Short Words Research Articles

A Study on the Impact of Depression on Self-Confidence of Students

Depression occurs when you feel as though you are being suffocated every moment of every day and that no one can help you. It refers to feelings of extreme distress and loss. In short words, it will in general be feeling much better by three straightforward practices. Which are proactive, urgent and difficult? Indeed, practicing feelings of despair can bring about a significant shift in a person's life and prepare them for unanticipated bouts of misery. In contrast, discouragement can manifest itself in a variety of ways, including as a perception, a psychological illness, or a mood swing, each of which has distinct stages. Serotonin irregularity in the mind is clinical sadness.

タイポグリセミアを用いたMulti-model CAPTCHAの提案と評価

We propose a Multi-model CAPTCHA that is composed of one sentence with typo and multiple pictures. This CAPTCHA utilizes human's three abilities (inferring the meaning of the sentence with typo, understanding the meaning of pictures, and linking the meaning of the sentence and corresponding picture), and it is based on a hypothesis, "the longer of the sentence with typo, the time could be longer for a machine to link the meaning of the sentence and corresponding picture (= the shorter of the time of linking, the higher of the probability of human)." We found three findings from our experiment: (1) Examinees were able to link the meaning of the sentence to corresponding picture even there were some pictures with similar composition, (2) Typoglycemia is likely to be appeared on a sentence constructed by short and familiar words, (3) The time for linking was not exponentially increased even the length of the sentence was getting long (= It was not getting difficult for users in this situation).

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF NETWORK PARLANCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF WORD FORMATION

Network parlance refers to the language that first became popular on the Internet and has a certain deviation from the conventional language. Under the birth of the network environment, today’s network parlance has developed into a new dialect. The characteristics of the network information age determine that the network parlance is not only very active in life but also can reflect social and cultural phenomena to a certain extent. From the perspective of sociolinguistics, this paper studies its origin and analyzes its characteristics from the perspective of word formation. The results show that the most frequently used word formation methods are functional shift and burrowing. From the perspective of the use trend in the past five years, the formation of network terms also shows the characteristics of diversification. Specifically, the frequency of using coinage and clipping is increased. This study holds that the word-formation of network parlance reflects the characteristics of the contemporary new language formation. That is, from the beginning of 2017, the expansion of the meaning of existing words and the absorption of other cultures gradually changed into the creation of new words and the use of short words simplified by existing words.

Be a Voice, Not an Echo

Moving into a new year we might gain new insights and understandings about the NATS Vision, Mission, Values, and Diversity & Inclusion Statement by looking at them in a new way. An exercise of distilling stories, ideals, careers, and lives into six short words can be applied to NATS’s ideals and our plan for the year ahead. Bing Crosby wrote: “I’ll keep singing ‘til I die” and Beverly Sills said “No shortcuts to places worth going.” My inspiration for 2023 is “Committed to NATS. Serving with Passion.” What is yours?

Synthesis of the integer FIR filters with short coefficient word length

The integer simulation and development finite impulse response (FIR) filters taking into account the possibilities of their realization on digital integer platforms are considered. The problem statement and solution of multifunctional synthesis of digital FIR filters such a problem on the basis of the numerical methods of integer nonlinear mathematical programming are given. As an several examples, the problem solution of synthesis FIR-filters with short coefficient word length has been given. The analysis of their characteristics is resulted. The paper discusses issues of modeling and synthesis of digital FIR filters with provision for the possibilities of their implementation on digital platforms with integer computation arithmetic. The formulation of the problem of multifunctional synthesis of cascade FIR filters using the methods of integer nonlinear mathematical programming is given. The efficiency of this approach is illustrated by examples of solving the problems of synthesizing integer FIR filters with a minimum coefficient word length. The analysis of the synthesized filter characteristics is made.

Investigating predictability aspects of phonological type errors in braille spelling

BackgroundΤhe present study focuses on mechanical processes of braille writing conducted by the fingers. Analyzing and attempting to understand the perceptive feedback of the fingers is in specific situations important to develop methods to minimize phonological type errors. AimDuring a braille spelling task, the authors examined the phonological errors and traced the most and the least error prone finger(s). The authors also examined if it was possible to predict the type of phonological errors in braille writing based on four independent variables relevant to braille code. MethodThe error rate of twenty nine participants was estimated by normalizing the frequency of errors performed by each finger in relation to the frequency of the executed keystrokes. Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression examined the potential effect of the column of the braille cell, the dot density of the braille characters and the word length on the type of phonological errors, while a chi-square test has been performed between types of error and fingers. ResultsThe fingers were not equally error prone to phonological type errors. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that when a replacement error appeared, the odds for an omission error were significantly less in the right column as well as in short words, while the probability for an addition error was significantly less in both cell columns. In contrast, when a replacement error appeared, the participants tended to perform more omission errors in words with rare density. ConclusionsThe right ring finger was the most error prone, while the right middle finger was the least error prone. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that all the independent variables, particularly the cell column, exhibited a statistically significant relation with the types of errors.

Spelling acquisition in a consistent orthography: The facilitatory effect of syllable frequency in novice spellers.

This study investigates the effects of two sublexical variables, syllable frequency, and word length, in the spelling acquisition of novice spellers dealing with a transparent orthography, such as Italian. Two groups of 1 st-grade Italian children were tested respectively after 4 and 8 months of schooling, with a spelling-to-dictation task of single words created ad hoc by manipulating syllable frequency orthogonally (high vs low frequency of the first syllable) and length (short vs long words). The results show that after only four months of schooling, children could offset their difficulty in writing long words by taking advantage of the high frequency of the initial syllable. However, the regularity of Italian spelling makes it easy to capture fine-sized phoneme-to-grapheme units, rendering the syllable effect no longer detectable in more schooled children.

A cross-linguistic study of spatial parameters of eye-movement control during reading.

Current theories of oculomotor control in reading differ in their accounts of saccadic targeting. Some argue that targets for saccades are solely selected on the basis of the rapidly changing sensory input, whereas others additionally allow for the reader's experiential biases to modulate saccade lengths. We investigated this debate using cross-linguistic data on text reading in 12 alphabetic languages from the Multilingual Eye-Movement Corpus (MECO) database. These languages vary widely in their word length distributions, suggesting that expected word lengths and corresponding biases toward optimal saccade lengths may also vary across readers of these languages. Regression analyses confirmed that readers of languages with longer words (e.g., Finnish) rather than shorter words (e.g., Hebrew) landed further into the word, even when sensory aspects relevant for saccade planning (e.g., word lengths) were controlled for. In the prevalent saccade type, a one-letter difference in mean word length between languages came with one-quarter-letter of a difference in initial landing position and saccade length, and a decrease in 1.5% in refixation probability. Interpreted in the Bayesian framework, the findings highlight the relevance of global language-wide settings for accounts of spatial oculomotor control and lead to testable predictions for further cross-linguistic research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The effects of type and token frequency on word length: a cross-linguistic study

Abstract Inspired by Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation, previous research was mostly directed at the interaction of word length and token frequency. Much less is known about the relationship of word length and type frequency, let alone about the differential impact of type and token frequency on word length. These issues are examined on the basis of a non-representative sample of 10 languages. The token frequency analysis reveals that 8 of the 10 languages show a monotonic decrease in frequency with increasing length while 2 languages reveal a unimodal distribution. By contrast, all 10 languages exhibit a rise followed by a monotonic drop of the frequency curve in the type frequency analysis. There appears to be a notable effect of type frequency on the nature of the token frequency distribution: the greater the average length of the words in the lexicon, the higher the probability of a unimodal distribution. Two principles are required to account for these results—a general dispreference for using long words and a language-particular dispreference for short words in the lexicon.

Using visual speech at the cocktail-party: CNV evidence for early speech extraction in younger and older adults

The comprehension of spoken language benefits from visual speech information. One reason for this is the temporal lead of mouth and lip movements over the onset of acoustic speech utterance. Here, we investigated EEG event-related potentials preceding acoustic speech, focusing on a fronto-central contingent negative variation (CNV) prior to the onset of acoustic speech. We explored influences of expectation and visual speech content as well as age-related differences. In a multi-talker two-alternative speech discrimination task, younger and older subjects responded to short words presented simultaneously to competing speech under free-field conditions. Subjects were always presented with audiovisual speech stimuli, while the modality containing the task-relevant information was modulated in a block-wise fashion. Thus, task-relevant speech information was either available as audio-visually congruent stimuli or only in the visual (visual-valid) or the auditory (auditory-valid) modality. Subjects were instructed to fixate a pre-specified position in the left or right hemispace. In each task block, task-relevant stimuli appeared either at the pre-specified position (standard trials, 80%) or at a rare deviant position (20%). Target words were recognized faster and more accurately when visual speech information was available. The CNV prior to the acoustic speech onset was more pronounced with visual-informative than with visually non-informative speech. Especially in the younger group, a less pronounced CNV occurred with purely visual speech in deviant trials, that is, when a task-irrelevant speech stimulus appeared instead of the expected target stimulus. The results indicate that processes preceding the onset of acoustic speech are modulated by expectations and visual speech content, while age differences are rather small.

Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation

In March 2021, the Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers issued a decision to form a committee called the “Higher Committee for Research, Development and Innovation,” a committee linked to the Council of Economic and Development Affairs, chaired by the Chairman of the Council of Economic and Development Affairs, and concerned with the development of the research, development and innovation sector in the Kingdom. In order to talk about the dimensions of this wonderful step, let us first try to answer the following questions... Is there a difference between Creativity and Innovation...? How do they enable Entrepreneurship...? What are the factors of creativity in the individual.. Are they mental genetic factors.. or are they factors that an individual acquires through learning...? The methodology included surveys that have been conducted on more than 300 individuals, males and females, between the ages of 18 till 60. And the answer is.. “Creativity” is the creation of a new idea, while “Innovation” is the development of an already existing idea in a new, successful way. They are two sides of the same coin, as the “creative idea” needs to be developed and transformed into an “innovation” in order to achieve either strategic achievements at the level of countries and institutions to enhance organizational intelligence, or achievements at the level of individuals. For example, the beginning of smart phones was just a creative idea from IBM in 1994, but the actual successful innovation for the manufacture, development and marketing of these phones was through Apple later. Nor does creativity have to be hereditary. There are three basic factors for creativity: The first factor is “the presence of a challenge or an obstacle” that the individual faces and seeks thinking to find solutions to overcome, even if thinking requires a long time. The second factor is the “environment surrounding” of the individual, which includes science, training, experience gained, the ability to use techniques, as well as the ability to assess whether he idea is feasible or otherwise. To achieve this factor, the individual must be aware of own skills, strengths, hobbies, and aspects in which one can be creative, and the individual must also be self-confident and courageous enough to suggest those new ideas. The third factor is “Experience and the Ability to Accept Risk and Lack of Initial Success,” and then learn from mistakes and try again tirelessly. There are some tools and techniques that help the entrepreneurship/individual to reach creative and innovative ideas, such as: Mind Maps tool, through which the available information is drawn by writing a short word for each piece of information and arranging all other relevant information through clear lines, which helps in logical thinking and correct vision. There is also a tool called "Flow Charts", which are graphics that show the sequence of data and expected results according to an ordered scenario of events and workflow steps, giving clarity to the ideas, their sequence, and what is expected of them. There are also other great tools such as the Six Hats tool, a useful tool to be applied by a group of people for effective planning and detailed logical thinking, and the Snowball tool. And all of them are tools that greatly help in organizing and arranging mental thoughts, and making the right decisions. It is also easy to learn, apply and use all those tools and techniques to reach creative and innovative solutions. The detailed figures and results of the conducted surveys are available upon request, with charts showing the %s based on gender, age groups, and job categories.

Eye movements of children and adults reading in three different orthographies.

In this study, we investigated developmental aspects of eye movements during reading of three languages (English, German, and Finnish) that vary widely in their orthographic complexity and predictability. Grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules are rather complex in English and German but relatively simple in Finnish. Despite their differences in complexity, the rules in German and Finnish are highly predictable, whereas English has many exceptions. Comparing eye movement development in these three languages allows us to investigate whether orthographic complexity and predictability have separate effects on eye movement development. Three groups of children, matched on years of reading instruction, along with a group of proficient adult readers in each language were tested. All participants read stimulus materials that were carefully translated and back-translated across all three languages. The length and frequency of 48 target words were manipulated experimentally within the stimulus set. For children, word length effects were stronger in Finnish and German than in English. In addition, in English effects of word frequency were weaker and only present for short words. Generally, English children showed a qualitatively different reading pattern, while German and Finnish children's reading behavior was rather similar. These results indicate that the predictability of an orthographic system is more important than its complexity for children's reading development. Adults' reading behavior, in contrast, was remarkably similar across languages. Our results demonstrate that eye movements are sensitive to language-specific features in children's reading, but become more homogenous as reading skill matures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

MODERN AND TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SPEECH: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (according to the lexico-phraseological level)

The article discusses the features of the traditional vocabulary of the Kazakh language, their changes in vocabulary and phraseology. The language of older people living in a single Kazakh environment has been analyzed in comparison with the speech characteristics of Kazakh citizens born since 2000. As a result, it was noted that in the oral language of the younger generation, the norm of written language is often observed, the word is pronounced as it is written, and even new phenomena are emerging that are alien to the norm of the Kazakh language. It was also considered in detail that the language of young people is becoming increasingly difficult, changing to short words and phrases, and the expressiveness of the language of the generation that speaks in a short and concise manner is decreasing. It is shown that such changes in the language do not correspond to the traditional grammatical system, the speech skills of language consumers with a high level of language education, and indicate that the traditional speech of the Kazakh language has changed, separated from the national and traditional character.

It's not just a phase: Investigating text simplification in a second language from a process and product perspective.

Text simplification involves making texts easier to understand, usually for lay readers. Simplifying texts is a complex task, especially when conducted in a second language. The readability of the produced texts and the way in which authors manage the different phases of the text simplification process are influenced by their writing expertise and by their language proficiency. Training on audience awareness can be beneficial for writers, but most research so far has devoted attention to first-language writers who simplify their own texts. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of text simplification training on second-language writers (university students) who simplify already existing texts. Specifically, after identifying a first and a second phase in the text simplification process (namely, two distinct series of writing dynamics), we analyzed the impact of our training on pausing and revision behavior across phases, as well as levels of readability achieved by the students. Additionally, we examined correlations between pausing behavior and readability by using keystroke logging data and automated text analysis. We found that phases of text simplification differ along multiple dimensions, even though our training did not seem to influence pausing and revision dynamics. Our training led to texts with fewer and shorter words, and with syntactically simpler sentences. The correlation analysis showed that longer and more frequent pauses at specific text locations were linked with increased readability in the same or adjacent text locations. We conclude the paper by discussing theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical implications, alongside limitations and areas for future research.

Eye Movement Control in Tibetan Reading: The Roles of Word Length and Frequency.

We investigated the effects of word length and frequency on eye movement control during Tibetan reading through two experiments. A preliminary experiment examined the predictive effect of word length and frequency on fixation duration and landing position using multiple linear regression analysis. In the formal experiment, we manipulated the length and frequency of target words simultaneously to investigate the effects of word length and frequency on fixation duration and landing position in Tibetan reading. In this study, we found that: (1) there were significant word-length and word-frequency effects affecting all lexical processing in Tibetan reading; (2) there are preferred viewing locations in Tibetan reading; specifically, for short words, it is the end, whereas for long words, it spans from the center to the beginning of the word; (3) word frequency does not affect preferred viewing location in Tibetan reading; (4) the preferred viewing position and the interaction of word length and viewing position found in this study supported the “strategy-tactics” approach.

Translation Strategy in Matan Zubad's Translation Book by Muhammad Ali Baraqbah

This study aims to describe the translation strategies used in the translated book of Matan Zubad by Muhammad Ali Baraqbah. This book is a translation from Arabic to Indonesian. The original title of this book is Matan Zubad. The theory used in this study is the theory of Mona Baker (2001). This research is a descriptive qualitative research with writing technique. Then analyzed with the translational equivalent method. The data obtained is 82 in the form of words, phrases and sentences from 100 poems studied. There are six strategies used in this book such as translation by a more general word (superordinate), translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, translation by cultural subtitution, Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrase using a related word, and translation by paraphrase using unrelated word. The word loan and explanation strategies are the most strategies often used by translators. This happens because this translated book comes from a book that studies fiqh where is many fiqh terms cannot be translated literally and must be using borrowing strategy. And because the language text source is a poem which is written using the Ijaz technique where the poem is expressed in a short word but its meaning is deep and broad. This makes the translator have to use description strategiy a lot so that the intent of the poetry can be conveyed and there is no misunderstanding.

Computer simulations of Template-Directed RNA Synthesis driven by temperature cycling in diverse sequence mixtures.

We present simulations of non-enzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis that incorporate primer extension, ligation, melting, and reannealing. Strand growth occurs over multiple heating/cooling cycles, producing strands of several hundred nucleotides in length, starting with random oligomers of 4 to 10 nucleotides. A strand typically grows by only 1 or 2 nucleotides in each cycle. Therefore, a strand is copied from many different templates, not from one specific complementary strand. A diverse sequence mixture is produced, and there is no exact copying of sequences, even if single base additions are fully accurate (no mutational errors). It has been proposed that RNA systems may contain a virtual circular genome, in which sequences partially overlap in a way that is mutually catalytic. We show that virtual circles do not emerge naturally in our simulations, and that a system initiated with a virtual circle can only maintain itself if there are no mutational errors and there is no input of new sequences formed by random polymerization. Furthermore, if a virtual sequence and its complement contain repeated short words, new sequences can be produced that were not on the original virtual circle. Therefore the virtual circle sequence cannot maintain itself. Functional sequences with secondary structures contain complementary words on opposite sides of stem regions. Both these words are repeated in the complementary sequence; hence, functional sequences cannot be encoded on a virtual circle. Additionally, we consider sequence replication in populations of protocells. We suppose that functional ribozymes benefit the cell which contains them. Nevertheless, scrambling of sequences occurs, and the functional sequence is not maintained, even when under positive selection.

Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory and Word Embedding Feature for Improvement Classification of Cancer Clinical Trial Document

In recent years, the application of deep learning methods has become increasingly popular, especially for big data, because big data has a very large data size and needs to be predicted accurately. One of the big data is the document text data of cancer clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of human participation in helping people's safety and health. The aim of this paper is to classify cancer clinical texts from a public data set. The proposed algorithms are Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) and Word Embedding Features (WE). This study has contributed to a new classification model for documenting clinical trials and increasing the classification performance evaluation. In this study, two experiments work are conducted, namely experimental work BiLSTM without WE, and experimental work BiLSTM using WE. The experimental results for BiLSTM without WE were accuracy = 86.2; precision = 85.5; recall = 87.3; and F-1 score = 86.4. meanwhile the experiment results for BiLSTM using WE stated that the evaluation score showed outstanding performance in text classification, especially in clinical trial texts with accuracy = 92,3; precision = 92.2; recall = 92.9; and F-1 score = 92.5.

Where Divergent Ideas Converge: Answers to AUT Found on Short List of Word Co-Occurrences Terms

ABSTRACT Divergent thinking (DT) is a fundamental part of creative ideation. Understanding its role in cognition and its attainment through language technology can provide the scaffolding to enhance creative endeavors. This study is a proof of concept on the automatic generation of keyword responses as found on the AUT (Alternative Uses Task), a test commonly used to measure DT. Within a psychometric perspective, we propose a frequency-based simple word co-occurrence method called Co-OBM (co-occurrence-based method). Drawing from Natural Language Processing (NLP) we choose the adequate parameter settings for this task, including part-of-speech tagging (POS), word form, association measure, minimum occurrence in corpus and window size. Through our experiments, we show how most of the popular responses to AUT can be identified in a short word co-occurrence list, together with some of the least frequent, and usually more creative, responses, how this outcome is not random but based on linguistic patterns (Experiment 1); and how Co-OBM output can enhance the performance of subjects’ AUT responses (Experiment 2). This is relevant since word co-occurrence is at the core of current language models. Our work aims to reflect and provide technical and empirical foundations for the development of distributional language models for creative purposes.

Application of Stochastic Matrix Model with Improved GLR Algorithm in English Translation Studies

The rapid development of today’s society is accompanied by the explosive growth of information data; in the process of information transmission, language is a very important carrier. Among all kinds of communication languages, English always occupies an important position and is one of the most commonly used languages in social life. Therefore, the practical significance of English education is self-evident. With the popularization of the Internet, intelligent phrase recognition in machine translation is the key technology. With the help of natural language processing technology, an English translation corpus can be built to accurately mark the parts of speech of short words, and phrase recognition technology is used to correct grammatical ambiguity effectively. Structural ambiguity is a difficult problem in the field of English translation. Based on the random matrix model of the improved GLR algorithm, phrase structure labelling is constructed through the phrase corpus. Revised annotation can effectively improve the accuracy of academic translation, and intelligent English translation is realized through recognition technology. Simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the model, and the results show that the English translation intelligent recognition model has a high proofreading accuracy. When the value of P is 0.95, the high accuracy can be retained to the maximum and the efficiency and feasibility of improving the GLR algorithm in machine translation can be improved.