Shortage Of Water Supply Research Articles

Evaluating the effectiveness of different irrigation systems in arid regions: A survey Based Analysis

Low precipitation and high temperatures in arid locations cause a shortage of water supplies and water stress. As it helps maintain and boost crop production, irrigation is an essential tool for agriculture in these areas. However, in arid areas, the efficacy of various irrigation techniques might vary greatly. The purpose of this essay is to assess the efficacy of various irrigation techniques in arid areas, such as conventional surface irrigation, drip irrigation, and spray irrigation. In arid areas, surface irrigation is the most popular type of irrigation, when water is applied to the soil's surface through ditches or furrows. Although this technique is straightforward and low-cost, water losses from evaporation and runoff may happen, leading to inefficient water use and poor crop output. By using a system of pipes and emitters, drip irrigation, on the other hand, feeds water directly to plant roots. Higher water use efficiency and crop yields are the results of this system's reduced water losses and accurate water distribution to the plants.

A 440-Year Reconstruction of Heavy Precipitation in California from Blue Oak Tree Rings

Abstract The variability of water year precipitation and selected blue oak tree-ring chronologies in California are both dominated by heavy precipitation delivered during just a few days each year. These heavy precipitation events can spell the difference between surplus or deficit water supply and elevated flood risk. Some blue oak chronologies are highly correlated with water year precipitation (r = 0.84) but are equally well correlated (r = 0.82) with heavy precipitation totals ≥25.4 mm (1 in., ≈95th percentile of daily totals, 1949–2004). The blue oak correlation with nonheavy daily totals is much weaker (<25.4 mm; r = 0.55). Consequently, some blue oak chronologies represent selective proxies for the temporal and spatial variability of heavy precipitation totals and are used to reconstruct the amount and number of days with heavy precipitation in northern California from 1582 to 2021. Instrumental and reconstructed heavy precipitation totals are strongly correlated with gridded atmospheric river–related precipitation over the western United States, especially in central California. Spectral analysis indicates that instrumental heavy precipitation totals may be dominated by high-frequency variability and the nonheavy totals by low-frequency variance. The reconstruction of heavy precipitation is coherent with instrumental heavy totals across the frequency domain and include concentrations of variance at ENSO and biennial frequencies. Return period analyses calculated using instrumental heavy precipitation totals are representative of the return periods in the blue oak reconstruction despite the large differences in series length. Decadal surges in the amount, frequency, and interannual volatility of heavy precipitation totals are reconstructed, likely reflecting episodes of elevated atmospheric river activity in the past. Significance Statement Tree-ring chronologies of blue oak are highly correlated with precipitation delivered to northern California during just the heaviest days of precipitation each year. The reconstruction of heavy precipitation indicates decadal episodes with a high frequency of extreme precipitation. These episodes of frequent heavy precipitation likely arose because of elevated atmospheric river activity and are relevant to the analysis of water supply and flood hazard in California.

Space–Time Variations of Fish Communities from the Belbek River

This paper presents the results of studying the species composition, diversity, and dynamics of fish communities from the middle reaches of the Belbek River, one of the small rivers of the Crimean Peninsula, which is actively used to eliminate the shortage of water supply in recent years. The river is currently exposed to significant anthropogenic impact. Trends of change in the structure of the fish community with the economic development of the river have been observed and the main forms of negative environmental impact have been identified. A deterioration in the structure of aquatic communities and a sharp decrease in their diversity have been recorded over a short time period. A decrease in the abundance and a deformation of the population structure of native fish species (Crimea shemaya Alburnus mentoides, Crimean barbel Barbus tauricus, and Salgir gudgeon Gobio krymensis) are also observed. The determining influence of hydraulic engineering and hydrotechnical measures on destructive processes in aquatic ecosystems is shown.

Peramalan Kebutuhan Air: Analisis Debit Kebutuhan Air Bersih pada Masa Mendatang

Bengkulu City is one of the cities of Bengkulu Province. Bengkulu is classified as big city in terms of number of population with 374.694 people. Increasing number of populations effected the needs of water as basic necessity. However, enlargement of water needs contradictive with amount of water on global. The reduction in water catchment areas and the amount of pollution decreasing water that is suitable for consumption. Hence, this research aims to predict future water needs as a measure to anticipate a shortage of water supply. Forecasting of the amount of water demand in this study uses a descriptive quantitative method. The result shows the amount of water demand discharge in 2031 is 28.218 Litre/second. So, the amount of discharge of water demand in 2031 will increase by 0.61% from 2021.

Water Discharge Control in BLDC Motor Driven Pumps to Increase Drip Irrigation Accuracy

Drip irrigation is the most energy and water-efficient irrigation. The multi-sector drip irrigation system can irrigate various types of plants which are divided into several sectors. Changes in the number of active sectors due to differences in irrigation duration resulted in unstable emitter discharges. This instability makes irrigation inaccurate and results in excess or shortage of water supply for crops. Water pump control is needed to match the amount of active emitter discharge. This study controls the discharge of water pumps in multi-sector drip irrigation so that the discharge is in accordance with the number of active emitters. The pump discharge control uses the proportional integral and derivative (PID) method. The type of centrifugal water pump used is driven by a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor with a six-step speed control method. The test results show that the pump can adjust the water discharge with a steady state error of 2.8%.

A new method for estimating multi-source water supply considering joint probability distributions under uncertainty

A new method integrating techniques of copula and interval estimation to estimate multi-source water supply was proposed. Using the copula theory, joint probability distributions of multiple water sources were constructed for the estimation of water supply. In addition, the interval estimation was used to obtain the interval of water supply under uncertainty for the formulation of water-diversion strategies and the efficient allocation of water resources. This method can give an in-depth investigation on correlations and synchronous–asynchronous characteristics of runoff variations for multiple water sources, thus solving the uncertainty problem of water supply. To demonstrate its applicability, the method was applied to a case study in the Xiong’an New Area, a future metropolis in North China. The results showed that log-normal distributions for the marginal distributions of source 2 (i.e., the Water Diversion Project from the Yellow River to Baiyangdian Lake) and source 3 (i.e., the South-to-North Water Diversion Project) were feasible. The combined channel source, composed of source 2 and source 3, provided [5.20, 12.10] × 108 m3, and reservoir source provided [0.76, 3.60] × 108 m³ of water resources to the Xiong’an New Area per year. Furthermore, without the implementation of multi-source combined water supply pattern in the Xiong’an New Area, there would be a large water supply deficit. This research can provide effective practical suggestions and guidance on water-resource planning and management.

Complexities of the urban drinking water systems in Ethiopia and possible interventions for sustainability.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-022-02901-7.

BITING THE BULLET: THE CASE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ RESILIENCE TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEFICIT IN NIGERIA

This study conceptually assesssed household resilience to water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria. It expressed water supply and sanitation situation in Nigeria in terms of historical background and organisation structure of water supply and sanitation and highlighted cases of water supply and sanitation across states and geopolitical zones to reflect the precarious water supply and sanitation condition in Nigeria. Coping strategies that households have adopted in addressing water supply and sanitation deficit were categorised into four: enhancing or supplementing available quantity of water and quality of sanitation facilities; accommodating unreliable water supply supplies and lack of sanitation facilities; improving water and sanitation quality; and collective action and voice. These coping strategies are determined by household socioeconomic status and location (urban or rural) and the extent of unreliability of supply service and their adoption places serious health, financial and social implications on the households. The study concluded that inadequate water supply and sanitation impose significant coping burdens on households, making the household resilience a case of biting the bullet and proffered recommendations that aimed at mitigating water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria and other countries with similar background.

Challenges of sanitation in developing counties - Evidenced from a study of fourteen towns, Ethiopia

Rapid urbanization and population growth in the past few decades has been worsening the water supply and sanitation problems in Ethiopia putting the current water supply deficit of the country at a staggering 41%. Using Ethiopia as a case of rapidly growing countries in the Global South and struggling with water supply and sanitation management, the objective of this study was to examine the challenges of sanitation in Ethiopia by selecting 14 towns located under different climatic conditions and administrative regions with diversified culture, ethnicity, and religion. Data from these towns were collected through household survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and site visits. The field observation was conducted with representatives from the municipality who have knowledge on the existing sanitation and associated problems. Analysis of the collected data shows that poor water supply, inadequate toilet facilities, poor toilet facility emptying practices, poor community perceptions on sanitation management and inadequate emptying services were major challenges associated with sanitation. Moreover, absence of wastewater dumping site, lack of integration among the different components of sanitation, insufficient collaboration among potential stakeholders and gaps between the existing population and sanitation services were the other key challenges of sanitation exacerbated by inadequate financial resources. From the 14 studied towns the average water deficit was found 35%, and the average households with no toilet facilities were 17%. Only about 20% households have flushed toilets and about 5% practiced open defecation. While 42% of the households use vacuum trucks for emptying wastewaters and about 37% of the households dump wastewater outside of their premises. Among the studied 14 towns, only four towns have their own vacuum trucks, no town possesses wastewater dumping site. The different components of sanitation were managed separately without integration. Moreover, the collaboration among the potential stakeholders of sanitation management was found poor and fragmented. Also, sanitation services have not developed along with the population growth as the finance allocated to sanitation management is much lower compared to other municipal services. Thus, sanitation in the studied towns is poor, though there are progresses when compared with previous decades. To improve the sanitation condition in these towns the water supply should be improved together with raising the perception of the local community. The present study recommends further studies to be conducted on the feasibility of sustainable sanitation and “country-wide comprehensive” study on water supply, sanitation and open defecation in Ethiopian in particular and in developing countries as a whole.

Hydrological Response of Tropical Catchments to Climate Change as Modeled by the GR2M Model: A Case Study in Costa Rica

This study aimed to assess the impacts of climate change on streamflow characteristics of five tropical catchments located in Costa Rica. An ensemble of five General Circulation Models (GCMs), namely HadGEM2-ES, CanESM2, EC-EARTH, MIROC5, MPI-ESM-LR dynamically downscaled by two Regional Climate Models (RCMs), specifically HadRM3P and RCA4, was selected to provide an overview of the impacts of different climate change scenarios under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 using the 1961–1990 baseline period. The GR2M hydrological model was used to reproduce the historical monthly surface runoff patterns of each catchment. Following calibration and validation of the GRM2 model, the projected impact of climate change on streamflow was simulated for a near-future (2011–2040), mid-future (2041–2070) and far-future (2071–2100) for each catchment using the bias-corrected GCM-RCM multimodel ensemble-mean (MEM). Results anticipate wetter conditions for all catchments in the near-future and mid-future periods under RCPs 2.6 and 4.5, whereas dryer conditions are expected for the far-future period under RCP 8.5. Projected temperature trends indicate consistently warmer conditions with increasing radiative forcing and future periods. Streamflow changes across all catchments however are dominated by variations in projected precipitation. Wetter conditions for the near-future and mid-future horizons under RCPs 2.6 and 4.5 would result in higher runoff volumes, particularly during the late wet season (LWS). Conversely, dryer conditions for the far-future period under RCP8.5 would result in considerably lower runoff volumes during the early wet season (EWS) and the Mid-Summer Drought (MSD). In consequence, projected seasonal changes on streamflow across all catchments may result in more frequent flooding, droughts, and water supply shortage compared to historical hydrological regimes.

Integrating water science, economics, and policy for future climate adaptation

Water science, water economics, and water policy issues continue to rise in importance internationally as elevated population, income growth, and climate change magnify scarcity, shortages, and injustices in water access. Based on the unique physical, institutional, and economic characteristics of water, this work's first contribution is to characterize a road forward for research innovations that enable better integration of water science, water economics, and water policy. Meeting water's sustainable development and justice goals calls for several research innovations that humanity awaits. The advances called for in this work include deep uncertainty management, red team reviews, innovative water rights design, accelerating SDG achievement, valuing water infrastructure, valuing natural water retention, incentivizing water conservation, improving financial performance of rural water systems, water network modularization, non-price scarcity signals, optimization model calibration, remote sensing, transboundary benefit sharing, optimal growth, and water valuation. The work's second contribution is to present a prototype scalable basin scale hydroeconomic analysis (HEA) as a framework for integrating these above innovations when they occur. Results of the HEA show that losses from a 50% shortage in the basin's surface water supply can continue to protect 93% of total economic benefits across economic sectors if an efficient water trading system is established to move water from lower to higher valued uses when shortages occur. The work concludes by noting that great advances remain needed for better and longer lives.

Changing pattern of water supply system in Jaipur metropolitan (Rajasthan, India)

Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Rajasthan state with a growing population of 4.008 million in 2021. Jaipur metropolitan is a fast-growing city that attracts the population to migrate from all over the state. Jaipur city is a well-known tourist center and the tourist footfall around the world is very high. The city is developing rapidly (in terms of industrial) and so the population is. This results in the lack of some of the basic necessities to cater to the demands of the population residing here. The major problem nowadays is water scarcity and the crisis that threatens drinking water sources. Due to scorching heat and semi-arid climatic conditions, the surface water sources of dams are drying up resulting in depleting water table. There is no perennial source of surface groundwater in the city. Initially, the Ramgarh dam was the source of drinking water for the city population. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, the major part of Ramgarh dam remained dried and till 2012 the river bed was completely dried. Jaipur city suffered in an acute situation in getting drinking water. Hence, a new source of water was investigated and constructed in 1990 i.e., Bisalpur dam located in Tonk district of Rajasthan over 120 km away from Jaipur, providing water to Tonk, Ajmer and Jaipur. The supply of water from Bisalpur Dam to Jaipur began in 2009. Due to the shortage of water supply from the Bisalpur dam, the government has planned and investigated a detailed feasibility report to link the Bisalpur dam to Chambal and Brahmini Rivers to make Bisalpur dam a sustainable water resource for utilizing excess water off the Brahmini River project. To combat such situation, it is very important for the government to find sustainable solutions. Besides this, public participation is also very significant to attain the solution.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Fish of Dalmaj Marsh, Iraq

Most marshes in Iraq face several challenges as aquatic environments, including pollution by various chemical agents and heavy metals. The current study deal with an analysis of the water quality of Dalmaj marsh as one of the closed aquatic environments in the middle parts of Iraq located between latitudes 32ᵒ 05′ to 32ᵒ 23′N and longitudes 45ᵒ 10′ to 45ᵒ 38′ E. The marsh is suffering from a shortage in water supply, especially during the summer. It will lead to a concentration of heavy metals that are washed and transported to the marsh from the surrounding watersheds through surface runoff. This work aims to analyze water and fish samples to assess heavy metals and their accumulated risk in fish tissues based on many indices. The 16 samples of water and nine samples of fish are collected and analyzed for concentration of heavy metals, i.e., Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn). The water analysis results indicate that Chromium (Cr) only comes below the permissible limit in water. At the same time, the composite heavy metals pollution index (HPI) identified that the water samples are varied from light pollution to malignant pollution. Regarding fish samples, three indices, i.e., BAF, EDI, and HI, are used to test the accumulated concentration of heavy metals in fish tissues and to point out their risk to consumers. The results indicate that Pb and Ni are the more hazardous metals accumulated in many fish samples with increasing fish weight, while hazard index (HI) is an additive index of all tested heavy metals, indicating concern risk from most fish samples. The study recommends testing the marsh water pollution periodically.

Challenge of rainwater harvesting in Shanghai, China: A public psychological perspective.

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHs) are vital to alleviate water shortages, especially in arid regions. However, research on the application of RWHs in humid regions is necessary because they may also face the challenges of water supply shortages, urban flooding, runoff pollution, and heat island phenomena. Public acceptance plays a key role in the reuse of water resources. This study takes Shanghai, China, as an example and explores the public intention and motivation to use RWHs in humid regions by adding six psychological factors to the technology acceptance model (TAM). The results indicate that social influence, subjective knowledge, and the technological environment are direct drivers. Other psychological factors influence the intention to use through the moderation of perceived usefulness and attitude. The total effect of social influence, subjective knowledge, and social trust are essential for RWHs implementation. However, the technical environment and perceived risk may be psychological barriers to accepting RWHs. In addition, there is no significant effect of the perceived cost. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers to understand the public's attitudes and intrinsic motivations to address the challenges of rainwater harvesting in a humid region.

Potential long term water yield impacts from pine plantation management strategies in the southeastern United States

Changes in global bioenergy consumption have catalyzed the emergence of forest plantations as an important energy alternative. In the southeastern United States, land cover changes caused by increasing demands for pine trees as a bioenergy feedstock incite associated impacts on local ecosystem services (e.g., water yield). However, water yield impacts from pine plantation management strategies, such as thinning and short rotation, have yet to be simultaneously examined on multiple spatial scales. Here, we modeled the effects of thinning and clear-cut conditions on long term mean annual water yield across a 55-year time horizon at the watershed scale (watershed area ranging 696 – 7,374 km2) in northern Florida, southern Georgia, and southern Alabama. Additionally, we assessed the long term water yield effects of thinning, clear-cut, and short-rotation management at the pine plantation (i.e., plot) scale. We compared three plot-level evapotranspiration models as well as the watershed-level Water Supply Stress Index water balance model to simulate plot and watershed hydrologic responses from pine plantation management scenarios. Both methods showed that 10% thinning had the smallest increase in water yield (<6%), while clear-cut conditions imposed the greatest increase (up to 51% for plot scale and up to 25% for watershed scale simulations). Short-rotation management caused plot-level water yield increases ranging from 3% to 24%. Overall, greater water yield effects were seen in site simulations, rather than in watersheds, reinforcing the importance of scale when assessing water budget impacts given land cover changes. These results suggest that landowners have agency over the magnitude of water that is yielded from their plantations and that local water supply shortages can be mitigated by changing forestry biomass management strategies. The opportunity to supplement local water availability is especially valuable within the context of changing climate cycles that may bring about drier local conditions. The multi-scale approach presented here can support efforts from landowners and water managers to optimize profit as well as ecosystem service provision.

Coping Strategies, Cultural Practices and Policy Implications on Domestic Water Supply in an Erosion Susceptible Rural Community, Nigeria

Solving water-related problems in remote regions, especially in the developing world, is context-specific and demands knowledge and attendant support of local processes and practices. Most rural communities in developing countries have basic water and other socioeconomic challenges common to them. However, the additional constraints that come with incessant landslides and gully erosion menace necessitates a holistic investigation of how the inhabitants of Nanka, a rural community in the southeastern part of Nigeria, tend to cope with shortages in the domestic water supply and other stress associated with water. This work tries to examine the domestic water coping strategies in the community in terms of water access, sources, practices, barriers, cultural influences, and other environmental issues. These factors were investigated through qualitative research methods. Major water sources in the community include surface sources, rainwater harvesting, and sachet water, while the main water coping practices are water storage, water sharing, and buying water from vendors. The current study further makes policy recommendations along the way forward.

Technology options and cost estimates of nuclear powered desalination in the United Arab Emirates

ABSTRACT The shortage of fresh water supply is a serious concern in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); such aspects make it nearly impossible to sustain the generation of potable water by strategies other than seawater desalination. With rising concerns over utilizing conventional energy technologies, nuclear desalination is seen as an effective option. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential cost of seawater nuclear desalination for the UAE in two meteorological seasons of summer and winter. Three desalination techniques including reverse osmosis (RO), multi-effect distillation with thermal vapor compressors (MED-TVC), and a hybrid combination of MED-TVC+RO coupled to Barakah Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) are assessed using IAEA’s DEEP-5 code. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted including a parametric variation in the interest rate, discount rate, and specific unit cost of the desalination plant. The seasonal study indicates that water costs increased in the winter, relative to summer with the MED-TVC being the highest in cost, followed by MED-TVC+RO, and RO. The power cost is found to be the only parameter affected by the interest and discount rates and, thus, the RO is the most economically competitive technology with further advantages in terms of safety aspects.

Effects of changing climate on the groundwater potential: A case of Chongwe and Rufunsa Districts along the Chongwe River Catchment, Zambia

This study assesses the effects of changing climate on the groundwater potential along the Chongwe River Catchment of Chongwe and Rufunsa Districts, through the use of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS). The study area has since the year 2012 experienced water supply shortages, partly attributed to climate change, with the local utility considering the prospects of using groundwater for the area's water supply. The area's groundwater characterisation employed multi-parametric data sets that comprised of remotely sensed data and conventional maps, generated using a weighted overlay approach in geographical information system. A total of 12 general circulation models (GCMs) outputs for precipitation were used for the period 1980 to 2080 as one of the thematic layers for the prediction of the groundwater potential (GWP) zones. The GCMs predicted decreases in precipitation, with the EC-EARTH model being the best performing model in restructuring precipitation with NSE of 0.66 compared with the other 11 GCMs. The spatial-temporal GWP zones showed reductions in zones of high and moderate potential under decreasing rainfall amounts. For continued groundwater availability, the study advocates for optimal allocation of groundwater resources based on the spatial variability of groundwater potential and aquifer yields.

Performance of rooftop rainwater harvesting system as a source of drinking water

Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) are increasingly being used as an alternative or supplementary source of water to curb the water supply deficit in the Kathmandu valley. The harvested rainwater is primarily used for non-potable purposes like flushing toilets and irrigation, but the knowledge on the use of rainwater for potable purpose is remarkably sparse. This study assesses the suitability of rainwater in terms of quantity and quality in a public school that adopts Rooftop RWHS as the source of drinking water. In this study, we observed that the volume of rainwater being harvested is sufficient to address the current demand of drinking water, with a mean rainfall of 1664 mm on a catchment area of 372 m2. Storage capacity needs to be expanded if the demand increases. Physico-chemical and microbial analyses of water samples (before and after a series of treatments) were carried out for the winter, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The values of physico-chemical parameters of the water samples, in all the seasons, were well within both the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS, 2005) and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2017) guidelines for drinking water, while fecal coliforms were detected in the storage tank, but were absent in tap water after the treatments. Based on the findings, we suggest that the harvested rainwater could be used for drinking purposes if properly treated. RWHS use at the institutional level, like in schools, on the one hand, curbs the increasing demand for water in water-deficit locations like Kathmandu, and on the other, encourages the adoption of such sustainable technologies for the water supply.

The ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY: AN OVERVIEW IN CASE OF DURAME CITY, KAMBATA TEMBARO ZONE, SNNP REGION, ETHIOPIA JANUARY, 2019

The provision of urban infrastructure like water service has become a major concern in many developed and developing countries. Access to safe water and sanitary means of waste disposal is universal needs and indeed basic human rights. Besides, they are essential elements of human development and poverty alleviation and constitute an obligatory component of primary health care. The main objective of this study is to assess issues, challenges and management of urban household water supply: in case of Durame city, Kambata Tembaro Zone, SNNP Region. The study is descriptive in its nature and both qualitative and quantitative research Approach with a sample size of 120 which selected through systematic random sampling method used. Interview questionnaires were employed for data collection. Lastly the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools like frequency and percentage. The study findings revealed that factors like, shortage of water at the sources; rapid population growth, electric power failure, and rapid urbanization were classified to be main causes of water supply shortage to the city communities. The gap between demand and output is increasing from year to year as a result of the aforementioned primary factors. Water source for the city entirely relying only on groundwater is not enough. The study therefore recommends that the groundwater source has to be enlarged by surface water through water conservation techniques. Therefore, as a long- run solution to water supply shortage in the city great attention should be given for surface water development. Furthermore, surface water might serve as a recharging source for groundwater sources in the surrounding area. Through water conservation techniques around the water potential areas (boreholes sites) groundwater have to be recharged so as to balance the recharging and discharging rates. On the other hand, bottom-up community engagement should be promoted, and existing women's groups such as religious, trade, and professional associations should be involved in order to debate how to utilize water responsibly.