Short Video Clips Research Articles

Effects of a narrative template on memory for the time of movie scenes: automatic reshaping is independent of consolidation

Memory for time is influenced by reconstructive processes, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated whether the effect of schematic prior knowledge on temporal memory for movie scenes, produced by the incomplete presentation (cut) of the movie at encoding, is modulated by cut position, retention interval, and task repetition. In a timeline positioning task, participants were asked to indicate when short video clips extracted from a previously encoded movie occurred on a horizontal timeline that represented the video duration. In line with previous findings, removing the final part of the movie resulted in a systematic underestimation of clips' position as a function of their proximity to the missing part. Further experiments demonstrate that the direction of this automatic effect depends on which part of the movie is deleted from the encoding session, consistent with the inferential structure of the schema, and does not depend on consolidation nor reconsolidation processes, at least within the present experimental conditions. We propose that the observed bias depends on the automatic influence of reconstructive processes on judgments about the time of occurrence, based on prior schematic knowledge.

Communicating perceptions of pedestrian comfort and safety: Structural topic modeling of open response survey comments

Purely quantitative or qualitative studies of perceived comfort and safety have different strengths and limitations related to scope, reliability, and generalizability. To pursue new insights about perceptions of pedestrian comfort and safety, this study uses the novel approach of Structural Topic Modeling to organize open-response comments into prominent topics, or themes, and explore the factors affecting the prevalence and content of topics. The study data come from a survey in which participants rated short video clips of pedestrians interacting with motor vehicles or bicycles at unsignalized crosswalks, and then provided optional open-response comments about each video. Modeling results identified six topics in the text data: (1) driver behaviour and pedestrian risk, (2) pedestrian risk assessment and mitigation, (3) pedestrians not waiting before crossing, (4) cyclists leaving the bicycle lane, (5) cyclists’ yielding necessity, and (6) and cyclists’ speed modifications. The prevalence of the topics was significantly affected by attributes of the interaction (vehicle type—bicycle or car—and its proximity), and attributes of the perceiver (travel habits and self-reported risk aversion). Topic prevalence was unrelated to participants’ comfort and safety ratings for the same interactions, indicating that topic modeling provides a fundamentally different source of information than quantitative severity ratings. The findings help to illuminate why pedestrian-cyclist interactions may attract disproportionate attention from the travelling public, despite their relatively lower risk than interactions with motor vehicle drivers.

Protected and unprotected cycle lanes’ effects on cyclists’ behaviour

Previous research has suggested that in countries with low cycling rates, a barrier to cycling is the perception that cycling is unsafe. Unfortunately, this perception is accurate in many places, and protected cycle lanes have been advocated as a possible solution. Although some research shows that people tend to feel safer in them, there have been conflicting results regarding protected cycle lanes’ safety benefits. Understanding the reasons protected cycle lanes may actually reduce safety is key to promoting active transport modes. One possible reason crash rates may increase is that cyclists may cycle faster in them due to either a decreased mental workload or from reduced perceptions of risk. In the present research, two studies were conducted to examine cyclists’ speeds and perceptions of difficulty and safety in both protected and unprotected cycle lanes, as well as streets with no cycle lanes. The first study was an online questionnaire using short video clips from a cyclist’s perspective, and the second study was an on-road experiment with a post-ride questionnaire. The studies found that cyclists felt safer with protected cycle lanes, were more willing to allow their children to bike on them and showed less concern towards hazards. There was no evidence of decreased attentional demand while using the protected cycle lanes, but there was some evidence of higher maximum cycling speeds.

A Rare Cause of Severe Biventricular Dyssynchrony During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19 Respiratory Failure

A Rare Cause of Severe Biventricular Dyssynchrony During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19 Respiratory Failure

Machine learning algorithm using publicly available echo database for simplified "visual estimation" of left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUNDLeft ventricular ejection fraction calculation automation typically requires complex algorithms and is dependent of optimal visualization and tracing of endocardial borders. This significantly limits usability in bedside clinical applications, where ultrasound automation is needed most.AIMTo create a simple deep learning (DL) regression-type algorithm to visually estimate left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) from a public database of actual patient echo examinations and compare results to echocardiography laboratory EF calculations. METHODSA simple DL architecture previously proven to perform well on ultrasound image analysis, VGG16, was utilized as a base architecture running within a long short term memory algorithm for sequential image (video) analysis. After obtaining permission to use the Stanford EchoNet-Dynamic database, researchers randomly removed approximately 15% of the approximately 10036 echo apical 4-chamber videos for later performance testing. All database echo examinations were read as part of comprehensive echocardiography study performance and were coupled with EF, end systolic and diastolic volumes, key frames and coordinates for LV endocardial tracing in csv file. To better reflect point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) clinical settings and time pressure, the algorithm was trained on echo video correlated with calculated ejection fraction without incorporating additional volume, measurement and coordinate data. Seventy percent of the original data was used for algorithm training and 15% for validation during training. The previously randomly separated 15% (1263 echo videos) was used for algorithm performance testing after training completion. Given the inherent variability of echo EF measurement and field standards for evaluating algorithm accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) calculations were made on algorithm EF results compared to Echo Lab calculated EF. Bland-Atlman calculation was also performed. MAE for skilled echocardiographers has been established to range from 4% to 5%. RESULTSThe DL algorithm visually estimated EF had a MAE of 8.08% (95%CI 7.60 to 8.55) suggesting good performance compared to highly skill humans. The RMSE was 11.98 and correlation of 0.348. CONCLUSIONThis experimental simplified DL algorithm showed promise and proved reasonably accurate at visually estimating LV EF from short real time echo video clips. Less burdensome than complex DL approaches used for EF calculation, such an approach may be more optimal for POCUS settings once improved upon by future research and development.

But that’s possible! Infants, pupils, and impossible events

Infants’ expectations of the world around them have been extensively assessed through the violation of expectation paradigm and related habituation tasks. Typically, in these tasks, longer looking to impossible events following familiarisation with possible equivalents is taken to reflect surprise at their occurrence, thus revealing infants’ knowledge. In this study, the role of learning during the task itself is explored by switching the archetypal approach on its head and familiarising infants to impossible events. In a partial replication of Jackson and Sirois (2009), nine-month-old infants were presented with short video clips of toy trains moving around a circular track. A tunnel over a short section of the track meant trains were briefly occluded as they completed a circuit. In impossible versions of events, the train switched colours while occluded by the tunnel. Both looking times and pupil dilation were used as dependent measures. Using a factorial design in which perceptual (novelty-familiarity) and conceptual (possible-impossible) variables were independently and jointly analysed, we show that infants showed greater responding to possible events than to impossible events following familiarisation. Pupil dilation data successfully allowed for more precise interpretation of infants’ perception of events than could have been achieved through looking times alone. These findings suggest a central role for learning in violation of expectation tasks, and also further support the use of pupil dilation as a dependent measure in infancy work.

Photo2Video: Semantic-Aware Deep Learning-Based Video Generation from Still Content.

Applying machine learning (ML), and especially deep learning, to understand visual content is becoming common practice in many application areas. However, little attention has been given to its use within the multimedia creative domain. It is true that ML is already popular for content creation, but the progress achieved so far addresses essentially textual content or the identification and selection of specific types of content. A wealth of possibilities are yet to be explored by bringing the use of ML into the multimedia creative process, allowing the knowledge inferred by the former to influence automatically how new multimedia content is created. The work presented in this article provides contributions in three distinct ways towards this goal: firstly, it proposes a methodology to re-train popular neural network models in identifying new thematic concepts in static visual content and attaching meaningful annotations to the detected regions of interest; secondly, it presents varied visual digital effects and corresponding tools that can be automatically called upon to apply such effects in a previously analyzed photo; thirdly, it defines a complete automated creative workflow, from the acquisition of a photograph and corresponding contextual data, through the ML region-based annotation, to the automatic application of digital effects and generation of a semantically aware multimedia story driven by the previously derived situational and visual contextual data. Additionally, it presents a variant of this automated workflow by offering to the user the possibility of manipulating the automatic annotations in an assisted manner. The final aim is to transform a static digital photo into a short video clip, taking into account the information acquired. The final result strongly contrasts with current standard approaches of creating random movements, by implementing an intelligent content- and context-aware video.

An Automated Tongue Tracker for Quantifying Bulbar Function in ALS.

IntroductionBulbar symptoms, including difficulty swallowing and speaking, are common in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological disorders, such as stroke. The presence of bulbar symptoms provides important information regarding clinical outcomes, such as survival time after diagnosis. Nevertheless, there are currently no easily accessible, quantitative methods to measure bulbar function in patients.MethodsWe developed an open-source tool called Tongue Tracker (TT) to quantify bulbar function by training a neural network to track kinematic tongue features of short video clips of lateral tongue movements. We tested 16 healthy controls and ten patients with ALS, of whom two patients were clinically diagnosed with bulbar-onset type and eight patients were clinically diagnosed with limb-onset type. Of the limb-onset patients, five patients also showed symptoms of bulbar impairment.ResultsWe validated TT by comparing the results with manual delineation of tongue movements in the clips. We demonstrate an early-stage bulbar-onset patient who showed fewer and slower tongue sweeps compared to healthy controls and limb-onset patients and we show that five bulbar-impaired limb-onset patients have a different tongue kinematic profile compared to healthy controls.DiscussionTT may serve to detect quantitative markers of bulbar dysfunction in ALS and other motor disorders, such as stroke, by identifying signatures of spasticity or muscle weakness that affects tongue movement speed and/or tongue movement topography.

Food Captures Attention, but Not the Eyes: An Eye-Tracking Study on Mindset and BMI's Impact on Attentional Capture by High-Caloric Visual Food Stimuli.

Obesity is a worldwide pandemic and theories propose that attentional bias (AB) for food triggers craving and overeating, especially for people with obesity. However, empirical evidence is inconsistent, which may be due to methodological diversity and the double-sided nature of high-caloric palatable foods. That is, these foods simultaneously have a high hedonic and a low health value. So, depending on context and/or emotional state, people’s mindset while viewing foods may alternate between hedonic (taste) and health (calories) values, possibly affecting AB for food in opposite directions. This study tests how mindset and BMI (Body Mass Index) influences AB and food intake. We expect greater AB for food and more food intake in the hedonic compared to the health mindset, especially for people with obesity. Mindsets were induced using short video-clips in two sessions in counterbalanced order. Participants (35 with a healthy-weight-category BMI, 31 with obesity) performed a modified Additional Singleton paradigm where they searched for a neutral target among neutral fillers. On 90% of the trials, either a food or a neutral distractor appeared. Response latencies to the target and eye-movements to the distractor were recorded. Dependent variables included: response latencies, and eye-movement variables on the distractor: fixations (%), 1st fixation duration, dwell-time. Food intake was assessed in a bogus taste test. No significant effects emerged from the eye-movements analysis, whereas the analysis of response latencies showed an AB for food, not significantly moderated by BMI or mindset. Food intake was affected by mindset partly as expected, as participants ate more in the hedonic than in the health mindset when the hedonic mindset was induced in the second session. One AB measure (fixations) correlated positively with food intake. Finally, food captured attention – but not the eyes – and mindset affects food intake partly as expected.

Multicentric validation of EndoDigest: a computer vision platform for video documentation of the critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

A computer vision (CV) platform named EndoDigest was recently developed to facilitate the use of surgical videos. Specifically, EndoDigest automaticallyprovides short video clipsto effectively document the critical view of safety (CVS) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The aim of the present study is to validate EndoDigest on a multicentric dataset of LC videos. LC videos from 4 centers were manually annotated with the time of the cystic duct division and an assessment of CVS criteria. Incomplete recordings, bailout procedures and procedures with an intraoperative cholangiogram were excluded. EndoDigest leveraged predictions of deep learning models for workflow analysis in a rule-based inference system designed to estimate the time of the cystic duct division. Performance was assessed by computing the error in estimating the manually annotated time of the cystic duct division. To provide concise video documentation of CVS, EndoDigest extracted video clips showing the 2min preceding and the 30s following the predicted cystic duct division. The relevance of the documentation was evaluated by assessing CVS in automatically extracted 2.5-min-long video clips. 144 of the 174 LC videos from 4 centers were analyzed. EndoDigest located the time of the cystic duct division with a mean error of 124.0 ± 270.6s despite the use of fluorescent cholangiography in 27 procedures and great variations in surgical workflows across centers. The surgical evaluation found that 108 (75.0%) of the automatically extracted short video clips documented CVS effectively. EndoDigest was robust enough to reliably locate the time of the cystic duct division and efficiently video document CVS despite the highly variable workflows. Training specifically on data from each center could improve results; however, this multicentric validation shows the potential for clinical translation of this surgical data science tool to efficiently document surgical safety.

Korean EFL Students Building and Sustaining New Perspectives through Global Literary Texts

Using a qualitative approach, this study examines ways in which reading global literary texts and communicating with native English-speaking teachers informed a group of Korean university students’ English language learning and intercultural awareness. The students chose the pre-selected illustrative books, created short video clips, produced electronic books, prepared power point presentations, participated in creative writing sessions, and engaged in small group talk. The main data in this study include English group discussions from the Korean students, observation notes of the students’ group discussion and presentations, samples of the students’ work, and individual interviews regarding the students’ perception of their participation with extensive learning through encounters with cross-national discussions and global literary texts. Findings showed that the students were able to gain and sustain knowledge about and respect for various cultures and cultivate a critical understanding of and appreciation for ways local experiences can be impacted by broader global patterns, and vice versa. Reading global illustrative texts and participating in discussion about the texts helped the students in critically reflecting on their own cultures and those of others. The students further gained a deeper interest in global literary texts and developed their English language skills by communicating with native English-speaking teachers. Pedagogical implications for language and literacy educators are provided.

An integrated entropy-spatial framework for automatic gender recognition enhancement of emotion-based EEGs.

Investigating gender differences based on emotional changes using electroencephalogram (EEG) is essential to understand various human behavior in the individual situation in our daily life. However, gender differences based on EEG and emotional states are not thoroughly investigated. The main novelty of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to propose an automated gender recognition system through the investigation of five entropies which were integrated as a set of entropy domain descriptors (EDDs) to illustrate the changes in the complexity of EEGs. Second, the combination EDD set was used to develop a customized EEG framework by estimating the entropy-spatial descriptors (ESDs) set for identifying gender from emotional-based EEGs. The proposed methods were validated on EEGs of 30 participants who examined short emotional video clips with four audio-visual stimuli (anger, happiness, sadness, and neutral). The individual performance of computed entropies was statistically examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify a gender role in the brain emotions. Finally, the proposed ESD framework performance was evaluated using three classifiers: support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and random forest (RF), and long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning model. The results illustrated the effect of individual EDD features as remarkable indices for investigating gender while studying the relationship between EEG brain activity and emotional state changes. Moreover, the proposed ESD achieved significant enhancement in classification accuracy with SVM indicating that ESD may offer a helpful path for reliable improvement of the gender detection from emotional-based EEGs.

The double bipolar method for robotic total mesorectal excision in patients with rectal cancer

Although meta-analyses and systematic reviews have clarified the benefits of robotic surgery, few studies have focused on robotic rectal surgery (RRS) and the use of Endowrist® instruments. Therefore, we evaluated RRS using the double bipolar method (DBM) and compared its short-term outcomes with those of RRS using the single bipolar method (SBM). This study enrolled 157 consecutive patients and all procedures were performed by the same surgeon and recorded through short video clips. We analyzed the patient demographics and short-term clinical outcomes. Although this observational study has several limitations, the console time for total mesorectal excision using the DBM was significantly shorter than that using the SBM. Although the DBM did not demonstrate a specific learning curve, it was a safe and feasible procedure even for patients with advanced disease. Further studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the DBM.

The Perceptual Consistency and Association of the LMA Effort Elements

Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and its Effort element provide a conceptual framework through which we can observe, describe, and interpret the intention of movement. Effort attributes provide a link between how people move and how their movement communicates to others. It is crucial to investigate the perceptual characteristics of Effort to validate whether it can serve as an effective framework to support a wide range of applications in animation and robotics that require a system for creating or perceiving expressive variation in motion. To this end, we first constructed an Effort motion database of short video clips of five different motions: walk, sit down, pass, put, wave performed in eight ways corresponding to the extremes of the Effort elements. We then performed a perceptual evaluation to examine the perceptual consistency and perceived associations among Effort elements: Space (Indirect/Direct), Time (Sustained/Sudden), Weight (Light/Strong), and Flow (Free/Bound) that appeared in the motion stimuli. The results of the perceptual consistency evaluation indicate that although the observers do not perceive the LMA Effort element 100% as intended, true response rates of seven Effort elements are higher than false response rates except for light Effort. The perceptual consistency results showed varying tendencies by motion. The perceptual association between LMA Effort elements showed that a single LMA Effort element tends to co-occur with the elements of other factors, showing significant correlation with one or two factors (e.g., indirect and free, light and free).

Operating Condition Recognition in Zinc Flotation Using Statistic and Temporal Correlation Features

Accurate recognition of operating conditions helps to correctly control froth flotation. Most previous recognition methods mainly focus on the statistic feature but ignore the temporal information in the dynamic and changing flotation process. Actually, the temporal changing trend of froth appearance can reflect the change in flotation performance. Besides, the bubble size distribution (BSD) is a representative visual feature for characterizing froth appearance. Therefore, we propose to exploit the statistics and temporal correlation of BSD for condition recognition in this paper. First, to sufficiently characterize the statistics of bubble sizes about the initial state of the froth video, we sample multiple froth images from a short video clip at the beginning of the video, and then use a cumulative distribution function to describe the BSD in these sampled images, which is regarded as the cumulative distribution statistic (CDS). Meanwhile, to obtain the temporal change trend of BSDs from the initial to the last moment of the froth video, we sample multiple sequential froth images from the whole video and use the cumulative distribution function to describe the BSD of individual image, and then the BSD sequences are input into the bi-directional long short-term memory to extract their temporal correlation, which is regarded as the cumulative distribution temporal correlation (CDTC). Additionally, we integrate texture and velocity features with our constructed CDS and CDTC features via a joint learning network to recognize operating conditions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model using CDS and CDTC is more effective than other models with BSD features. Besides, compared to the models using the single CDS and CDTC, the accuracy of the proposed model is increased by 8.39% and 2.61%, respectively.

The Art of Preaching: A Theological and Practical Primer by Daniel Cardó

Reviewed by: The Art of Preaching: A Theological and Practical Primer by Daniel Cardó Andrew R. Wadsworth Daniel Cardó The Art of Preaching: A Theological and Practical Primer Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2021 224 pages. Paperback. $34.95. The request to review this book happily reached me just a few days after I had realized that I would be teaching a homiletics course for a member of my own community who was preparing for ordination. Having already decided that I would base this course on the 2015 Homiletic Directory of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, my comments in appraising Daniel Cardó's book here are somewhat based on a "conversation" between those two texts. My first observation would be that this is no dry manual of homiletics, or a theological treatise about the place of preaching in the life of the Church. It is, as the title suggests, a thoughtful consideration of the ars praedicandi, and how it might be acquired. It is also, importantly, a serious attempt to establish objective criteria for preaching. Although the study is well resourced, it is obviously also the fruit of the life and ministry of a preacher, and in reading it we are immediately aware of the importance of preaching for the author, who draws extensively both on his personal experience as a homilist (particularly in the parish of Holy Name in Englewood, CO), and his time teaching homiletics at St. John Vianney Seminary in Denver. There is no substitute for this sort of validation through personal identification, as it ultimately reassures the reader that the author knows his subject "from the inside" and is offering observations tried and tested through experience. The book opens with a consideration of the fundamental question: Why preach? Living, as we all do, in a world of sound bites and short video clips, preaching can be considered a somewhat daunting mode of communication, relying often on the ability to follow an abstract train of thought without the support of a visual image. Preaching belongs to the age of storytelling, and presents considerable challenges for both the contemporary [End Page 216] preacher and the listener. Father Cardó does not shy away from this challenge, engaging with it directly, and offering in his introduction some sociological insights that prepare the preacher for his task, and remind us all that preaching is intended to engage both the heart and the mind. The book is helpfully structured in two parts: the first considers "Foundations of Preaching" and outlines a theology of preaching alongside useful strategies for what does and does not work; the second part is given over to an anthology of preaching in the form of "A Homiletics Reader." Part One is, in essence, an expanded presentation of the content of the first part of the Homiletic Directory, in its consideration of the homily, its liturgical setting, the structure and content of the homily, and its preparation. Importantly, Father Cardó does not exclusively focus here on the preacher alone, but highlights the importance of developing communicative strategies for preaching which really engage the congregation, and are characteristic of "An Incarnational Approach" (I:4). There is a useful survey of congregational responses to preaching in the form of "Advice from the Pews" (I:5), and good practical advice for getting the job done in "The Delivery" (I:7), which can, and should help a preacher hone his art. There is much that is helpful here, even for the seasoned homilist. There is also something encouraging in reading such a thoughtful treatment of what is ultimately a potentially difficult topic. The anthology, which forms Part Two, consists of a selection of patristic and later examples of preaching, adding to texts from Saints Gregory Nazianzen, Ambrose, John Chrysostom, Leo the Great, Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, and Charles Borromeo, the likes of Bossuet, Newman, Knox, Saints Paul VI and John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, and Pope Francis. Although I greatly enjoyed this selection of homilies, I did wonder whether the lapidary character of some of their formulations was rather beyond the sort of homilies most of us preach and hear at Sunday...

Left Lateral Decubitus Positioning for Laparoscopic and Robotic Hepatectomy of the Posterior Segments

Access to the posterior hepatic segments is more challenging when using minimally invasive approach such as laparoscopic or robotic hepatectomy. Positioning the patient in full left lateral decubitus facilitates significantly the exposure and mobilization of the posterior segment and decreases back bleeding from the hepatic veins during parenchymal transection. This position, however, may result counterintuitive to the liver surgeon because it changes the classic anatomical landmarks and makes access to the hepatic hilum more difficult for inflow control during parenchymal transection. The purpose of this presentation is to show and discuss the utilization of full left lateral decubitus positioning during laparoscopic or robotic hepatectomy. A PowerPoint slide presentation with short video clips will showcase different laparoscopic and robotic partial hepatectomies of segments 7, 6 and right portion of the caudate lobe, highlighting the benefits of the left lateral decubitus positioning, how to deal with the more limited access to the hepatic hilum and the change in anatomical landmarks.

Learning Skills from Distance: A Solar Photovoltaic Site Survey from Students’ View

This study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching skills using online medium for solar site survey, as well as students perceived on learning site survey using online medium. A survey study was conducted that involved 30 students who enrolled in a solar PV installation and maintenance course. An online questionnaire consists of eight items using five points Likert Scale were adapted from previous study, gauging students perceived on learning site survey using online medium (i.e. online lecture, WhatsApp, chat, voice, picture, short video clips, and learning management system-LMS). An assignment was used to indicate students’ performance in site survey skills, including a short test to gauge students’ technical skills knowledge, consisting of a total of 10 Multiple Choices Questions (MCQ), were developed by referring to the syllabus, under subtopic of solar site survey. Technical knowledge questions were divided into two types namely, items for testing concept (i.e. tools), principles (i.e. relationship of sunlight and shading) and procedures (i.e. application of knowledge). The result: Student average achievement in technical knowledge test was 68.3% (M = 6.83, SD = 1.64); student average achievement mark in a solar site survey sketch is 62.8%; and students perceived on learning solar PV site survey was at high level (M = 3.99, SD = 0.69). It is concluded that solar PV site survey skills are possible to be implemented from distance through online medium, and it can be improved through a more video packaged in the form of live sessions.

The ability to experience mixed emotions in children aged 5 to 10 years

The main aim of this study was to examine children?s ability to verbally report experiencing allocentric mixed emotions in 60 children aged 5 to 10 years from three age groups ? preschool, second and fourth grade. Five short video-clips from the animated movie ?Dumbo?, in which the protagonist experiences mixed emotions, were used as a stimulus in the study, followed by an interview with the children, while their parents completed the Empathy Quotient questionnaire to assess the child?s empathy. The results showed a developmental progression in children?s ability to experience mixed emotions ? the fourth-grade students were shown to be more successful compared to the two younger groups. Age was a statistically significant predictor of experiencing mixed emotions, whereas empathy was not. Gender differences in experiencing mixed emotions were not found, but there was a difference in the dynamics of the development of this ability between the genders. Findings were interpreted from a developmental-cognitive perspective, according to which the ability to integrate opposite valence emotions, as two conceptually different representation sets, develops with age.

Portal Vein Reconstruction Using Cryopreserved Veins in Pancreatoduodenectomy for Advanced Pancreatic Head Carcinoma

Introduction: For advanced pancreatic head carcinoma, removal and reconstruction of the portal vein and/or the superior mesenteric vein are sometimes necessary to achieve R0 resection. Our institute has Tissue-Bank stocking the cryopreserved venous allografts donated based on the voluntary wish after the cardiac death. We have utilized these grafts to various surgeries with combined vascular resection. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of the 23 cases undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with the combined resection of the portal venous systems and reconstructed it using the venous grafts for advanced pancreatic carcinoma between January 2002 and December 2019. Results: There were 12 male and 11 female, aged 73 (31-81), (median and range, same applies hereafter). Operative time was 749 (610-1148) min, estimated blood loss was 1305 (690-4350) gram. The type of portal vein resection consisted of 13 cases of circumferential segmental resection, 10 cases of wedged resection. Median postoperative hospital stay was 30 (18-105) days. There was no surgical complication greater than Clavien-Dindo IIIb. Five cases of postoperative occlusion of the allografts were observed. Graft patency rate in six months after the surgery was 75.0% and no occlusion later than 6 months were detected. Overall survival rate in one, three, and five years were 71.9%, 36.0%, 30.0% respectively. Conclusions: Reconstruction of portal vein using cryopreserved venous allografts is safe and its therapeutic effects is feasible for the pancreatoduodenectomy for advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Our techniques will be shown with a short videoclip.