Shorter Delay Research Articles

A taxonomy of groomer profiles: Comparisons of in-person, online, and mixed groomers through the examination of Canadian judicial decisions

BackgroundSexual grooming in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) has captured the attention of researchers over the past decades. While early research focused on offenders who groomed children in person, our knowledge of online groomers has begun to increase. However, there has not been a concomitant increase in understanding of groomers who use both in-person and online grooming strategies (i.e., mixed groomers); it is not clear if mixed groomers more closely resemble in-person groomers, online groomers, or if they are their own distinct groomer type. ObjectiveThe current study creates the first taxonomy of in-person, online, and mixed groomer profiles through the empirical analysis of Canadian judicial decisions. Participants, setting, and methods180 Canadian judicial decisions from 153 cases of CSA involving grooming were extracted from the Canadian Legal Information Institute and coded for information related to grooming strategies, the accused, the complainant, and the alleged offence. ResultsMixed groomers used more grooming strategies per case than in-person and online groomers. Mixed groomers initiated contact online with complainants less often than online groomers, but identified more vulnerable victims, engaged in more non-sexual yet inappropriate conversations, and used more gain cooperation strategies than in-person groomers. Online groomers were older and had shorter delays to criminal proceedings than mixed and in-person groomers. Complainants groomed in person were younger and abused for longer durations than mixed and online complainants. ConclusionsThe proposed taxonomy of groomer profiles can inform education and prevention programs about the heterogeneous nature of grooming. Those who groomed children in-person, online, or using a mixture of both methods varied greatly in their grooming strategies, victim age preferences, relationship to the child, and pathways to disclosure.

Influence of iron and magnesium on kinetic and mechanism of biohydrogen production from high-strength wastewater

In this study, iron/iron-magnesium (Fe/Fe–Mg) additives were prepared through the impregnation of granular activated carbon (GAC) with iron and iron-magnesium (GFM) to enhance biohydrogen production. The microscope observation and chemical analysis revealed that the GAC matrixes were well infused with Fe/Fe-Mg, while the X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the species of metal formed on the GAC as Fe3+ and MgH2. The synergistic effect of Fe and Mg in GFM allowed it for a shorter delay time and higher hydrogen production rate than other additives, indicating their possible use in stimulating the fast release of hydrogen in anaerobic digestion. The co-metabolites analysis revealed that additives ensured biohydrogen production through the different pathways. The plausible mechanisms were through hydrogenases ensured by Fe3+ and hydrolysis by MgH2. GFM gave the best organic matter and nutrient removal efficiency to outperform other additives, suggesting its ability for biohydrogen synthesis and simultaneous wastewater treatment.

Altering stimulus timing via fast rhythmic sensory stimulation induces STDP-like recall performance in human episodic memory

Episodic memory provides humans with the ability to mentally travel back to the past,1 where experiences typically involve associations between multimodal information. Forming a memory of the association is thought to be dependent on modification of synaptic connectivity.2,3 Animal studies suggest that the strength of synaptic modification depends on spike timing between pre- and post-synaptic neurons on the order of tens of milliseconds, which is termed "spike-timing-dependent plasticity" (STDP).4 Evidence found in human invitro studies suggests different temporal scales in long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), compared with the critical time window of STDP in animals.5,6 In the healthy human brain, STDP-like effects have been shown in the motor cortex, visual perception, and face identity recognition.7,8,9,10,11,12,13 However, evidence in human episodic memory is lacking. We investigated this using rhythmic sensory stimulation to drive visual and auditory cortices at 37.5Hz with four phase offsets. Visual relative to auditory cued recall accuracy was significantly enhanced in the 90° condition when the visual stimulus led at the shortest delay (6.67ms). This pattern was reversed in the 270° condition when the auditory stimulus led at the shortest delay. Within cue modality, recall was enhanced when a stimulus of the corresponding modality led the shortest delay (6.67ms) compared with the longest delay (20ms). Our findings provide evidence for STDP in human episodic memory, which builds an important bridge from invitro studies in animals to human memory behavior.

Dementia care navigation: Building toward a common definition, key principles, and outcomes.

As the complexity of medical treatments and patient care systems have increased, the concept of patient navigation is growing in both popularity and breadth of application. Patient navigators are trained personnel whose role is not to provide clinical care, but to partner with patients to help them identify their needs and goals and then overcome modifiable patient-, provider-, and systems-level barriers. Due to its high incidence, duration, and medical-social complexity, dementia is an ideal candidate for a patient-centric health care delivery model such as care navigation. The Alzheimer's Association formed an expert workgroup of researchers in the field of dementia care navigation to identify evidence-based guidelines. Recognizing the unique and challenging needs of persons living with dementia and their care partners, several U.S. dementia care navigation programs have been developed and assessed in recent years. Collectively these programs demonstrate that persons living with dementia and their care partners benefit from dementia care navigation. Improved care system outcomes for the person living with dementia include reduced emergency department visits, lower hospital readmissions, fewer days hospitalized, and shorter delays in long-term care placement. Well-being is also increased, as there is decreased depression, illness, strain, embarrassment, and behavioral symptoms and increased self-reported quality of life. For care partners, dementia navigation resulted in decreased depression, burden, and unmet needs. This article presents principles of dementia care navigation to inform existing and emerging dementia care navigation programs. Several U.S. dementia care navigation programs have demonstrated outcomes for persons living with dementia, care partners, and health systems.The Alzheimer's Association formed an expert workgroup of researchers in the field of dementia care navigation to create a shared definition and identify evidence-based guidelines or principles.These outlined principles of dementia care navigation can inform existing and emerging dementia care navigation programs.

Clinical characteristics and care times in a chest pain unit of the emergency department of an argentine center

. To report the frequency of precordial pain, describe clinical characteristics, and care times. . Retrospective descriptive study that included consultations in the Chest Pain Unit in 2021 in the emergency department of a private hospital in Argentina. There were 1469 admissions for chest pain, yielding a frequency of 1.09% (95%CI 1.04-1.15). They were 52% men, mean age 62 years (SD ±15); 48% had hypertension and 32% dyslipidemia. The median time to initial ECG was 4.3 min (ICR 2.5-7.5); and 26 min (ICR 14-46) to medical evaluation. A total of 206 (14%) were hospitalized with a median of 3 days, 76% were admitted to a closed unit, 9% required non-invasive ventilation/mechanical ventilaction and in-hospital mortality was 2.9%. Those hospitalized presented shorter delay time to medical attention (p<0.01), and greater performance of complementary studies (p<0.01), with no differences in time to ECG (p=0.22). Care times were within the stipulated standards, being an important indicator of quality. Nursing was crucial, taking care of the correct triage, ECG on admission, and guaranteeing care until medical evaluation.

Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of delay to and length of stay with early intervention for psychosis service: findings from the CRIS-FEP study

PurposeWe investigated the influence of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on delay to early intervention service (EIS) and the length of stay (LOS) with EIS.MethodsWe used incidence data linked to the Clinical Record Interactive Search—First Episode Psychosis (CRIS-FEP) study. We followed the patients from May 2010 to March 2016. We performed multivariable Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios of delay to EIS. Negative binomial regression was used to determine LOS with EIS by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, controlling for confounders.Results343 patients were eligible for an EIS, 34.1% of whom did not receive the service. Overall, the median delay to EIS was 120 days (IQR; 15–1668); and the median LOS was 130.5 days (IQR 0–663). We found that women (adj.HR 0.58; 95%C I 0.42–0.78), living alone (adj.HR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.43–0.92) and ethnicity (‘Other’: adj.HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.23–0.98) were associated with prolonged delay to EIS. However, family involvement in help-seeking for psychosis (adj.HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.01–1.85) was strongly associated with a shorter delay to EIS. Patients who have used mental health services previously also experienced long delays to EIS.ConclusionsOur analyses highlight the link between sociodemographic status, help-seeking behaviours, and delay to EIS. Our findings also show the vulnerability faced by those with a previous mental health problem who later develop psychosis in receiving specialist treatment for psychosis. Initiatives that ameliorate indicators of social disadvantage are urgently needed to reduce health inequalities and improve clinical outcomes.

Rosiglitazone attenuates amyloid beta and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus and neuroinflammation associated learning and memory impairments in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to investigate the beneficial effects of rosiglitazone (Rosi) on amyloid beta(Aβ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus and neuroinflammation-associated learning and memory impairments in rats. Materials and methodsThe rats were grouped and treated as follows: (1) Control in which saline and vehicle were administered instead of LPS and Rosi respectively. (2) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group in which LPS was dissolved in saline and injected (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Vehicle was administered instead of Rosi in this group. (3−5) LPS+ Rosi 1, LPS+ Rosi 3, and LPS+ Rosi 5 groups in them 1, 3, or 5 mg/kg of Rosi respectively was administered 30 min before LPS. The treatments were done for two weeks. In the first week, Rosi or its vehicle was injected 30 min before LPS. In the second week, the treatments were the same as the first week and behavioral tests were also carried out in the second week. The hippocampal tissues were finally detached for biochemical assessment. ResultsThe results showed that Rosi reversed increased levels of Aβ, GFAP, interleukin (IL)− 6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and malondialdehyde (MDA) due to LPS injection. Rosi also reversed attenuating effects of LPS on IL-10 and thiol concentration and activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the Morris water maze test, the LPS group had a longer latency to find the platform while spent a shorter time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial than the control group. In the passive avoidance test, the animals of the LPS group had a shorter delay to enter the dark chamber than the animals of the control group. Treatment with Rosi reversed these parameters. ConclusionThe findings showed Rosi attenuated Aβ, GFAP, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and neuroinflammation-associated learning and memory impairments in rats.

Nonlinear changes in delayed functional network topology in Alzheimer’s disease: relationship with amyloid and tau pathology

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the abnormal deposition of pathological processes, such as amyloid-ß and tau, which produces nonlinear changes in the functional connectivity patterns between different brain regions across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. However, the mechanisms underlying these nonlinear changes remain largely unknown. Here, we address this question using a novel method based on temporal or delayed correlations and calculate new whole-brain functional networks to tackle these mechanisms.MethodsTo assess our method, we evaluated 166 individuals from the ADNI database, including amyloid-beta negative and positive cognitively normal subjects, patients with mild cognitive impairment, and patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia. We used the clustering coefficient and the global efficiency to measure the functional network topology and assessed their relationship with amyloid and tau pathology measured by positron emission tomography, as well as cognitive performance using tests measuring memory, executive function, attention, and global cognition.ResultsOur study found nonlinear changes in the global efficiency, but not in the clustering coefficient, showing that the nonlinear changes in functional connectivity are due to an altered ability of brain regions to communicate with each other through direct paths. These changes in global efficiency were most prominent in early disease stages. However, later stages of Alzheimer’s disease were associated with widespread network disruptions characterized by changes in both network measures. The temporal delays required for the detection of these changes varied across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum, with shorter delays necessary to detect changes in early stages and longer delays necessary to detect changes in late stages. Both global efficiency and clustering coefficient showed quadratic associations with pathological amyloid and tau burden as well as cognitive decline.ConclusionsThis study suggests that global efficiency is a more sensitive indicator of network changes in Alzheimer’s disease when compared to clustering coefficient. Both network properties were associated with pathology and cognitive performance, demonstrating their relevance in clinical settings. Our findings provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying nonlinear changes in functional network organization in Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that it is the lack of direct connections that drives these functional changes.

Temporal Evolution and Fluence Dependence of Band Structure in Photoexcited Ta2Ni0.9Co0.1Se5 Probed by Time- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy

We have investigated the temporal evolution and fluence dependence of band structure in Ta2Ni0.9Co0.1Se5 by means of time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES). With the fluence of 3.00 mJ cm−2 and the delay time of 170 fs, the conduction band crossing the Fermi level (EF) and the valence band reaching EF are observed indicating the photoinduced semimetal phase. However, at the delay time of 70 fs, the valence band top does not reach EF creating a partial gap or a pseudogap, and the transition from the excitonic insulator state to the semimetal state is not completed. The conduction band crossing EF is observed even with the shorter delay time (down to 50–70 fs) and/or the lower fluence (down to 0.32 mJ cm−2). On the other hand, the valence band top stays well below EF up to the fluence of 1.39 mJ cm−2 even at the delay time of 160–170 fs. The different optical responses of the valence and conduction bands suggest a vital role of the lattice fluctuations pointed out by Nakano et al. [Phys. Rev. B 98, 045139 (2018)] on the residual pseudogap at 70 fs after the photoexcitation.

A Clustering-Based Routing Protocol Using Path Pattern Discovery Method to Minimize Delay in VANET

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications can link vehicles to each other, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) messaging and communications can link roadside infrastructure such as routers. The vehicles in these networks act as relays that transmit critical messages in the network. Due to the high-speed movement of vehicles on the road, real-time messaging and minimizing the delay in sending messages is one of the most important objectives of VANET developers. On the other hand, the high mobility of vehicles causes communication interruptions and decreases the data delivery rate in VANET. To overcome this issue, predicting the path of vehicles can play an important role in sending data from the source to the destination. When an accident occurs on the road, the messages that are sensed by the imbedded sensors in the vehicles need to be sent, and if they are sent by the vehicles that change their route, these messages will not be sent to the destination and the performance of the network will be disturbed. Previous methods in the literature for data transmission in intervehicular networks have focused more on reliability and trust, and little attention has been paid to the prediction of vehicle movement paths in these types of networks. Therefore, for fast and reliable data transmission in VANET, accurate prediction of vehicle movement and creation of movement patterns can be effective in message transmission delay and data delivery rate. In this paper, we present an approach using a combination of cluster-based routing protocols and pattern discovery methods to minimize latency in VANETs. The outline of the proposed method has four modules: primary data collection and analysis, primary data preparation and analysis, pattern extraction and vehicle route discovery, and vehicle clustering and data/information transmission routing. The simulation results show that the proposed method with a delivery rate of 88.56% has significantly improved compared to the previous methods in terms of package delivery rate. Also, the proposed method with a total delay of 24.566 ms has a shorter delay than the previous methods in terms of message sending delay in the network.

Impact of Multi-Connectivity on Channel Capacity and Outage Probability in Wireless Networks

Multi-connectivity facilitates higher throughput, shorter delay, and lower outage probability for a user in a wireless network. Considering these promises, a rationale policy for a network operator would be to implement multi-connectivity for all of its users. In this paper, we investigate whether the promises of multi-connectivity also hold in such a setting where all users of a network are connected through multiple links. In particular, we consider a network where every user connects to its k closest base stations. Using a framework of stochastic geometry and probability theory, we obtain analytic expressions for per-user throughput and outage probability of $k$-connectivity networks under several failure models. In contrast to the conclusions of previous research, our analysis shows that per-user throughput decreases with increasing k. However, multi-connected networks are more resilient against failures than single connected networks as reflected with lower outage probability and lead to higher fairness among the users. Consequently, we conclude that rather than implementing multi-connectivity for all users, a network operator should consider it for its users who would benefit from additional links the most, e.g., cell edge users.

Dismissal informs the priorities of endometriosis patients in New Zealand.

Endometriosis is a common condition with average delays to diagnosis in New Zealand of almost 9 years. In total, 50 endometriosis patients participated in anonymous, asynchronous, online group discussions about their priorities, and their experiences with the development of symptoms, seeking a diagnosis, and receiving appropriate treatment. Higher subsidy of care was the top change endometriosis patients wanted, followed by more research funding. When asked to choose whether research should be focused on improving diagnosis or improving treatment methods, the results were evenly split. Within this cohort, patients highlighted that they did not know the difference between normal menstrual discomfort and pathological endometriotic pain. If, upon seeking help, medical practitioners classified their symptoms as "normal," these dismissals could instill doubt in patients, which made it more difficult for them to continue to seek a diagnosis and effective treatments. Patients who did not express dismissal had a significantly shorter delay from symptom onset to diagnosis of 4.6 ± 3.4 years vs. 9.0 ± 5.2 years. Doubt is a frequent experience for endometriosis patients in New Zealand, which was reinforced by some medical practitioners who were dismissive of their pain and thus prolonged the patient's delay to diagnosis.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon a universal electronic consultation program (e-consultation) between general practitioners and cardiologists

Background and objectiveVirtual healthcare models, usually between healthcare professionals and patients, have developed strongly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but there are no data corresponding to models between clinicians. An analysis was made of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon the activity and health outcomes of the universal e-consultation program for patient referrals between primary care physicians and the Cardiology Department in our healthcare area. MethodsPatients with at least one e-consultation between 2018 and 2021 were selected. We analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon activity and waiting time for care, hospitalizations and mortality, taking as reference the consultations carried out during 2018. ResultsA total of 25,121 patients were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis showed a shorter delay in care and resolution of the e-consultation without the need for face-to-face care to be associated to a better prognosis. The COVID-19 pandemic periods (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) were not associated to poorer health outcomes compared to 2018. ConclusionsThe results of our study show a significant reduction in e-consultation referrals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a subsequent recovery in the demand for care, and without the pandemic periods being associated to poorer outcomes. The reduction in time elapsed for resolving the e-consultations and no need for face-to-face visits were associated to improved outcomes.

Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 sobre un programa de consulta electrónica universal (e-consulta) entre médicos de Atención Primaria y cardiólogos

Blackground and objectiveVirtual healthcare models, usually between healthcare professionals and patients, have developed strongly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but there are not data of models between clinicians. Our objective is to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activity and health outcomes of the universal e-consultation program for patient referrals between primary care physicians and the Cardiology Department in our area. MethodsPatients with at least one e-consultation between 2018 and 2021 were selected. We analysed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on activity and waiting time for care, hospitalizations and mortality, taking as a reference the consultations carried out during 2018. ResultsWe analysed 25,121 patients. Through logistic regression analysis, it was observed that a shorter delay in care and resolution of the e-consultation without the need for face-to-face care were associated with a better prognosis. The COVID-19 pandemic periods (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) were not associated with worse health outcomes compared to 2018. ConclusionsThe results of our study show a significant reduction in e-consult referrals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic with a subsequent recovery in the demand for care without the pandemic periods being associated with worse outcomes. The reduction in the time elapsed for solving the e-consult and no need for in-person visit were associated with better outcomes.

The Impact of Illness Perception on Delay in Seeking Medical Help in Patients with Acute Chest Pain: A Cross-sectional Study in the United Arab Emirates

Background: The concern of contracting COVID-19 has prevented numerous individuals with ambiguous myocardial infarction symptoms from seeking medical attention, leading to delayed presentation and treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This delay could increase the risk of long-term consequences. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of illness perception on delay in seeking medical help in patients with acute chest pain in UAE during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Results: A total of 222 in-patients participated in the study, with an average age of 54.3 years (SD=14, Range= 20-86). The average score of illness perception was 5.66 (SD=0.92), which indicates that CVD was perceived as moderately threatening to physical and emotional status. Univariate analysis showed that illness coherence having previous cardiac catheterization, diabetes and asthma were factors associated with delay in seeking medical services. The linear regression showed that college education was a strong predictor of delay, while a history of asthma and undergoing cardiac catheterization were independent predictors of shorter delay. Conclusion: Illness coherence perception and time of seeking medical help are correlated. In addition, illness perception of personal control is low, which indicates the need for educational intervention. Other clinical factors also impact patients’ decisions, such as previous cardiac intervention and comorbidity, highlighting the target group for further attention from the healthcare team.

Fluid retention in a tank with a horizontal positively buoyant jet

In the boron dilution process, the volume control tank in the Chemical and Volume Control System of nuclear power plants has a retention effect on the demineralized water which is injected into the tank as a horizontal positively buoyant jet. The fluid retention hinders the boron concentration in the reactor coolant system from reaching the target value, eventually destabilizing the reactor power. Minimizing retention is consequently essential. However, there are few studies on fluid retention.The current study focuses on studying the fluid retention in the tank with a horizontal positively buoyant jet. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to simulate the flow and mixing inside the tank. A retention coefficient was introduced to compare fluid retention quantitatively. The effects of the operating conditions and tank configuration (inlet flow rate, concentration difference, and nozzle diameter) on fluid retention were studied in the non-stratified and stratified patterns. The results show that the effect of these parameters on fluid retention is negligible in the non-stratified pattern. However, in the stratified pattern, the increase of the inlet flow rate or the decrease of the concentration difference/nozzle diameter leads to the shorter delay stage and weaker fluid retention in the decline stage. Furthermore, the effect of the stratification Richardson number (RiSF) on the fluid retention of the tank with fixed geometric parameters is analyzed. The retention coefficient at the characteristic time always increases as the RiSF increases. Meanwhile, the coefficient increases very slowly in the non-stratified pattern. In the stratified pattern, it rises rapidly first and then slowly. Thus, a smaller RiSF is not necessary to reduce fluid retention when the mixing pattern is already the non-stratified pattern in practice. A criterion for pattern transition between stratified and non-stratified is proposed for practical purposes.

Enhanced extreme ultraviolet conversion efficiency of a 2 μ m laser-driven preformed tin-droplet target using short picosecond pre-pulses

In this study, an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) conversion efficiency (CE) of 6.9% was obtained in simulation by controlling the delay between a picosecond pre-pulse and a main-pulse with a wavelength of 2 μm; this value is about 7.5% higher than the ns pre-pulse scheme of the EUV emission produced by a 2 μm laser-driven tin-droplet target. In the simulation, the tin droplet expanded into hollow spherical structures after irradiation with a picosecond pre-pulse laser. Notably, compared with a nanosecond pre-pulse, in this case, the density of the tin plasma was lower, and the expansion range was wider for the same delay. Therefore, ps pre-pulse can make the tin plasma reach the optimal state of EUV emission in a shorter delay. In both pre-pulse schemes, the CE value maintains a high value (&amp;gt;5.7%) within a certain delay range (800 ns) between pre-pulse and main-pulse. In this study, the FLASH radiation hydrodynamic code and FLYCHK atomic code were used to investigate the energy conversion and spectra. The results obtained can be potentially useful for EUV lithography under a two-pulse scheme.

Optimal Timing of Targeted Temperature Management for Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome: Is Sooner Better?

Targeted temperature management (TTM) is often considered to improve post-cardiac arrest patients' outcomes. However, the optimal timing to initiate cooling remained uncertain. This retrospective analysis enrolled all non-traumatic post-cardiac arrest adult patients with either out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) or in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) who received TTM from July 2015 to July 2021 at our hospital. The values of time delay before TTM and time to target temperature were divided into three periods according to optimal cut-off values identified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A total of 177 patients were enrolled. A shorter time delay before TTM (pre-induction time) was associated with a lower survival chance at 28 days (32.00% vs. 54.00%, p = 0.0279). Patients with a longer cooling induction time (>440 minis) had better neurological outcomes (1.58% vs. 1.05%; p = 0.001) and survival at 28 days (58.06% vs. 29.25%; p = 0.006). After COX regression analysis, the influence of pre-induction time on survival became insignificant, but patients who cooled slowest still had a better chance of survival at 28 days. In conclusion, a shorter delay before TTM was not associated with better clinical outcomes. However, patients who took longer to reach the target temperature had better hospital survival and neurological outcomes than those who were cooled more rapidly. A further prospective study was warranted to evaluate the appropriate time window of TTM.

Ultra-compact and low delay time all optical half adder based on photonic crystals

In this paper, an optical half adder is designed using photonic crystals. One of the features of this half adder is its small size. In the design of this structure, it has been tried to have a small size, shorter delay and high contrast ratio so that it can be used in the design of optical integrated circuits. For the sum and carry outputs, the obtained contrast ratio in the designed half adder is 15.4 dB and 7.4 dB, respectively. In addition, the proposed structure has a size of 70 µm2. The small size of this structure and the use of simple point defects, have caused the maximum delay time of this structure to be reduced to 0.07 ps. Due to these characteristics, this structure is suitable for high-speed optical integrated circuits.

A Generalized Harmonic Extraction Algorithm Based on Multi-Window Average Filter Under Synchronous Rotating Frame

Various harmonic extraction algorithms have been proposed to improve the steady-state and dynamic performance for active power filter. However, it is difficult to select a suitable method for a certain load current scenario. This article analyses the general characteristics of the harmonic extraction based on the “frequency shift” characteristic by Park transform, and it can be transformed into a low-pass filter under the synchronous rotating frame (SRF) for design. Starting from the typical average filter, a general FIR filter structure called multi-window average (MWA) is proposed. According to the actual load current components, aiming at the shortest delay, the design process and guideline are given. Combined with SRF, the MWA structure can generalize recursive discrete Fourier transform (RDFT), cascade delayed signal cancellation (CDSC) and their derived algorithms, which proves the equivalence between time-based harmonic extraction methods and frequency-based ones. Moreover, using the MWA structure can effectively reduce the complexity of the CDSC algorithm. The experiment proves that the typical RDFT and CDSC harmonic extraction can be equivalently realized by using the SRF-based structure. Under the presence of 6 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</i> + 1 and 12 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</i> − 2 harmonics, the proposed harmonic extraction time can reach 1/4 fundamental cycle. While greatly reducing the dynamic response time, the MWA structure reveals inherent unity among various harmonic extraction algorithms for the first time.