Electricity Shortage Research Articles

Online collaborative learning and cognitive presence in mathematics and science education. Case study of university of Rwanda, college of education.

This study aims to investigate how online collaboration can support the learning of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in higher education. Empirical data were collected from 88 postgraduate students studying at the African Centre of Excellence for Innovative Teaching Learning Mathematics and Science (ACEITLMS) using online oral interviews and two five-point Likert scale questionnaires. Interviews were analysed through content analysis while data from the questionnaire were scanned through the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) to compute descriptive statistics and Spearman rhocorrelation coefficient. The findings indicate that online collaborative learning through small group discussions prompt knowledge co-construction, and higher-order thinking skills in STEM subjects. Moreover, the findings demonstrate how several electronic multimedia tools (PhET simulations, animations, YouTube videos) can increase student retention and engagement in learning STEM. Though the students reported that they experienced challenges such as poor internet connection, lack of laboratory work, electricity shortage, and limited ICT skills, they managed to complete STEM learning activities by using free virtual laboratories, portable tethering hotspots from their smartphones, and smartphones where power was a problem and learnt the navigation of ICT tools from their peers. The study found moderate positive Spearman rho correlation coefficient, which explains that 69% of the total variance in the students' successful performance is explained by the two variables, i.e., social and cognitive presence. The study recommends more training for course instructors and students. Efforts should be put in place to focus on ICT manipulation and curating interactive content. The researchers acclaim the expansion of internet coverage in University of Rwanda campuses. This action will enhance online and blended learning. Moreover, the study recommends the integration of ICT and the use of multimedia tools such as Bio-interactive and Physics Education Technology (PhET) interactive simulations in STEM subjects as supplementary resources. These tools support cognitive and affective domains in the teaching and learning process. Furthermore, universities can reduce the problem of expensive and inadequate laboratory equipment by adopting the use of virtual laboratories, especially for online STEM lessons.

Wind energy potential assessment for co-generation of electricity and hydrogen in the far North region of Cameroon

The fast increase of Cameroon population growth rate and the actual shortage of electricity plaguing the country, particularly in remote areas, give rise to great challenges in the energy generation sector. Nowadays, renewable and clean energy sources are used to foster and improve electricity production via hydrogen generation with water electrolysis. This paper therefore scrutinizes the wind energy potential alongside the electricity and hydrogen generation from wind energy for the cities of Kousseri, Kaele, Maroua, Mokolo, Mora and Yagoua in the Far North Region of Cameroon using wind speed data recorded at 10 m, 40 m and 70 m heights for the years 2011–2021. Several performance indicators including the wind power density, wind turbines power output, wind turbines capacity factor, hydrogen production, cost of produced electricity and hydrogen and payback period are utilized to evaluate the techno-economic viability of the system. This assessment was carried out employing twenty-two commercially accessible wind turbines. Our findings revealed that, Kousseri displays the best hydrogen output with yearly hydrogen production ranging from 3.5054 to 53.232 tons of hydrogen. The annual compressed hydrogen to be saved in this region was found to be in the range of 92.5049 to 1404.70 m3. Enercon E-48/800 turbine records the highest capacity factor in all the chosen locations with the lowest cost of energy varying from 0.0578 $/kWh at Kousseri to 0.0838 $/kWh at Mora. The lowest cost of hydrogen was found to be 4.3865 $/kg for Kousseri, 5.5284 $/kg for Kaele, 5.7160 $/kg for Maroua, 5.9439 $/kg for Mokolo, 6.5065 $/kg for Mora and 6.3354 $/kg for Yagoua employing GE 1.5SL turbine. The highest annual energy output of 3193.9, 2738.1, 2488.4, 2393.9, 2153.3 and 2323.1 MWh was acquired at Kousseri, Kaele, Maroua, Mokolo, Mora and Yagoua, respectively. The shortest payback period was found to be 2.9 years which was related to the case where Enercon E-48/800 wind turbine was assumed to be installed at Kousseri. Finally, the maximum CO2 emission minimization to be achieved if electricity produced by wind turbine is utilized in place of oil burning power plant and power plant that burns natural gas as fuel was 885.36 tons of CO2 and 641.60 tons of CO2, respectively.

Unintended consequences of COVID-19 public policy responses on renewable energy power: evidence from OECD countries in the EU.

Since 2020, governments around the world have implemented many types of public policies in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. These dramatic public policies have substantially changed production and consumption activities, thereby temporarily lowering electricity use and greenhouse gas emissions. This study argues that pandemic-induced public policies have unintentionally slowed the transition to renewable energy use in the EU since the decline in greenhouse gas emissions due to the lockdowns helped countries temporarily reduce their total emissions. We employ a fixed-effect model to investigate the effects of different types of COVID-19 public policy responses on electricity production, consumption, and net imports in 12 OECD countries in the EU, and we mainly focus on the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources. Among several public policy responses, stringent lockdown policies, such as workplace closures, stay-at-home requirements, and restrictions on gathering size, have negative and statistically significant impacts on electricity generation and consumption. Furthermore, countries with stringent lockdown policies are more likely to import electricity from other countries to mitigate the electricity shortages in their domestic markets. Importantly, we find that lockdown events have negative and statistically significant effects on the share of renewables in electricity production while increasing the share of fossil fuels in electricity production. In contrast, economic support policies such as income support, debt relief, and economic stimulus programs help reduce the share of fossil fuels in electricity production and decrease the net import of electricity from other countries. Our results indicate that the public policies implemented in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 have mixed effects on the transition to renewable energy sources in the EU, suggesting that the current decline in greenhouse gas emissions comes from the reduction in electricity use due to lockdown events instead of the adoption of renewable energy use and discouraging the transition to renewable energy sources.

Chinese Wind Power Development Experience and Future Expectations

With the rapid development of renewable energy technology in the world, the upgrading of the energy system in China with new renewable energy techniques is necessary, the government has taken more measures in order to seek better future development. Wind power plants are a promising way of solving the electricity shortage in eastern China. However, several problems exist with the fast development and extensive expansion of wind power plants in the past decade. Also, there is a lack of systematical understanding in measures of solving the currently existing issues with the fast development. Thus, in this paper, China’s wind power technology development will be explored in the following sections as the epitome of the whole new energy technology. The distribution of wind reserves in China is discussed, and the development of wind power in China is furtherly explored. Take it as a reference, constructive suggestions have been made for future development, and the possible ways to develop wind energy sustainably might be verified in the future.

Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan

This research investigated the best economically viable power source with the least environmental impact and socially acceptable for the maize crop. Maize is one of the key economic crops in Pakistan. Solar-, electric-, and diesel-powered drip irrigation systems (DIS) were considered for comparative study. We selected 45 sites of maize crop to collect the data, with an area of 1–3 ha, from three divisions. For economic viability, the benefit:cost ratio, life cycle cost, and payback period were calculated, and CO2 emissions were calculated to assess the environmental impact. The SPSS model was used for one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc and chi-squared tests to check the significance level between all power sources. It was found that the B-C of electric power, solar, and diesel drip irrigation systems was 1.65, 1.52, and 1.44, respectively. Solar, diesel, and electricity power DIS have CO2 emissions of 0.02, 0.730, and 1.106 tons/ha, respectively. The research concludes that solar power and electric power are the best sources for the environment and economically, respectively. It is recommended that solar power DIS be subsidized, which will help to lower CO2 emissions and reduce the electricity shortfall in Pakistan.

Hydrophilic candle wastes microcapsules as a thermal energy storage material for all-day steam and electricity cogeneration

On-site reclamation of freshwater from seawater is urgently desired to combat freshwater scarcity, in which solar-driven interfacial evaporation has been realized as a promising strategy. However, solar desalination has been facing the negative influence of intermittent solar radiation alternating day and night; thus, incorporating a material recommended as thermal energy storage material into the photoabsorber is a profitable strategy to supply the heat for 24-h steam generation. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated with the candle waste to store the thermal energy and encapsulated into the SiO2 shell to prevent the leakage of the paraffine wax and enhance the membrane hydrophilicity. A collaborative device including the evaporator and a commercial thermoelectric (TE) module was designed for steam-electricity cogeneration which exhibits a simultaneous evaporation rate of 1.09 kg m−2 h−1 and power density of 6.8 W m−2 under one sun irradiation. Besides, the paraffin component can store thermal energy, enabling the device to maintain a certain steam and electricity cogeneration of 0.35 kg m−2 h−1 and 2.8 W m−2 after light-off. This work may provide a cost-effective strategy for the fabrication of potential photoabsorbers from environmental wastes for all-day water evaporation and power cogeneration device to mitigate freshwater and electricity shortages.

Intestinal parasite infections among internal war refugees and inhabitants of the Ternopil region, Western Ukraine.

The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine resulted in the destruction of the country's infrastructure and a decline in the standard of living for many citizens (e.g. shortages of electricity and safe drinking water, limited access to healthcare, living in unsuitable cold basements). A lot of Ukrainians living in the eastern, southern and central parts of the country were forced to flee their homes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among internal war refugees and residents of Ternopil, a city in Western Ukraine, in response to the worsening of the epidemiological situation in the country. Parasitological diagnostics was carried out in June 2023 and involved 127 adult Ukrainian citizens aged 19-80 years old, including 80 internal war refugees (most of the participants came from Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnipro, Kherson regions) and 47 residents of Ternopil region, Western Ukraine. Surveys and parasitological examination of stool samples by three different light microscopy testing methods (direct smear, decantation, flotation) were performed. The samples were then tested for the presence of Giardia intestinalis intestinal protozoa by molecular tests (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) and immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). All RT-PCR and RDT tests to detect Giardia intestinalis were found to be negative. The examination of faecal samples taken from 127 patients showed no infections with nematodes, cestodes or trematodes. The examinations only revealed infections with potentially pathogenic Blastocystis spp.: 18/80 infections in the population of internal war refugees (22.5%) and 7/47 infections among residents of the Ternopil region (14.9%). Survey results demonstrated frequent use of antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs without physician advise or prescription: 43.9% of the study participants (n = 127) were taking antibiotics, and 25.2% were taking antiparasitic drugs during the period of 3 months prior to the study. An absence of intestinal parasite pathogens was detected in the studied population. The authors may explain it by the fact, that many Ukrainian patients have unlimited access to antimicrobial drugs (drugs sold without a valid prescription and taken without consultation with a physician), which could have contributed to the low incidence of intestinal parasite infections.

Study on a generator and turbine designed for an efficient wind power plant in low speed wind currents

This article presents the advantages of improving and developing new types of turbines and generators designed for the production of electricity from low-speed wind and free-flowing water, at a time when the environment is deteriorating and there is a shortage of electricity. It has been analyzed that low-speed micro-hydroelectric power plants and wind power plants bring great benefits to the environment and economy through their mass use in meeting the needs of the population and businessmen for electricity. For this purpose, the effective structure of low-speed generators, micro-hydroelectric power plants and wind power plants were considered, and the issues of improving them so that they work efficiently at low speeds were considered. Mathematical equations of a low-speed generator designed to obtain electricity from low-speed wind and free-flowing water are presented. At the same time, scientific research was conducted to study, improve, and develop new types of micro-hydroelectric and wind power plants suitable for low-speed generators. As a result of scientific research, an improved wind power device designed for small speed was developed and the results of research were analyzed.

Efficiency Improvement in Sugar Mills; The Role of High-Pressure Boiler Technology in Cogeneration

Pakistan’s electricity shortage has had a significant impact on its economic growth, people’s livelihoods, and industrial operations. Currently, thermal methods like oil and gas satisfy around 67% of its electricity needs, with hydropower generating 30% and nuclear means generating only 3%. Bagasse, a solid waste produced during sugar production, accounts for only 0.9% of Pakistan’s energy production. However, by implementing co-generation retrofits, bagasse’s capacity can increase up to 3000 MW. Sugarcane is a significant crop in Pakistan, and sugarcane crushing mills have been utilizing boiler technology for many decades as a means of generating steam and producing electricity. The process of cogeneration, which uses bagasse to generate steam and produce electricity, has several advantages, including reducing reliance on fossil fuels, providing a reliable source of electricity, and a source of revenue for sugarcane mills. High-pressure boilers have several advantages, including higher energy efficiency, higher electricity generation, less wear and tear on equipment, lower installation and maintenance costs, and a smaller footprint. As most sugar mills are in rural areas so we can also use this as a benefit and & provide electricity to remote areas. A case study related to JDW Sugar mill has been added at the end to compare the results of High- and Low-pressure boilers. From the results, it is clear that if we want to have highly efficient Cogeneration scheme in Sugar mills, we need to shift urgently towards High pressure boilers.

Impact of crisis factors on the profitability of dairy industry in Ukraine

The special contribution of this research lies in the thorough examination of the Ukrainian dairy industry's response to crisis factors, with a particular emphasis on unprecedented challenges brought about by the Russian invasion in 2022, offering a comprehensive analysis of previously unexplored long-term implications for the sector's profitability. The authors of the study highlight that the Ukrainian dairy industry demonstrated exceptional resilience and growth until the beginning of the war in February 2022 with a help of proactive state support and innovative agricultural methods. However, the Russian invasion posed unprecedented challenges that disrupted traditional trade channels, economic connections, and significantly limited the dairy sector's access to critical resources. In addition to security risks, the conflict in Ukraine resulted in supply chain disruptions, electricity shortages, rising inflation, trade restrictions, and hindered the country's capacity to attract foreign investments, all of which significantly worsened the economic situation in the country. The authors identify crisis factors contributing to the decline in dairy farm profitability, including reduced milk production, limited export opportunities, increased production costs, a shrinking domestic consumer base, higher imports of dairy products, losses in occupied territories, and insufficient financial support during the conflict. It is noted that strategies such as export diversification, stimulating domestic demand through reduced VAT and enhanced resilience, are of paramount importance in overcoming these crisis-inducing factors. The authors emphasize that collaborative efforts among stakeholders, alignment with international initiatives and sustainable development goals, as well as proactive implementation of comprehensive strategies, are critical steps toward addressing the current crisis and shaping a sustainable future for the Ukrainian dairy industry.

FACTORS INFLUENCING E-LEARNING ACCEPTANCE IN TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: STUDENTS’ AND LECTURERS’ VIEWS

The study focused on evaluating factors influencing e-learning acceptance by students and lecturers at a teacher education institution in Zimbabwe. It is motivated by explanations from Davis’ (1989) Technology Acceptance Theory. The study was guided by the pragmatism research philosophy adopted for an intervention factor evaluation. Pragmatism facilitated the application of mixed methods to cater for qualitative and quantitative responses. A sequential research design of document analysis, surveys and interviews parallel to document analysis for benchmarks was applied to capture data. A stratified sample of 213 students from an education institution’s three intakes participated in the study. Intake 23 cohort was in their final year of the course, Intake 24 cohort on term seven and Intake 25 cohort was on Teaching Practice Attachment. The quantitative variation in the student population, called for probability stratified random sampling. A purposive sample of six lecturers from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) department and ten lecturers from various departments in the college were involved in the study. The study established that the major e-learning platform used was WhatsApp. This was lecturer and students’ initiative in response to the need for learning from a distance. Factors promoting the dominance of WhatsApp include smartphones availability, its’ easy of access by both lecturers and learners. WhatsApp versatility to different uses such as text messages, videos and photographs are key to its acceptance. Factors against other e-learning platform use include: scanty awareness of the application from hearsay, financial challenges for data bundles, poor internet connectivity in Zimbabwe, limited technical supporting culture and at national level, electricity shortages. The study recommends a mixture of face-to face and e-learning. There is need also for awareness campaigns for the existence of more e-learning platforms. Institutions need to support their lectures and students with data bundles to enhance their use of WhatsApp. The nation can install more network transmitters in all areas of Zimbabwe.

Application of 30 MWp grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant for Djibouti Vision 2035

Nowadays, like most of African countries, Djibouti is facing challenging energy access. The country was suffering a shortage of electricity for a long period until the government of Djibouti signed an agreement with the Ethiopia electric power cooperation (EEPCO) company in 2011. Thereby, the electricity consumption of the country is mainly from imported fossil fuels and the interconnection project. In order to realize Djibouti Vision 2035, the Republic of Djibouti signed an agreement with an Emirati company (AMEA) to build the first solar photovoltaic power plant in Grand Bara. In this paper, sizing, and simulation of the 30 MWp grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant will be done using PVsyst 7.2 software. A 400 W bifacial monocrystalline panel and 160 kW string inverters are used in this study. The simulation results from PVsyst software are to acquire the system production, the performance ratio, and the various power losses such as losses due to irradiance level. The average global horizontal irradiance of the site is 2317.2 kWh/m 2 while the average ambient temperature is 25.75° C. About 59.6 GWh of electricity power is injected into the grid with an average performance ratio of 83.21% in the year. This study is an example in terms of solar energy application in Africa and also its contributions to the socio-economic development of African countries will be observed in the near future.

СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ КРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ КРИЗИ

Ukraine is currently facing difficult economic conditions caused by Russia's military expansion. At the same time, despite the negative consequences caused by the Russian aggression, the country's economy is showing positive dynamics towards structural changes. In such circumstances, it is important to analyse the methodology for stabilising the country's economy and to find effective forms of attracting international financial assistance, which is a significant factor of supporting the country in times of crisis. The article examines the issues of stabilisation of the country's economy in the context of the crisis. The article analyses forms and methods of stabilisation of the country's economy in crisis conditions. An empirical study of financial measures at the macro and micro levels that had a positive effect on the recovery of the economic situation in the country has been carried out. It is established that under the conditions of martial law, the country's economy has begun to gradually recover since the beginning of 2023. Despite the low production volumes, the overall financial performance is tending to improve. The expected growth in economic forecasts is explained by the fact that Ukraine's energy sector has withstood the air attacks of the aggressor country. Due to this, the economic performance of enterprises, primarily in the retail and service sectors, has improved. The improvement of households' expectations and the growth of state budget expenditures, thanks to international assistance, will support consumer demand. However, the destruction of production facilities and infrastructure, including energy infrastructure, will continue to limit economic activity, and its recovery will require significant resources. It is specified that inflation is decreasing faster than expected, which is facilitated by an adequate supply of food and fuel, a lower electricity shortage, and a favourable situation on the foreign exchange market. An analysis of the activity of other countries in providing assistance to Ukraine made it possible to note that international aid covers the balance of payments gap and helps to build up financial reserves. It has been found that, in general, the National Bank of Ukraine forms positive theses on improving the economic situation in the country for future periods. In conclusion, the main source of financing of the country's budget is international aid and a minor percentage of its own GDP. Due to the stable inflow of international aid, the economy's liquidity has improved. The created liquidity buffer creates the conditions for increasing internal expenditures and paying expenses and fulfilling external obligations in a timely manner.

Investigating the Use of Computer for Language Teaching among Pakistani EFL Teachers

The present study investigated the current situation of EFL teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan by exploring issues and challenges faced by them in using Computer-Assisted Language Instruction. The study was quantitatively based on a descriptive survey design. The questionnaire was constructed using a five-point Likert scale and data were collected from 150 English language teachers currently teaching at higher secondary schools in Pakistan at District Sibi Balochistan, Pakistan. The findings of the study revealed that EFL teachers face various issues and challenges like non-availability of computers and laptops, shortage of electricity, lack computer education, theoretically-based course work, lack of interest from senior teachers towards learning or using computers, and insufficient time for Computer-Assisted Language Instruction. Besides, many female English language teachers are unable to operate computers. They have to do domestic duties and cannot afford extra time for learning computers. The study concludes that, without addressing these issues, inculcating the use of Computer-Assisted Language Instruction is a complex phenomenon in Pakistan. Hence, policy makers, stakeholders and administrative staff should target these issues so that the advantages of Computer-Assisted Language Instruction in teaching may be provided to teachers in higher secondary schools in Pakistan.

Energy assessments of a photovoltaic-wind-battery system for residential appliances in Iraq

A shortage of electricity is reported in Iraq owing to several challenges in generation, transmission, and distribution of its power systems, subjecting households to periodic blackouts on a daily basis. Consequently, diesel generators in Iraqi districts are utilized to provide electricity for residential appliances using private cabling networks. Alternatively, this paper proposes a photovoltaic-wind-battery system to supply electricity for individual appliances, while measuring the state of charge of its batteries during 8, 12 and 16 h of daily blackouts in Iraq. Power curves of wind turbines and solar panels are assessed based on meteorological conditions, whereas electrical loads of air conditioning units are modelled considering several parameters such as building characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that, on average over a month, the proposed photovoltaic-wind-battery system is able to generate 226 kWh of renewable energy, decreasing electricity bills by 56,000 IQD and reducing CO2 emissions by 181 kg. The proposed system achieves savings by generating electricity during power interruptions instead of utilizing diesel generators in Iraqi districts. Accordingly, the operational savings of the photovoltaic-wind-battery system accumulated over three years have capability to compensate its capital cost, considering prices of electricity and CO2 emission.

Emissions Reduction by Combustion Modeling in the Riser of Fluidized Bed Combustor for Thar Coal Pakistan

Pakistan has experienced a protracted electricity shortage for the past few years. However, despite Pakistan’s abundant coal deposits, modern coal combustion technology is still required to reduce emissions. Pakistan is struggling to utilize its energy resources and currently experiencing an electrical shortage of more than 8000 MW. The research study models the combustion performance in a fluidized bed riser using ANSYS FLUENT software to understand the combustion behavior of low-rank Thar coal. A simple circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion riser was modeled for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser to reduce emissions and operating costs. Three different types of risers/combustors geometries were used center flow, counter flow, and parallel flow. The CFD model for the solids segment with a k-e turbulence model and the viscosity of static particles in the gas segment both showed excellent mixing performance. According to the FLUENT data, the riser/combustor maximum temperature is around 1400 K or 1130 o C at the primary burning sector in the bed center. According to velocity contours, the greatest velocity in the center-oriented riser/combustor peaks at 3.3 m/s. The CO and CO2 both mass fraction counters show maximum concentration in the center geometry, whereas lower CO concentration is found in parallel geometry. The lowest level of NOx is established in the parallel geometry at around 15 ppm, whereas the counter contours establish the maximum level of NOx at about 31 ppm. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor is found to be the most advantageous and effective technology for producing power from Thar lignite coal and reducing emissions.

Prediction study of electric energy production in important power production base, China

Xinjiang is an important power production base in China, and its electric energy production needs not only meet the demand of Xinjiang's electricity consumption, but also make up for the shortage of electricity in at least 19 provinces or cities in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to know ahead of time the electric energy production of Xinjiang in the future. In such terms, accurate electric energy production forecasts are imperative for decision makers to develop an optimal strategy that includes not only risk reduction, but also the betterment of the economy and society as a whole. According to the characteristics of the historical data of monthly electricity generation in Xinjiang from January 2001 to August 2020 , the suitable and widely used SARIMA (Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving mean model) method and Holt-winter method were used to construct the monthly electric energy production in Xinjiang for the first time. The results of our analysis showed that the established SARIMA((1,2,3,4,6,7,11),2,1)(1,0,1)12 model had higher prediction accuracy than that of the established Holt-Winters' multiplicative model. We predicted the monthly electric energy production from August 2021 to August 2022 by the SARIMA((1,2,3,4,6,7,11),2,1)(1,0,1)12 model, and errors are very small compared to the actual values, indicating that our model has a very good prediction performance. Therefore, based on our study, we provided a simple and easy scientific tool for the future power output prediction in Xinjiang. Our research methods and research ideas can also provide scientific reference for the prediction of electric energy production elsewhere.

New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system

Abstract One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID.

Modelling the nexus of carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, electricity production and consumption: Assessing the evidence from Pakistan

The economy of Pakistan has constantly been plunged due to its severe electricity shortages over the last 2 decades and persistently faces challenges in revamping its electricity supply network. The purpose of this research was to assess the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), combustible renewable and waste (CRW), electric power consumption (EC), electricity production from coal (EPC), hydroelectric (EPH) and natural gas (EPN) sources, energy use (EU) and gross domestic product (GDP). The scope of this research included Pakistan’s annual time series data from 1971 to 2014. This study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing analysis to determine the long-term and short-term correlations among all research parameters. This research also conducted Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) tests to evaluate the stationarity existence among dependent variable and independent variables. The outcomes of the fully modified least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical co-integrating regression (CCR) estimators showed that coefficients of EC, EPH and GDP all were a significantly positive relationship with CO2 emissions, while the coefficients of CRW, EPC and EU were negatively significant, respectively. Furthermore, the outcomes from the short-run analysis revealed that the error correction term value was -0.8668, which indicates that from short-run to long-run equilibrium, the adjustment of the deviation of CO2 emission is by 86.68 percent annually. Moreover, the diagnostic results also demonstrated that the model employed in this research is stable and reliable. Pakistan was selected in this research work because of the deficit of power and if environmental degradation continues unchecked, it will eventually affect the state’s economic growth and CO2 emissions. The study’s primary policy recommendation is that government energy policymakers in Pakistan who create the environment framework in should pursue conservative energy measures as such measures will not negatively impact economic growth.

Decarbonisation Strategy for Renewable Energy Integration for Electrification of West African Nations: A Bottom-Up EnergyPLAN Modelling of West African Power Pool Targets

Limited access to electricity and endemic power shortages are huge problems in West African countries, as the lack of sufficient power impedes the socio-economic development in the region. Improving access to and reliability of electricity in West Africa will require close cooperation among neighboring countries, and this was one of the aims for the creation of the West African power pool (WAPP). In this study, a sustainable and economically viable pathway to achieve 100% electricity access and 48% renewable energy sources share in the region by the year 2030 set by WAPP was presented by considering environmental, geographical, technical and economic factors. The technologies of both renewable and non-renewable sources are considered in the model development. Simulation analysis was carried out on individual countries within the region and also as a unified synchronous electricity grid network. The most feasible results were discussed in terms of the initial investment cost, total annual cost, electricity production capacities, carbon emissions and renewable energy sources shared using EnergyPLAN computer software. The integration of natural gas (42,000 MW) with the three RES technologies with the following capacities, wind (13,000 MW), PV (13,000 MW) and hydro (29,000 MW), was shown to be the most feasible, suitable and reliable case scenario for meeting the lofty set target as a unified synchronous grid. This will reduce carbon emissions by almost 50%, from 150 to 77.8 Mt per year, and incur a total investment cost and a total annual cost of USD 250.37 billion and USD 14.71 billion, respectively.