Short Spicules Research Articles

Gastrointestinal helminths (Cestoda, Chabertiidae and Heligmonellidae)of Pogonomys loriae and Pogonomys macrourus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the description of a new genus and two new species.

Pieces of cestode, not indentified further, and 12 species of nematode including 1 new genus, 3 new species and 7 putative new species from the Families Chabertiidae and Heligmonellidae were collected from the digestive tracts of 16 Pogonomys loriae and 19 P. macrurous (Murinae: Hydromyini) from Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The chabertiid Cyclodontostomum purvisi and the heligmonellid Odilia mackerrasae have been described previously from endemic murids. Hasanuddinia pogonomyos n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by the number of ridges in the synlophe, length of spicules and having a vagina with a dorsal diverticulum. Odilia dividua n. sp. is larger than its congeners, has a longer oesophagus, relatively shorter spicules and larger eggs. Pogonomystrongylus domaensis n. gen., n. sp. differs from all other genera in the Heligmonellidae in the characters of the synlophe, 7-10 ridges oriented sub frontally with a single left ventral ridge hypertrophied. Species richness of the nematode assemblages of P. loriae and P. macrourus are comparable to those of Abeomelomys sevia, Chiruromys vates and Coccymys rummleri when numbers of hosts examined are considered. Species composition was distinctive with 12, including the 7 putative species, of 14 species presently known only from species of Pogonomys. Similarities between the nematode fauna of endemic rodent hosts from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea were noted.

Two new species of the genus Halaphanolaimus De Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Leptolaimidae) from Can Gio mangrove forest, Vietnam

New brackish water nematode species Halaphanolaimus cangionensis sp.nov, and Halaphanolaimus rivalis sp.nov collected from Cangio mangrove forest, Hochiminh city of Vietnam are described. Halaphanolaimus cangionensis sp.nov is characterized by the absence of somatic and cervical setae, comparatively slender tail, presence of caudal apophysis of the gubernaculum and comparatively short spicules. New species Halaphanolaimus cangionensis sp.nov resembles to Halaphanolaimus harpaga Boucher, Bovee, 1972 and Halaphanolaimus luridus (Timm, 1963) but differs from H. harpaga by the absence of somatic and cervical setae, more anterior position of vulva, another structure of gubernaculums and other arrangement of precloacal supplements. The new species differs from H. luridus by the more slender tail, longer stoma, another structure of gubernaculums and shorter spicules. Halaphanolaimus rivalis sp.nov is characterized by the presence of somatic and servical setae, long spicules and pre-equatorial vulva. New species Halaphanolaimus rivalis sp.nov, resembles to Halaphanolaimus luridus (Timm, 1963) and L. lorenzeni Boucher, Bovee, 1972 but H. rivalis sp.n. differs from H. luridus by the presence of somatic and cervical setae, more wide labial region, longer stoma, shorter spicules. H. rivalis sp.n. differs from H. lorenzeni by the thicker body, longer stoma and longer spicules. Key to six valid species of the genus Halaphanolaimus are given.

Two new nematodes, Pseudelzalia longiseta gen. nov., sp. nov. and Paramonohystera sinica sp. nov. (Monhysterida: Xyalidae), from sediment in the East China Sea

Pseudelzalia longiseta gen. nov, sp. nov. and Paramonohystera sinica sp. nov. from subtidal sediment in the East China Sea are described. Pseudelzalia is characterized by 6 labial papillae and 10 cephalic setae, cylindrical buccal cavity, elongate (>2 anal body diameter) spicules, and conico-cylindrical tail devoid of terminal setae. It differs from Elzalia by the absence of terminal setae. Pseudelzalia longiseta sp. nov. is 647–853 μm long, has 7–8 μm long cervical setae, 11–14 μm long caudal setae, 25–41 μm long spicules about 2.1–2.7 anal diameter, and pointed tail-tip. Paramonohystera sinica possesses 12 cephalic setae, a character found in four congeners: Paramonohystera buetschlii (Bresslau and Schuurmans Stekhoven in Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935, Paramonohystera pilosa Boucher, 1971, Paramonohystera concinna Lorenzen, 1977 and Paramonohystera halerba Fadeeva and Belogurov, 1987. It differs from P. buetschlii by shorter body (933–1023 μm versus 2000–2200 μm); from P. pilosa by the much shorter spicules (79–88 μm versus 167 μm) and narrower head (13–16 µm versus 32 µm); from P.concinna by smooth cephalic setae (versus segmented); and from P. halerba by the absence of two rows of setae on the ventral side of the tail (versus present). Based on the evaluation of nominal species, we recognize 14 valid species and provide an emended diagnosis and a tabular key for Paramonohystera.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:474B8F17-AED7-4078-8176-DFC499B78526

A new species ofParacomesoma(Comesomatidae) from Maldives (Indian Ocean) with an emended diagnosis and an updated key of the genus

A new species from the subfamily Comesomatinae is described from the back-reef platforms of the central part of the Maldivian archipelago.Paracomesoma susannaesp. nov. is characterized by a large-sized body, very long cephalic sensilla (72–91 µm long), lateral differentiation of punctuations, and, in the males, 19–22 minute precloacal supplements, relatively short spicules (2.3–2.9 anal body diameter) and a hook-like structure in the distal end of the gubernaculum.Paracomesoma susannaesp. nov. is the only species so far described of the genus which appears to have such a low ratio of the outer labial and cephalic sensilla (about 0.02). An emended diagnosis ofP. paralongispiculumis proposed, along with an updated and modified key to all the valid species of the genusParacomesoma.

Paracomesoma minor sp. n. and Microlaimus validus sp. n. (Nematoda) from the coast of Vietnam.

Two nematode species isolated from sediments of the littoral zone of South China Sea on the coast of Vietnam are described and illustrated. Paracomesoma minor sp. n. is closely related to P. elegans Gagarin & Thanh, 2009 and P. lissum Gagarin & Thanh, 2009. It differs from the former species in the shorter body, longer and more slender tail, longer cephalic setae and shorter spicules, and from the latter species in the shorter body, longer cephalic setae, presence of cervical setae and smaller number of precloacal supplements in males. Microlaimus validus sp. n. is morphologically closest to M. citrus Gerlach, 1959 and M. nanus Blome, 1982 and differs from both species in the longer body, relatively shorter pharynx and relatively shorter and thicker tail.

Calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) from Bulgaria with an identification key to the species of the genus.

An unknown species belonging to the genusCalcaridorylaimus Andrássy, 1986 was collected from the litter of broadleaf forests dominated by Castanea sativa Mill. and mixed with Quercus daleshampii Ten. and Fagus sylvatica L. on Belasitsa Mountain, south-western Bulgaria. Calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. is characterised by its long body (1.4–2.1 mm), lip region practically not offset, vulva transverse, short odontostyle (14.5–16 μm) and tail (75.5–110.5 μm, c=14.7–23.6; c’=2.9–4.4) in females and 38–46 μm long spicules with small spur before their distant end in males. It is most similar to C. andrassyi Ahmad & Shaheen, 2004, but differs in having transverse vs pore-like vulva and shorter spicules (38–46 μm vs 52–57 μm). An identification key to the species of the genus Calcaridorylaimus is proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on 18S and D2-D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA genes by Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylograms inferred from 18S sequences showed closest relationships of the new species with some species belonging to the genus Mesodorylaimus. However, insufficient molecular data for members of both genera do not allow the phylogenetic relationships of Calcaridorylaimus and the new species described herein to be elucidated.

Two new nematode species of the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda, Xyalidae) from mangrove forest estuary of the Red River (Vietnam)

Illustrated discriptions are given of two new marine free-living nematode species of the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920, D. paraoxyuroides sp. n. and D. balatum sp. n., found in the estuary of the Red River in North Vietnam. D. paraoxyuroides sp. n. resembles D. oxyuroides, but differs from it in its shorter and thicker body, less slender tail, shorter cephalic setae, and shorter spicules. D. balatum sp. n. differs from all known valid species of the genus Daptonema by the special structure of the copulative apparatus of males.

Lanzavecchia mangrovi sp. n. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from mangroves of Red River Estuary, Vietnam.

A new nematode species found in the Red River Estuary of Vietnam is described. Lanzavecchia mangrovi sp. n. is morphologically close to L. coomansi Nicholas, Stewart, 1984, but differs in its longer body (L = 2.71-3.76 µm versus L = 2.2-2.9 µm), shorter spicules (63-65 mm versus 72-88), longer prerectum (500-675 mm versus 262-310 µm) and shorter distal portion of tail in relation to the proximal portion (0.6-0.8 versus 0.9-2.3).

ДВА НОВЫХ ВИДА РОДА LAIMYDORUS SIDDIQI, 1969 (NEMATODA, DORYLAIMIDA) ИЗ МЕЛКИХ ПРЕСНОВОДНЫХ ВОДОЕМОВ ВО ВЬЕТНАМЕ

Two new species of free-living nematodes of the genus Laimydorus (L. gigas sp. nov. and L. tenuis sp. nov.), found in the sediments of small freshwater bodies in Vietnam, are described and illustrated. Laimydorus gigas sp. nov. is similar to L. distinctus Dey, Baqri, 1986 and L. elephas Andrassy, 1988. From the former species it differs in the longer tail in females, the shorter spicules and greater number of supplements in males. From L. elephas it differs in the thinner cuticle, thinner body, comparatively longer odontostyle and comparatively longer prerectum in females. Laimydorus tenuis sp. nov. is similar to L. merogaster (Steiner, 1916) and L. pinguis Andrassy, 1988. From the former species it differs in the thinner cuticle, thinner body, shorter odontostyle, shorter spicules and smaller number of supplements in males. From L. pinguis it differs in the thinner body, shorter tail in females, another position of vulva and comparatively longer prerectum in females.

Hysterothylacium gibsoni sp. nov. and H. tetrapteri (Bruce et Cannon, 1989) (Nematoda: Ascaridida) from the Chinese marine fishes.

A new species of ascaridoid nematode, Hysterothylacium gibsoni sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected from the intestine of the slender lizardfish Saurida elongata (Temminck et Schlegel) (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) in the Yellow Sea, China. The new species differs from its congeners by its small body size (12.8-13.2 mm), the absence of cervical alae, a very short intestinal caecum (representing 8.86-9.52% of oesophageal length) and a long ventricular appendix (intestinal caecum to ventricular appendix ratio 1:15.3-20.0), short spicules (0.38-0.41 mm, representing 2.97-3.11% of body length), the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae (25-28 pairs arranged as follows: 18-22 pairs precloacal, 3 pairs paracloacal, and 3-4 pairs postcloacal). In addition, Hysterothylacium tetrapteri (Bruce et Cannon, 1989) is also redescribed based on the material collected from the striped marlin Kajikia audax (Philippi) (Perciformes: Istiophoridae) in the South China Sea.

Two new species of free-living marine nematodes of Adoncholaimus Filipjev, 1918 (Oncholaimida: Oncholaimidae: Adoncholaiminae) from Hokkaido, northern Japan, with a key to species and discussion of the genus

Two new species of free-living marine nematodes,Adoncholaimus daikokuensissp. nov. andA. pseudofervidussp. nov., from the coastal area of northern Japan, are described and illustrated.Adoncholaimus daikokuensissp. nov. is similar to five congeners,A. derjugini,A. punctatus,A. oxyuroides,A. squaluscomb. nov. andA. filicaudacomb. nov. in the absence of a gubernaculum, but differs in the absence of a ventral swelling on tail, spicule length and buccal cavity length.Adoncholaimus pseudofervidussp. nov. is similar toA. fervidusin having large body size, short tail, similar positions of the excretory pore and nerve ring, short spicules, arrangement of subventral setae in posterior region of body in males, and a single pair of terminal pores of the Demanian system surrounded by small gland cells in females.Adoncholaimus pseudofervidussp. nov. differs fromA. fervidusin having smaller, more anteriorly located amphids, longer buccal cavity, absence of gubernaculum in the male, and a different position of the terminal pores in the female. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I gene (309-337 bp) of the new species are provided for identification based on the DNA barcoding method.Metoncholaimoidesis proposed as a junior synonym ofAdoncholaimus. The new diagnosis ofAdoncholaimusand a key to species are provided.Adoncholaimus squaluscomb. nov.,Adoncholaimus filicaudacomb. nov., andAdmirandus papillatuscomb. nov. are proposed.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Bursaphelenchus andrassyi sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Romania and Turkey

Bursaphelenchus andrassyi sp. n., found in conifer wood samples from Romania and Turkey, is characterised morphologically and genetically. Bursaphelenchus andrassyi sp. n. clearly belongs to the sexdentati group, having a terminal bursa, four lateral lines, a very small female ‘vulval flap’, strongly arcuate spicules and the typical position of caudal papillae of males. It is morphologically most similar to B. vallesianus and B. sexdentati. It can be differentiated from B. vallesianus by the usually subcylindrical female tail with rounded or wedge-shaped terminus vs conical female tail with a more or less rounded terminus, slightly different shape of spicules (low square condylus, lacking a distinct cucullus, pointed rostrum) and from B. sexdentati by lacking a distinct post-vulval constriction, shorter stylet and shorter spicules. The species status is supported by ITS-RFLP patterns and sequencing results of both partial 18S and 28S rDNA regions.

Three new species of nematodes (Nematoda: Enoplida) from coastal waters of Vietnam

Three new species of free-living nematodes of the order Enoplida from coastal shallow waters of northern Vietnam are described and illustrated. Paramesacanthion vietnamicum sp. n. is morphologically close to P. oxycephalum (Ditlevsen, 1926), P. truncum Vitiello, 1971, and P. hirsutum Warwick, 1970; however, it differs in lacking subcephalic setae and in having articulate cephalic setae in the males. Viscosia pygmaea sp. n. is morphologically similar to V. parva Kreis, 1929 but differs in having a shorter body and a shorter and thicker tail in the females. V. pygmaea is distinguished from V. megalaima (Ditlevsen, 1928) by its shorter body, longer cephalic setae, more slender tail, and the position of the vulva. Viscosia longicaudatoides sp. n. can be distinguished from V. parva and V. timmi Gagarin, Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2007 by its thinner body, longer and more slender tail, and shorter and narrower stoma. In contrast to V. timmi, it has short spicules and lacks vesicle-like cells between the gut and the longitudinal chords.

New Species ofKalicephalus(Nematoda: Diaphanocephalidae) from a Snake,Oxyrhabdium leporinum, on Luzon Island, Philippines

Kalicephalus burseyi n. sp. (Nematoda: Diaphanocephalidae) is described from a snake, Oxyrhabdium leporinum, on Luzon Island, Philippines. Unequal spicule length places the new species in the subgenus Kalicephaloides, which also includes Kalicephaloides bungari, Kalicephaloides longispicularis, and Kalicephaloides alatospiculus. Kalicephalus burseyi n. sp. has shorter spicules than K. longispicularis and longer spicules than in K. alatospiculus and K. bungari. The new species also differs from the other three species in details of the copulatory bursa morphology and some other features. The new species is the ninth member of the genus reported from the Philippines and the first Kalicephalus species found in O. leporinum.

A new species of Metathelazia (Nematoda: Pneumospiruridae) from the lungs of a nine-banded armadillo in Central Mexico

Twenty-four worms were collected from the bronchioles in both lungs of a male nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 captured in Teacalco, Morelos, Mexico. The worms, herein named Metathelazia mexicana n. sp., show a constriction in the esophagus at the level of the nerve ring; males of the species have 7 pairs of papillae, fewer than the other species in the genus. Metathelazia capsulata is the most similar species to Metathelazia mexicana; however, the latter has much shorter spicules. This is the fourth species in the genus known to occur in the New World.

One new and two known species of Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Mydonomidae) from West Bengal, India.

A few specimens of were collected from the soil around the roots of guava (Psidium guajava L.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) plantations in South 24-Parganas district of West Bengal, India. It yielded a few species of which one is new to science. Dorylaimoides (Dorylaimoides) geraldi sp. n. is characterized in having long odontostyle (9.5-11μm), amphidelphic genital system in females, and by short rounded tail. The male is characterized by shorter body length, shorter spicules, and three regularly spaced ventromedian supplements with an adanal pair. Although D. (D.) geraldi sp. n. comes closer to D. (D.) buccinator D. (D.) indicus, D. (D.) parateres, D. (D.) teres and D. (D.) websteri among the didelphic-amphidelphic species of the genus having short tails, it differs in having shorter body length, longer odontostyle, amphidelphic genital system in females, absence of pars dialata in oviduct, short rounded tail and by different morphometric ratios. The male differs from the closely related species in having shorter body, different number and arrangements of ventromedian supplements, shorter spicule and tail. The known species agree well with the earlier reported specimens except some morphometric variations.

Morphological and genetic characterization of Hysterothylacium zhoushanensis sp. nov. (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) from the flatfish Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the East China Sea

Hysterothylacium zhoushanensis sp. nov. collected from the intestine of the flatfish Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the East China Sea is described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The new species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of remarkable lateral alae, the very short intestinal caecum, the unusually long ventricular appendix (ratio of intestinal caecum to ventricular appendix 1:8.74-23.8), the short spicules (0.58-0.81 mm long, representing 1.70-2.08 % of body length) and the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (35-42 pairs in total, arranged as 26-32 pairs of precloacal, two pairs of paracloacal and six to eight pairs of postcloacal). In addition, the adults and the putative third-stage larvae identified morphologically of the new species are characterised by sequencing and analysing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA. The result reveals that they are homogeneous genetically, and all belong to the same species. Molecular analysis by comparing the ITS gene of H. zhoushanensis sp. nov. with these species of Hysterothylacium available in GenBank also seem to support the validity of the new species based on the morphological observation.

New species ofEpacanthion(Nematoda: Thoracostomopsidae) from Patagonia coast, Río Negro and Chubut, Argentina

Two new free-living marine nematodes belonging to the family Thoracostomopsidae, subfamily Enoplolaiminae and the generaEpacanthionare described from Patagonian coastal areas, Río Negro and Chubut provinces of Argentina. InEpacanthion bicuspidatumsp. nov. the main features are: two cusps on distal mandible end; presence of two rings of eight setae in the cervical region; and eight crown-shaped setae along the body, presence of one supplement distant two cloacal body diameter (cbd) from cloacae, gubernaculum and short spicule.Epacanthion ampullatumsp. nov. is characterized by having a tubular and long pre-cloacal supplement, short spicule, presence of gubernaculum, presence of three long setae on the tip of the tail, the presence of one supplement distant three cbd from cloacae and the presence of two small cusps on the distal end of the mandible.

Paracanthonchus multisupplementatus sp. n. and Cyatholaimus minor sp. n. (Nematoda) from the coast of Vietnam

Two nematode species found on the coast of Vietnam are described and illustrated. Paracanthonchus multisupplementatussp. n. is morphologically close to P. multitubifer Timm, 1961, but differs from it the longer and slender tail (c = 9.1–11.0,c’ = 3.0•–3.4 in males, c = 8.1–8.7, c’ = 3.6–4.1 in females versus c = 11.4–14.0, c’ = 2.3–2.8 in males, c = 10.2–10.4, c’= 2.1–2.8 in females), bigger dorsal tooth in stoma, larger diameter of amphidial fovea (40–55% of corresponding bodywidth versus 15% of corresponding body width), longer spicules and gubernaculum (spicules 56–61 µm long, gubernac-ulum 36–43 µm long versus spicules 36 µm long, gubernaculum 28 µm long) and more number of supplement organs(57–62 in number versus 21–22 in number). Cyatholaimus minor sp. n. is close related to C. ocellatus Bastian, 1865, butis clearly distinct in the shorter body (L = 532–710 µm versus L = 1100–1790 µm), slenderer tail (c’ = 3.5–4.3 versus c’= 2.5–2.8), bigger dorsal tooth in stoma and shorter spicules and gubernaculum (spicules 21–22 µm long, gubernaculum 19–20 µm long versus spicules 60 µm long, gubernaculum 52 µm long).

Two new free-living nematode species (Comesomatidae) from the continental slope of New Zealand, with keys and notes on distribution

Two new free-living marine nematode species of the family Comesomatidae are described from the continental slope of NewZealand, and their distributions at 32 sites are investigated in relation to environmental factors. Vasostoma aurata n. sp. is char-acterised by a distinctly set-off head, amphideal fovea with 4.5 turns, conspicuous chords consisting of two bands fusing atbody extremities, with outline of cell bodies usually golden-coloured, and relatively short spicules. Setosabatieria conicauda n.sp. is characterised by an amphid with 4.25–4.5 turns, the presence of only 1–3 sub-cephalic setae per file, several clusters ofintracellular inclusions, sometimes brown-coloured, in the intestinal wall, and a conical tail. Keys to all known species of Seto-sabatieria and Vasostoma are provided. Both species were mostly restricted to subsurface (1–5cm depth) sediments. The abun-dance of V. aurata n. sp. and S. conicauda n. sp. was significantly correlated with food quantity and quality, but the patternsdiffered between species. The effect of food-related factors may be directly linked to interspecific differences in food require-ments, or mediated by biogeochemical processes (i.e., tolerance of sub-surface oxygen and sulphide concentrations). No signif-icant correlations were found between sediment granulometry and abundances, despite the wide range of sediment grain-sizes (6–93% silt and clay) at the sampling sites.