Shortage Of Provision Research Articles

Commissioning Care

A shortage of provision and a rise in vulnerable children has made social care placements harder to find and more expensive for councils and led to policymakers developing plans for regional commissioning

Social Networking Technologies in Promoting Language Socialization: EFL Teachers' Beliefs

Teachers' views influence how they choose pedagogical methods and how they execute teaching practices in the classroom. An investigation of teachers' views regarding the notion of "language socialization" (LS) and how it may be used to enhance pedagogical application via the use of social networking technologies (SNTs) in a Yemeni EFL setting is the subject of this study. In this study, 30 EFL teachers participated in a survey. Five males were interviewed out of the total number of participants. The findings revealed that the vast majority of teachers had good associations with LS as a teaching method and positive reactions to the use of SNTs in the EFL classrooms even though most participants had never used SNTs in their own classrooms. Because of a lack of access to and training in the usage of SNTs, teachers have been prevented from integrating them into their classrooms when teaching English. This suggests that instructors recognize the important functions that SNTs play in improving students’ language learning and socialization but that they lack first-hand experience and training in how to use them in their classrooms effectively. That there is a shortage of provision must be addressed as soon as possible to guarantee that Yemeni English as a foreign language teachers and their students have the chance to engage with new technologies in order to enhance their educational experiences critically.

RESIDENTIAL CARE

Standards of residential child care have never been higher, but a shortage of provision and rising demand due to more traumatised children coming into the system is stretching local authority budgets to the limit

Background and Aspect of the War between Goguryeo and Sui in 598 - Focusing on Yoseo Region which is the contact zones-

본고에서는 고구려와 隋의 접경공간이라고 할 수 있는 遼西地域을 주목하면서 598년 고구려- 수 전쟁의 발발 배경을 살펴보았다. 그리고 인물 개개인의 활동을 기록한 列傳을 참고하면서 전쟁의 구체적인 전개 양상, 그리고 수군이 전쟁에서 패배한 요인에 대해 규명해 보고자하였다. 598년 고구려-수 전쟁은 양 국의 접경공간이면서 거란과 말갈이 자리 잡고 있는 遼西지역에 대해 서로 우위를 점하려고 했던 세력 다툼 속에서 일어났다. 고구려는 遼西지역을 선제 공격함으로써 遼西지역에서의 수의 세력 확대를 더 이상 용납하지 않겠다는 의사를 보였다. 그리고 속말말갈 기병 동원을 통해 속말말갈이 복속되었음을 수에 보임으로써, 수가 고구려 원정을 준비하기 전에 고구려 원정이 만만치 않음을 인식시켜 전면적인 전쟁을 막고자 하였다. 반면 수 문제는 고구려의 遼西 공격으로 인하여 遼西지역에 대한 영향력 확대에 제동이 걸리고, 돌궐과 고구려의 연계 가능성을 확인하면서 고구려 원정을 감행하였다. 수는 行軍元帥로 漢王 楊諒과 王世積, 元帥長史로 高熲, 그리고 水軍總管으로 周羅睺를 임명하고, 30만 병력을 동원하여 곧바로 고구려 원정에 나섰다. 원정군의 최고 지휘관은 명목상 行軍元帥인 楊諒이었으나, 실제로는 高熲이 군 통수권을 장악하고 있었다. 王世積이 이끄는 군대는 6월 臨楡關을 출발해 柳城에서 楊諒의 군대와 만나 함께 遼水 및 평양성으로 진군하고자 하였는데, 柳城에 이르렀을 때 군량 부족 및 전염병의 유행 등 심각한 문제에 봉착하였다. 이 때 高熲은 회군, 楊諒은 원래 계획대로의 진군을 주장하였는데, 高熲과 두터운 친분을 바탕으로 긴밀한 관계를 맺고 있던 王世積이 高熲의 주장에 동조함으로써, 王世積의 군대는 회군하였다. 고구려로 진군한 楊諒의 군대는 遼水에 이르렀을 때 군량 부족과 전염병에 시 달렸다. 그리고 水軍 또한 거센 바람에 표류하고 침몰하는 등 어려운 상황을 맞이했다. 수 원정군이 수륙 양면에서 어려움을 겪고 있을 때, 고구려는 수에 사죄하는 표문을 올렸고, 수가 이를 명분으로 철군하면서 수의 고구려 원정은 막을 내리게 된다. 수의 고구려 원정 실패 요인으로는 전쟁 준비 부족, 원정시기의 오판 등을 들 수 있지만, 원정 실패의 피해를 키운 요인은 楊諒의 무능함과 욕심 때문이었다.This article reviewed the background of outbreak of the war between Goguryeo(高句麗) and Sui(隋) in 598 paying attention to Yoseo Region(遼西地域) which is the contact zone between the two nations. It tried to identify the detailed development of the war and the reason of loss of Sui referring to the biographies of the related individuals. The war between Goguryeo and Sui in 598 broke out in the struggle for power between two countries to get better position in Yoseo region, the contact zone between the two countries, where the Khitan(契丹) and the Mohe(靺鞨) resided. Goguryeo, by preemptively attacking the Yoseo Region, showed its determination that it would no longer tolerate the expansion of power of Sui in the Yoseo Region. It tried to prevent an all-out war by letting Sui know that the expedition to Goguryeo would not be an easy job before Sui prepared for the expedition to Goguryeo, by showing that Sokmalmalgal(粟末靺鞨) had been subjugated through the mobilization of the Sokmalmalgal cavalry. On the other hand, Emperor Wen of Sui(隋 文 帝) took the risk of Goguryeo expedition as his influence on Yoseo Region was braked due to the attack on Yoseo Region by Goguryeo and the possibility of collaboration between Turk(突厥) and Goguryeo was confirmed. Sui appointed Hanwang Yangryang(漢王 楊諒) and Wangsejeok(王世 積) as Haenggunwonsu(行軍元帥), Gogyeong(高熲) as Wonsujangsa(元 帥長史), and Jurahu(周羅睺) as SugunChonggwan(水軍總管) and mobilized 300,000 soldiers to make an expedition to Goguryeo. The top commander of the expeditionary forces was Yangryang nominally but actually Gogyeong had the control of the army. The army led by Wangsejeok intended to leave Rimyugwan(臨楡關) in June and meet the army led by Yangryang to go to Yosu(遼水) and Pyongyang(平壤). However, they met severe problems such as shortage of provisions and epidemics. Here, Gogyeong addressed to retreat and Yangrauyng addressed to advancement according to the original plan. Wangsejeok, who were very close to Gogyeong, agreed on the opinion of Gogyeong, and his army retreated. On the other hand Yangryang advanced to Goguryo and they suffered from shortage of provisions and epidemics when they arrived at Yosu. Navy also had a difficult situation such as drifting and sinking in strong winds. When navy and army of Sui had difficulties on the land and on the sea, Goguryeo offered an apology letter to Sui, and Sui retreated in the name of forgiveness. The reasons for failure of Sui in the expedition to Goguryeo may include lack of preparations for war and misjudgment of the time of expedition, but the biggest reason to make the damages bigger was the inability and greed of Yangryang.

Sustainability of universal health coverage in Italy: a modelling study

BackgroundItaly and the Eurozone are in their largest ever financial depression. Several, often contradictory, public economic and financial stability emergency interventions are being introduced, whose ultimate effects on public and private health spending and on the sustainability of universal health coverage are difficult to predict. We assessed their magnitude and effect on sustainability of publicly funded health care and universal coverage. The Italian Economic and Stability Reform Program 2011–14 assumes that: gross domestic product will grow exponentially between 2011 and 2014, at a rate of 3·18% per year compared with 3·29% in the period 1997–2010; the public component of health-care financing will not grow in the period 2011–14 compared with growth of 0·82% per year for 1997–2010; and growing expenditure for non-health applications—for example, sovereign debt service, pensions, unemployment subsidies, sovereign debt fiscal compact, and deficit reduction—is not expected to affect health financing and universal coverage. MethodsWe analysed the Italian Economic and Stability Reform Program 2011–2014, which incorporates Eurostat and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development health and economic data and guidelines, and developed a quantitative synthetic sustainability index σ based on simple partial and absolute differential equations to account for simultaneous variation in total health financing, its public component, and nominal gross domestic product. We tested historical trends and projections adjusted with the sustainability index σ with standard population Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. FindingsThe Italian Economic and Stability Reform Program 2011–2014 focuses its public health-care financing interventions on freezing the exponential growth of public health financing propensity (the ratio between public health financing and the nominal gross domestic product; presently roughly 7% of gross domestic product), while adjusting the growth rate of public health financing (exponential growth rate=2·83%, r=0·98) to that of gross domestic product (exponential growth rate=3·18%, r=1·00). Under the assumptions of the Economic and Stability Reform Program, the sustainability index σ is in the financially sustainable range (–1<σ<0). If growth of gross domestic product between 2011 and 2014 is insufficient—as it has been for January, to June, 2012 (–2·40%)—then the assumptions of the Program will not hold and the index will increase to more than 1, making universal health coverage financially unsustainable. InterpretationHealth professionals should advise Italian and Eurozone national budget planners and financial health regulators before unselective public health financing and provision shortages following the European Fiscal Compact Convergence and Stability Parameters incorporated in the Italian Economic and Stability Reform Program damage universal health coverage in Italy. FundingUniversity of Milano-Bicocca, University of Bergamo.

Welfare Services for the Elderly in a Metropolitan Municipality

Decentralization of welfare policy for the elderly in recent Japan made local municipalities have responsibility to provide services. This means, however, the varieties in the quantity and the quality of services between municipalities. It is difficult to obtain the land for institutions especially in urban municipalities because of the high price of land. Therefore, the shortage of provision is serious problem in urban administration. Furthermore, the demand for services can not be satisfied in own municipality and affects neighborhood municipalities.From these problems, the present paper aims to clarify how the institutional care services were provided and the needs for services were satisfied in and out of one municipality. Nagoya City, the study area, is one of the major metropolitan city in Japan, with over two million population and it is divided into 16 wards. The object of this study is nursing home for the elderly, which is the most major service in institutional care in Japan.The results of the study can be summarized as follows:1) The locations of nursing homes are remarkable in peripheral than central wards of the city relatively. The capacity of beds by wards is not proportional to the population 65 and above.2) Each nursing homes bases on a variety of types of the organizations; public, welfare facilities, hospital, religious group, private person and so on. Since 1994, the outer organization of the administration, which had financed half by the administration, had built many homes remarkably. Consequently, the location of homes proceeded also in the central wards, where there were no homes so far. This means that unless positive policy for the provision of homes by the administration is adopted it is not easy to increase homes in urban region, where the availability of land is low.3) Regarding use of nursing homes, many of migrations to enter homes leave for own or neighbor wards. There are more immigrations from other wards where the degree of congestion of homes (the number of beds per 100 people aged 65 years and over) is relatively loose.4) Correlation coefficient between the provision of nursing homes (the number of persons entered in homes) and the demand (the number of entered and waiting lists) was not significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the level of territorial justice on nursing homes in Nagoya City is not high.5) As a result of the principal component analysis on the migrations to enter homes in Nagoya City, six components (cumulative percentage of the total variance; 73.3%) were extracted. By the interpretation of the components, major patterns of immigrants were to“northeast wards”, “southwest wards”and“eastern wards”.6) Although immigrations to other municipalities leave for the whole of Aichi Prefecture, municipalities in western region of the prefecture had accepted many people from Nagoya City. Immigrations to the municipalities in the next region, policy for provision of services for the elderly, of Nagoya City is surpassing from the peripheral ward which locates on a line from the central of Nagoya City toward to a municipality of destination.7) Although by municipalities in the prefecture the degree of congestion of homes doesn't have relations with the number of persons from Nagoya City, by the policy district it was obviously proportional to ones. Consequently, most of eleven cities with populated above 100 thousand people had so congested that immigrations from Nagoya City were not so many, except for Toyohashi and Toyokawa where the degree of congestion of homes were loose.8) Finally, horizontal intergovernmental relations between Nagoya City and its next municipalities were evaluated through the comparison the number of immigrations from Nagoya City and each of their own demand for homes.

Ice Cap and Sea Ice in North Greenland

T ^HE Bicentenary Expedition to Northern Greenland had for its main objective investigation and survey in Peary Land, the most inaccessible part of Greenland.' It was proposed to make the outward journey along the coast and the return, late in summer when travel on the sea ice was impossible, over the inland ice. It was further planned to ascend the ice cap from the head of Independence Fjord and for mapping purposes to travel as near the coast as possible, i. e. along the edge of the ice cap. The plan was successfully carried through. Though we suffered a serious shortage of provisions we were on the other hand favored to an exceptional degree by fine weather, not being held back a single day by snowstorm or fog. Traveling near the coast, however, is troublesome for various reasons. In the first place we had to cross the great, crevassed depressions in which the fiord glaciers head, a topography with good reason ill-famed since Peary's first journey. Apart from this we had constantly to travel up and down in very rough territory. On the other hand, a journey near the edge of the ice cap presented various advantages. Often we traveled at a positive temperature, which spared us the necessity of melting ice in order to get drinking water and thus from encroaching further on our small store of petroleum. During nearly the whole journey traveling was easy because the ice was firm and hard and in most places almost without snow. To this must be added another circumstance which we had at first feared, but which subsequently proved a great facility. Our traveling route took us across the great glaciers so near their termini that all the snow was melted, hence the crevasses, though large and difficult to traverse, were visible and not treacherously hidden by snow bridges.