diabetes distress (r= .35), frequency of checking blood sugar (r= .16), but inverse associations with difficulty sleeping (r= -.17) and diabetes self-efficacy (r= -.15). The associations with other comorbidity burden ratings were similar except stronger with depression (r= .33) and receipt of government assistance programs (r= .17). Although people with diabetes have substantial self-management responsibilities, the effect was not different from other comorbidity burden on social needs and psychosocial outcomes, suggesting that similar or holistic interventions to reduce the negative effects of disease burden may be more efficient and effective to implement than disease-focused interventions. Disclosure A.Mcqueen: None. N.Verdecias: None. C.A.Caburnay: None. R.E.Smith: None. D.J.Broussard, jr.: None. D.A.Von nordheim: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK115916-01)

Some notes on negated and quantified objects in Middle English and Early Modern English

AbstractIn this paper, I present a novel corpus investigation of quantified and negated objects in the Middle English and Early Modern English period, which is embedded within the wider language change scenario from linear OV to linear VO in the history of English. It will be shown that evidence for preverbal positioning of such objects is mostly limited to translated texts in Middle English in the PPCME2 corpus, and that by late Middle English, most of the hits consist of negated elements, as shown in the PCEEC corpus, which consists of native texts. The different constraints governing spell out of positive objects in Old English and Middle English are discussed and compared to the licensing of negated and quantified objects. The data provided in this paper constitute further evidence for Ingham's (2000, 2002, 2007) analysis of preposed negated objects in late ME and their correlation with the Negative Cycle, and complement previous investigations on negated and quantified objects in Middle English and Early Modern English.

Cervix-deep rectal temperature differential on the day of ovulation is correlated with embryo recovery results

In many species, the reproductive tract experiences a temperature decrease before ovulation to aid gamete maturation. For example, pre-ovulatory follicles are ≤1.0°C cooler than ovarian stroma in cattle, and a lower temperature differential (TD) between cervix-rectum at the time of insemination has been correlated with pregnancy in cows. The present study aimed to compare TDs (cervix-deep rectal) in positive versus negative embryo recovery cycles. Deep rectal and cervical temperatures were measured using a precision thermometer with a 30cm probe (Electronic Temperature Instruments Ltd, UK; resolution 0.01°C, accuracy ±0.05°C) in 19 mares over 32 estrous cycles. Mares were inseminated with a fertile stallion and excluded if they required any treatment other than oxytocin administration. Embryo flushing was undertaken on Day 7/8. Deep rectal and cervical temperatures were taken on 5 occasions: the day of deslorelin administration and insemination, the day before ovulation, the day of ovulation (Day 0), one day post ovulation and before embryo recovery on Day 7 or 8. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test. The median TD (cervix-deep rectal), and cervical and deep rectal temperatures were compared between cycles with a positive versus negative embryo recovery. From the 32 cycles, 21 (65.6%)cycles produced an embryo. On the day of ovulation positive cycles showed a lower median TD than negatives ones (0.19 vs. 0.40 °C; p=0.001). For the 11 negatives cycles a lower median TD was seen in the two days prior to ovulation versus the day of ovulation and the day of embryo recovery (p≤0.023 in all cases). For positive cycles lower median TDs were seen at all time points from induction till one day after ovulation versus the day of embryo recovery (p<0.007 in all cases). For rectal or cervical temperatures per se no significant differences were seen between positive and negative cycles at any time point. However, in negative cycles median cervical temperature was lower the day before ovulation versus the day of embryo recovery (p=0.014). In positive, but not negative, cycles the median rectal temperatures on the day of induction, ovulation and the day after ovulation were higher than on the day of embryo recovery (p<0.035 for all days). In conclusion, as in cattle, a thermoregulatory process occurs at the time of ovulation in the mare in which a lower TD between cervix and rectum is related to a greater likelihood of pregnancy. Further characterization of TDs within the reproductive tract of the mare would increase our understanding of the conditions required for oocyte maturation.

Multigateway Designation for Real-Time TSCH Networks Using Spectral Clustering and Centrality

This letter proposes a multi-gateway designation framework to design real-time wireless sensor networks (WSNs) improving traffic schedulability, i.e., meeting the traffic time constraints. To this end, we resort to Spectral Clustering unsupervised learning that allows defining arbitrary k disjoint clusters without knowledge of the nodes physical position. In each cluster we use a centrality metric from social sciences to designate one gateway. This novel combination is applied to a time-synchronized channel-hopping (TSCH) WSN under earliest-deadline-first (EDF) scheduling and shortest-path routing. Simulation results under varying configurations show that our framework is able to produce WSN designs that greatly reduce the worst-case network demand. In a situation with 5 gateways, 99% schedulability can be achieved with 3.5 times more real-time flows than in a random benchmark.

Live birth rate per transfer is not impacted by the proportion of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum aggregates oocytes.

Despite the data published to date, prognostic factors and the clinical impact of ICSI cycles with smooth endoplasmatic reticulum aggregates (SERa) positive oocytes remain unclear. Are the clinical outcomes of an ICSI cycle impacted by the proportion of oocytes with SERa? Retrospective study (2016-2019), including data from 2468 ovum pick-ups, performed in a tertiary university hospital. Cases are categorised based on the rate of SERa positive oocytes compared to the total number of MII oocytes: 0% (n=2097), <30% (n=262) and ≥30% (n=109). Patient characteristics, cycle characteristics and clinical outcomes are compared between the groups. Compared to SERa negative cycles, women with ≥30% SERa positive oocytes are older (36.2y vs. 34.5y, p<0.001), have lower anti-mullerian hormone levels (AMH) (1.6ng/ml vs. 2.3ng/ml, p<0.001), have received more gonadotropins (3227U vs. 2858IU, p=0.003), have a lower number of good quality day 5 blastocysts (1.2 vs. 2.3, p<0.001) and face more blastocyst transfer cancellation (47.7 vs. 23.7%, p<0.001). Women with <30% SERa positive oocytes are younger (33.8y, p=0.04), have higher AMH levels (2.6ng/ml, p<0.001), have more oocytes retrieved (15.1, p<0.001), have a higher number of good quality day 5 blastocysts (3.2, p<0.001) and have less transfer cancellations (14.9%, p<0.001) compared to SERa negative cycles A multivariate analysis shows no significant difference in cycle outcomes between the categories. Treatment cycles with ≥30% SERa positive oocytes are less likely to result in an embryo transfer when only non-SER oocytes are used. However, live birth rate per transfer is not affected by the proportion of SERa positive oocytes.

Educational experiences of young people with ADHD in the UK: Secondary analysis of qualitative data from the CATCh-uS mixed-methods study.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. Young people with ADHD have poorer educational and social outcomes than their peers. We aimed to better understand educational experiences of young people with ADHD in the UK, and make actionable recommendations for schools. In this secondary analysis of qualitative data, we used Thematic Analysis to analyse information relating to experiences of education from 64 young people with ADHD and 28 parents who participated in the Children and adolescents with ADHD in Transition between Children's services and adult Services (CATCh-uS) study. Emerging patterns within and across codes led to organization of the data into themes and subthemes through an iterative process. Two main themes were generated. The first described young people's early experiences of education, often within a mainstream setting; we labelled this the problematic provision loop, as this was a negative cycle that was repeated several times for some participants. The second theme described young people's more positive progression through education once they progressed out of the problematic loop. Educational experiences for young people with ADHD are often negative and fraught with complication. Young people with ADHD often found themselves on a more positive trajectory after they were placed in an alternative form of education provision (mainstream or otherwise), or where they were able to study topics that interest them and play to their strengths. We make recommendations that commissioners, local authorities and schools could consider in order to better support those with ADHD.

Use of Sleep Aids in Insomnia: The Role of Time Monitoring Behavior.

Objective: Over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription sleep medications are frequently used as treatments for chronic insomnia, despite risks and limited long-term efficacy. Investigating mechanisms underlying this predilection for pharmacotherapy may uncover strategies to decrease reliance on sleep aids. The objective of this study was to determine how time monitoring behavior (TMB; clock-watching) and associated frustration may interact with insomnia symptoms to drive the use of sleep aids.Methods: Patients (N = 4,886) presenting for care at a community-based, private sleep medical center between May 2003 and October 2013 completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Time Monitoring Behavior-10 (TMB-10) and reported their frequency of sleep medication use (OTC and prescription, separately). Mediation analyses examined how clock-watching and related frustration could be associated with insomnia symptoms and medication use.Results: The relationship between TMB and sleep medication use was significantly explained by ISI (P < .05), in that TMB (especially related frustration) appears to aggravate insomnia, which in turn leads to sleep aid use. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, the relationship between ISI and sleep medication use was explained by TMB, in that ISI may lead to increased TMB, which may in turn lead to sleep aid use.Conclusions: TMB and the associated frustration it engenders may perpetuate a negative cycle of insomnia and sleep aid use. Future longitudinal and interventional research is necessary to examine the developmental course of these clinical symptoms and behaviors and to test whether decreasing frustration by limiting TMB reduces the proclivity for pharmacotherapy.

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and SEM study of liquid nitrogen for waterless hydraulic fracturing in coalbed methane reservoirs of Karaganda Basin in Kazakhstan

Four different cryo-fracturing liquid nitrogen (LN2) treatment processes are compared for stimulation of coal. Namely, peak compression strength, acoustic emission, and energy absorption tests, plus scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations for fracture evolution were conducted for freezing time (FT), freezing-thawing cycle (FTC), negative freezing-thawing cycle (NFTC) and positive freezing-thawing cycle (PFTC) LN2 exposure processes for both dried and water-saturated specimens. The positive and negative freezing-thawing cycle experimental processes are novel variations on multi-contact cryogenic stimulation reported for the first time. In all freezing-thawing processes, water-saturated experiments exhibited lower Uniaxial Compression Strength (UCS) peaks compared to dry coal samples, presumably due to the additional frost forces degrading the overall sample integrity. For all LN2 exposure processes using dry coal specimens, the compaction line decreased and the elastic line decreased in acoustic emission (AE) tests, concurrent with a reduction in compressive strength, as LN2 treatment time increased. This trend reversed in water-saturated samples, highlighting the importance of sample water content on fracturing potential. Energy absorption analyses clearly showed that the strength of coal samples decreased with increasing the freezing time and freezing-thawing cycles, as the LN2 treatment produced more cracks and damage to coal. Furthermore, SEM analysis and image processing confirmed that all LN2 treatment processes resulted in the generation of fractures evident in fracture trace statistic changes on the surface of coal samples. FTC and PFTC processes showed the greatest promise as stimulation methods due to the extent of the network of fractures created. Engineering results were augmented with the inclusion of the geological setting, important for the transportability of these outcomes to coals of similar origin.

Ethical AI does not have to be like finding a black cat in a dark room

Ethical AI does not have to be like finding a black cat in a dark room

Regional Sustainable Strategy Based on the Coordination of Ecological Security and Economic Development in Yunnan Province, China

Coordination between ecological security and economic development is crucial to sustainable development, with a development strategy that should be adjusted according to the type of region. Yunnan Province, China, is a treasure trove of biodiversity but is economically lagging. Clarifying the relationship between ecological security and economic development can provide a reference for the sustainable development of similar biodiversity hotspots in the world. The landscape index method and index evaluation method were used to calculate the ecological safety index (ESI) and the economic development index (EDI), respectively, and the median value of the indices was used for the comprehensive zoning. The coupled coordination degree model (CCDM) was used to assess the coordination status of ecological safety and economic development in each zone. The results show that (1) Yunnan’s ecological security pattern is high in the west and low in the east, mainly influenced by topography, climate, and human activities; its economic development is resource-dependent and shows a multi-point dispersed pattern due to poor transportation; (2) Yunnan was partitioned into the Coordinated Development Zone (CDZ), the Ecological Risk Zone (ERZ), the Economic Poverty Zone (EPZ), and the Dual Pressure Zone (DPZ). Among them, CDZs (15%) are mostly areas with outstanding advantageous resources, mature characteristic industries, and relatively spatially dispersed. There are two types of ERZs (35%): one is an area where the intensity of human activities exceeds the ecological carrying capacity, mainly located in the eastern plateau; the other is an area with fragile ecological background conditions, located in high mountains and river valleys. EPZs (35%) are mainly lagging in socioeconomics of DPZ (15%) and the fragile ecological environment constrains each to form a negative cycle. (3) Of the regional coordination levels in Yunnan Province, 76% are moderately coordinated, and there is still space for development from the high-quality coordination level. The order of the average coordination degree of each partition is CDZ &gt; ERZ &gt; EPZ &gt; DPZ. The poor basis for coordination and the single approach to coordination have led to ecological safety and economic development often being more difficult to achieve in areas with large mountainous areas similar to Yunnan. (4) Due to the necessity for biodiversity protection, Yunnan Province should choose the sustainable path of ecological priority and green development. Specifically, CDZ should play to industrial advantages and brand effects, and promote industrial integration and innovative industrial development paths. The keys to ERZ are industrial restructuring, industrial ecologization, and ecological environment restoration and protection. EPZ should improve transportation and other infrastructure and revitalize economic development under the premise of ecological priority. Finally, DPZ should emphasize human and load reduction, and moderate development.

Position-Independent and Section-Based Source Location Privacy Protection in WSN

Privacy of critical locations (or events) is essential when monitored by Wireless Sensor Networks. To mitigate such issues, in this paper a new privacy protection technique named Position-independent and Section-based Source Location Privacy (PSSLP) is developed. A biased random walk and greedy walk using a three- or four-phase routing strategy is employed here, where the number of phases depends on the network segment in which the source is situated. The biased random walk is intended to send packets away from the source of information and make routing paths appear dynamic to the eavesdropper, whereas, the greedy routing ensures that the packets converge at the base station. The objective of the solution is to achieve a uniform amount of privacy irrespective of the position of the asset in the network without compromising the network lifetime. Performance evaluation is done using developed analytical models and simulation results reveal that PSSLP achieves 8247.06- and 33.0- folds improvement in terms safety period and NLT respectively compared to no source location privacy (SLP) protection technique (i.e., shortest path routing (SPR) technique).

Tracing the affective journey of an interorganizational network: Positive and negative cycles of relational energy in a network space

While there is a lot of research on emotions at the small group level, we lack an understanding of the role of emotions at the large group level, including in interorganizational relationships. This study contributes to filling this important gap in the literature by studying the emotions in an interorganizational network longitudinally over a period of six years. The data reveal how the network offers a particular kind of space in which relational energy emerges, amplifies, can deplete, and can be re-set and turned around. The findings show how network emotions are recursively related to network outcomes, specifically the extent to which the common goal is achieved. This paper contributes to the growing literature on emotions in organization studies by shifting attention toward the important role of context, and it theorizes the interorganizational network as a particular kind of context where individuals interact in a semi-structured manner, with important implications for the interdependent relationship between individual emotions, relational energy, and network properties and outcomes.

GraphSAGE-Based Multi-Path Reliable Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMN) promise to be an effective way to solve the “last mile” access problem on the Internet of Things (IoT) and the key to next-generation wireless networks. The current routing algorithms of WMN are difficult to adapt to complex environments and guarantee the reliable transmission of services. Therefore, this paper proposes a reliable routing algorithm that combines the improved breadth-first search and a graph neural network, namely GraphSAGE. The algorithm consists of two parts: (1) A multi-path routing algorithm based on the improved breadth-first search. This algorithm can continuously iterate link information based on network topology and output all shortest paths. (2) A GraphSAGE-based performance optimization algorithm. This algorithm creates a method to generate network labels for supervised training of GraphSAGE. Then, the network labels and GraphSAGE are used to learn graph features to obtain the value of network performance for each shortest path. Finally, the path with the best network performance is selected for data transmission. Simulation results show that in the face of complex environments, the proposed algorithm can effectively alleviate network congestion, improve throughput, and reduce end-to-end delay and packet loss rate compared with the traditional shortest-path routing algorithm and the Equal-Cost Multi-Path routing (ECMP).

Developing a region-based energy-efficient IoT agriculture network using region- based clustering and shortest path routing for making sustainable agriculture environment

The current technological developments have paved the path for various fields to thrive, explore and enrich their current applications with the help of technology such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet Technology, Wireless Technology, and the Internet Of Things (IoT). This research focused on providing energy-efficient software and IoT applications for sustainability. Sustainability is integrating the environmental, social, and economic resources to thrive healthy and different requirements to fulfill human needs simultaneously. It can also be referred to as the maintenance of the environment, especially the natural resources maintaining social equality and economic stability to create a healthy community for this generation and the next generation. For sustainability, this paper proposed a Region-based clustering and cluster-head election model to improve the Energy efficiency of IoT networks deployed in the Agriculture environment (REAN). The proposed methodology uses the Shortest Routing and Less Cost algorithm (SRLC) and Region Clustering and Cluster Head Selection (RCHS) algorithm to provide energy-efficient software and IoT application. The experimental results are used to verify the performance of IoT-based sustainable applications in a real-time environment.

A Single-Phase Grid-Connected Boost/Buck–Boost-Derived Solar PV Micro-Inverter Topology Having Power Decoupling Capability

A boost/buck–boost-derived solar photovoltaic (PV) micro-inverter suitable for interfacing a 35 V 220 W PV module to a 220 V single-phase ac grid is proposed in this article. It uses only six switches, of which two switches operate at high frequency (HF), two at line frequency (LF), and the remaining two switches at HF during either positive half cycle (PHC) or negative half cycle (NHC) of the grid voltage. To achieve high gain and negligible turn on losses for the HF switches, the micro-inverter is operated in discontinuous mode of conduction for all possible operating conditions. The negative terminal of the PV module is directly connected to the grid neutral, and hence the magnitude of leakage flow is zero. The instantaneous power mismatch between the dc side and the ac side is addressed by achieving inherent power decoupling in the proposed topology without incorporating any additional active power decoupling circuit (APDC). The detailed analyses of the proposed micro-inverter are carried out. A 220 W laboratory prototype of the proposed micro-inverter is fabricated, and experimental studies are carried out in detail to confirm the viability of the proposed scheme.

Voltage-Mode Variable-Frequency Controlled LLC Resonant Power Factor Correction Converter and Its Accurate Numerical Calculation Analysis

LLC resonant converter is a good candidate for single-stage ac–dc converter, which can realize both functions of power factor correction (PFC) and output voltage regulation, and contribute to the improvement of conversion efficiency and power density. However, voltage mode (VM) controlled single-stage half-bridge LLC PFC converter has the disadvantages of large dead-zone of input current and hard-switching operation, since there is no current control. Besides, the voltage ripple of input filter brings asymmetrical operation of the converter between the positive and the negative half-switching cycle. In order to solve these problems, this article presents a modified numerical calculation method, which can realize accurate characterization of the asymmetrical behavior of resonant current and voltage. Based on that, the switching frequency of LLC resonant converter for unity power factor (PF) is derived. A method of fitting the switching frequency is proposed to simplify the circuit implementation. A 250-W/48-V prototype has been built to verify the analysis results. Experimental results show that the proposed voltage-mode variable-frequency (VM-VF) controlled LLC resonant PFC converter can achieve high efficiency of up to 94.08% and power factor of 0.95 over the input voltage range of 180–260 VAC.