Short Video Clips Research Articles

341 How the IACUC uses the Ag Guide to ensure the best care

Abstract All Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) are all subject to the same regulatory requirements. Membership requirements (Scientist, Nonscientist, Attending Veterinarian, Public Members, and Chairperson) are established by the regulatory agencies and appointed by the Institutional Official (IO). Today we will review the basic role of the IACUC: reviewing animal use protocols, inspecting animal facilities and procedure areas, evaluating the program of animal care, investigating allegations of non-compliance, making recommendations to the institutional official about needed changes, and utilizing the Ag Guide as a guidance document. The role of the IACUC at Land Grant Institutions is confounded often by the variety of research that is conducted. At the University of Nebraska, we have traditional food and fiber, biomedical and wildlife research, which requires a diverse set of committee members to adequately review the animal care and use. All IACUC protocols, regardless of the species or funding mechanism, are required to address several common questions. As a principal investigator, you can help yourself tremendously by providing all the required information in a transparent, logical and organized manner. If you can anticipate your audience and provide key information in multiple formats, it will help streamline the review process. Based on membership requirements, most committee members will not come from agriculture backgrounds, so it is imperative you help the committee to understand standard agriculture practices. You can best accomplish this with standard operating procedures, herd management protocols, disaster plans, and veterinary care processes and provide photographs or short video clips of your proposed activities. Additionally, if you are asked to serve on this committee, be willing to proactively educate your peers on what is considered appropriate management, housing, experimental and humane endpoints. By acting as your own advocate, you can ensure good animal care as well as achieve timely approvals.

Epistemic agency, a double-stimulation, and video-based learning: A formative intervention study in language teacher education

Recent literature emphasizes the importance of viewing teachers as agents in knowledge-building practice. This study aimed to develop preservice language teachers’ epistemic agency in creating their language teaching resources through a double stimulation design using video-based learning modules. The study was conducted in a secondary language teacher education program in an Australian university. The first phase of the design presented a problem in language teaching, such as how to create resources for teaching Chinese characters, as the first stimulus. The second stimuli included a short video-clip containing an experienced teachers’ teaching demonstration as a resolution to the problem, group discussions, and discussion worksheets, which supported the participants to develop their own resolution to the problem in their lesson plans for teaching Chinese. The data included an initial survey results, audio-recorded group discussions, discussion worksheets, and assignment analysis. Based on the conflict of motives revealed in the initial survey, the dialogic analysis of the group discussion and content analysis of the assignment revealed the development of their epistemic agency in forming and transforming the object of learning. The findings revealed that the double stimulation design and collaborative discussions enhanced preservice teachers’ epistemic agency in creating new ideas and language teaching resources.

Does incident severity influence surveillance by lifeguards in aquatic scenes?

AbstractDo lifeguards monitor events according to the level of danger they pose to the patron? This study examined this question by displaying 40 min of video of natural swimming activity to three lifeguards while an eye‐tracker recorded their eye position. In a separate session, those same lifeguards viewed 100 short video clips of some of the incidents that had been presented earlier and they were asked to provide a severity rating (0–7) for each one. The proportion of time that an event was monitored was calculated, and was not consistently predicted by incident severity, physical salience, or incident duration, but by the number of swimmers in the scene. Although this study had an extremely small number of lifeguards and should be treated as exploratory, it suggests that lifeguards may have trouble monitoring incidents they deem severe when they are presented in the context of a busy aquatic scene.

Computer vision supported pedestrian tracking: A demonstration on trail bridges in rural Rwanda.

Trail bridges can improve access to critical services such as health care, schools, and markets. In order to evaluate the impact of trail bridges in rural Rwanda, it is helpful to objectively know how and when they are being used. In this study, we deployed motion-activated digital cameras across several trail bridges installed by the non-profit Bridges to Prosperity. We conducted and validated manual counting of bridge use to establish a ground truth. We adapted an open source computer vision algorithm to identify and count bridge use reflected in the digital images. We found a reliable correlation with less than 3% error bias of bridge crossings per hour between manual counting and those sites at which the cameras logged short video clips. We applied this algorithm across 186 total days of observation at four sites in fall 2019, and observed a total of 33,800 daily bridge crossings ranging from about 20 to over 1,100 individual uses per day, with no apparent correlation between daily or total weekly rainfall and bridge use, potentially indicating that transportation behaviors, after a bridge is installed, are no longer impacted by rainfall conditions. Higher bridge use was observed in the late afternoons, on market and church days, and roughly equal use of the bridge crossings in each direction. These trends are consistent with the design-intent of these bridges.

Video Commentary & Machine Learning: Tell Me What You See, I Tell You Who You Are

Teaching and assessment of complex problem solving are a challenge for medical education. Integrating Machine Learning (ML) into medical education has the potential to revolutionize teaching and assessment of these problem-solving processes. In order to demonstrate possible applications of ML to education, we sought to apply ML in the context of a structured Video Commentary (VC) assessment, using ML to predict residents' training level. A secondary analysis of multi-institutional, IRB approved study. Participants had completed the VC assessment consisting of 13 short (20-40 seconds) operative video clips. They were scored in real-time using an extensive checklist by an experienced proctor in the assessment. A ML model was developed using TensorFlow and Keras. The individual scores of the 13 video clips from the VC assessment were used as the inputs for the ML model as well as for regression analysis. A total of 81 surgical residents of all postgraduate years (PGY) 1-5 from 7 institutions constituted the study sample. Scores from individual VC clips were strongly positively correlated with PGY level (p = 0.001). Some video clips were identified to be strongly correlated with a higher total score on the assessment; others had significant influence when used to predict trainees' PGY levels. Using a supervised machine learning model to predict trainees' PGY resulted in a 40% improvement over traditional statistical analysis. Performing better in a few select video clips was key to obtaining a higher total score but not necessarily foretelling of a higher PGY level. The use of the total score as a sole measure may fail to detect deeper relationships. Our ML model is a promising tool in gauging learners' levels on an assessment as extensive as VC. The model managed to approximate residents' PGY levels with a lower MAE than using traditional statistics. Further investigations with larger datasets are needed.

Tik-Tok Usage during COVID-19 and It’s Impacts on Personal, Academic and Social Life of Teenagers and Youngsters in Turkey

Tik-Tok is a famous entertainment and art creation app that is used all around the World, which enables everyone to make short video clip ranging from 30 sec to 1-minute and which is published and shared with family, friends and public. This app is downloaded about 1.5 billion times with 800 million users all around the world, Tik-Tok users from China, India, USA, Russia, and Turkey are at the top. This paper explores the usage of Tik-Tok under the pandemic COVID-19 and how does it impact on Personal, Academic and Social life of youngsters and teenagers in Turkey. We collected primary data by using questionnaires from four big provinces; Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Antalya (mainly top tourist provinces), 500 samples were collected by using convenience sampling method, and data is analyzed by Multiple ANOVA, three times simple regression was used to explore the impact of Tik-Tok on Personal, Academic and Social life separately, furthermore correlation test was also applied to show strength among variables. Results indicate statistical significance (p<0.05) which supports the hypotheses.

Recognizing the emotional state of human and virtual instructors

Students' learning from an instructional video could be affected by the instructor's emotional stance during a lesson. A first step in investigating this emotional design hypothesis is to determine whether students perceive the emotions displayed by an instructor during an instructional video. Building on Russell’s (1980, 2003) model of core affect and the media equation theory (Reeves & Nass, 1996) this study investigated how well participants were able to perceive different emotions portrayed by a human and virtual instructor (i.e., animated pedagogical agent) in a video lecture on statistics. Participants were shown short video clips of either a human instructor or virtual instructor displaying four different emotions: happy, content, bored, and frustrated. The participants were asked to rate how well each video clip displayed each of those four emotions. Participants were able to recognize each of the emotions displayed by the instructor but were much better at distinguishing between positive (happy and content) and negative (bored and frustrated) emotions than between active (happy and frustrated) and passive (content and bored) emotions. Furthermore, participants were able to recognize the emotions of the instructor for both the human instructor and the animated agent. However, emotions that involved higher activity (happy and frustrated) were more easily recognized in a human instructor than an animated agent. This research shows that learners are aware of the emotions being portrayed by an instructor, both human and animated agent, and establishes the first link in the chain between how the emotional tone displayed by an instructor affects learning outcomes.

ORGANIZATION OF GUITARISTS’ CONCERT EVENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING

The article analyzes the possibilities for organizing concert events for guitarists in terms of distance learning. It is highlighted that the introduction of distance learning on March 12, 2020 has made changes in the organization of the domestic educational process; the acquisition of competence, which involves interaction with the audience to convey musical material during a public performance, was threatened. The experience of famous artists in overcoming the creative crisis is analyzed. N. Paganini said that even for one listener he would play with inspiration; G. Gould argued that the artist should be given anonymity; D. Matsuev, after the first concert in an empty hall, said that such concerts are needed primarily for the public, which now forced to sit at home and unable to attend a concert hall; A. Bocelli said that thanks to live music that unites millions of folded hands around the world, we will embrace the pulsating heart of this wounded land, employees of the Lviv National Philharmonic launched a project “Sound of the Lviv Philharmonic”, which is needed for Lviv residents who pay attention to the music heard on the street and musicians who realize their potential in online concerts. The problems of guitarists that arise when working in a music studio are identified. It is established that young performers often do not take into account the issues of room acoustics when organizing concert events. It is generalized that there are several options for the implementation of concert activities of guitarists in terms of distance learning: the organization of a concert in an empty hall with video recording for further placement on Internet sites; audio or video recording in a music studio; shooting short video clips at home (using a phone, webcam, camcorder, etc.), which can be an advertisement for the artist, or a message about the organization of a creative event.

The Social Impact of Video Games’ Cinematics: Changing Attention levels Resulting in Rhythmic Transitions

This research investigates the social impact of video games’ cinematics on video game players. The researcher will be looking at how these gamers are interacting with the computer generated images (CGI) and life action cut-scene videos shown to them during their weekly video game playing sessions thus changing their attention levels resulting in rhythmic transitions. This paper investigates the actions of gamer during the transitions from game play into cut-scenes and cut-scenes back to game play. Cut-scenes usually appear as introductions, but are also shown after certain missions or once objectives are completed. Drawing on Mediated Discourse Analysis and Multimodal Interaction Analysis, the exact lower-level action - pressing a button and higher-level action - playing a game provides important insights throughout the entire video game playing session obtained through video ethnography method. Video data including on-screen game play, participant gaming and interviews were collected over a period of twelve weeks. The exact lower-level and higher-level actions are investigated and illustrating through short video clips and with multimodal transcripts clearly demonstrating how the attention of a gamer shifts during these transition periods. Findings provide important insights to games’ developers to have a better understanding and able to utilize transition period during cut-scenes in order to create a better game playing experiences to the gamers.

Hypertargeting Facebook Profiles Vulnerable to ISIS Recruitment with “Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Video Clips” in Multiple Facebook Campaigns

Despite the territorial demise of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria [ISIS], their cyberoperations continue to entice supporters. In an effort to disrupt ISIS’s appeal, the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism has produced over 150 short video clips featuring ISIS insiders denouncing the group, published in over 100 Facebook campaigns in multiple languages and regions. This article details 16 campaigns hyper-targeted at profiles that, based on predetermined and assessed indicators, suggested increased risk of exposure to ISIS-related content. Qualitative and quantitative metrics possibly suggest positive changes in online attitudes and behavior, reducing support and incitement to terrorism.

Interestingness elements for explainable reinforcement learning: Understanding agents' capabilities and limitations

We propose an explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) framework that analyzes an agent's history of interaction with the environment to extract interestingness elements that help explain its behavior. The framework relies on data readily available from standard RL algorithms, augmented with data that can easily be collected by the agent while learning. We describe how to create visual summaries of an agent's behavior in the form of short video-clips highlighting key interaction moments, based on the proposed elements. We also report on a user study where we evaluated the ability of humans to correctly perceive the aptitude of agents with different characteristics, including their capabilities and limitations, given visual summaries automatically generated by our framework. The results show that the diversity of aspects captured by the different interestingness elements is crucial to help humans correctly understand an agent's strengths and limitations in performing a task, and determine when it might need adjustments to improve its performance.

Electroconvulsive Therapy: a Video-Based Educational Resource Using Standardized Patients.

ObjectiveVideo-based depictions of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be useful for educational purposes, but many of the readily available resources may worsen already stigmatized views of the procedure. Educators’ common reliance on such material highlights the paucity of equipoised depictions of modern ECT well suited for the training of health professionals. The authors developed and tested a new educational module enhanced by videotaped depictions of a simulated patient undergoing the consent, treatment, recovery, and follow-up phases of ECT.MethodsThe didactic intervention interspersed 7 short video clips (totaling 14 min) into a 55-min lecture on treatment-resistant depression. The session, part of an intensive course of preclinical psychiatry, was delivered online through synchronous videoconferencing with Zoom. The primary outcome measure was change in the Questionnaire on Attitudes and Knowledge of ECT (QuAKE).ResultsFifty-three out of 63 (87%) eligible second-year medical students completed assessments at baseline and after exposure to the didactic intervention. QuAKE scores improved between baseline and endpoint: the Attitudes composite increased from 49.4 ± 6.1 to 59.1 ± 5.7 (paired t 10.65, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d 0.69), and the Knowledge composite from 13.3 ± 1.2 to 13.9 ± 0.8 (paired t 3.97, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d 0.23).ConclusionsThese video-based educational materials proved easy to implement in the virtual classroom, were amenable to adaptation by end-use instructors, were well received by learners, and led to measurable changes in students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward ECT.

Olfaction Modulates Inter-Subject Correlation of Neural Responses.

Odors can be powerful stimulants. It is well-established that odors provide strong cues for recall of locations, people and events. The effects of specific scents on other cognitive functions are less well-established. We hypothesized that scents with different odor qualities will have a different effect on attention. To assess attention, we used Inter-Subject Correlation of the EEG because this metric is strongly modulated by attentional engagement with natural audiovisual stimuli. We predicted that scents known to be “energizing” would increase Inter-Subject Correlation during watching of videos as compared to “calming” scents. In a first experiment, we confirmed this for eucalyptol and linalool while participants watched animated autobiographical narratives. The result was replicated in a second experiment, but did not generalize to limonene, also considered an “energizing” odorant. In a third, double-blind experiment, we tested a battery of scents including single molecules, as well as mixtures, as participants watched various short video clips. We found a varying effect of odor on Inter-Subject Correlation across the various scents. This study provides a basis for reliably and reproducibly assessing effects of odors on brain activity. Future research is needed to further explore the effect of scent-based up-modulation in engagement on learning and memory performance. Educators, product developers and fragrance brands might also benefit from such objective neurophysiological measures.

Magic Curiosity Arousing Tricks (MagicCATs): A novel stimulus collection to induce epistemic emotions

There has been considerable interest in empirical research on epistemic emotions, i.e., emotions related to knowledge-generating qualities of cognitive tasks and activities such as curiosity, interest, and surprise. One big challenge when studying epistemic emotions is systematically inducting these emotions in restricted experimental settings. The current study created a novel stimulus set called Magic Curiosity Arousing Tricks (MagicCATs): a collection of 166 short magic trick video clips that aim to induce a variety of epistemic emotions. MagicCATs are freely available for research and can be used in a variety of ways to examine epistemic emotions. Rating data also support that the magic tricks elicit a variety of epistemic emotions with sufficient inter-stimulus variability, demonstrating good psychometric properties for their use in psychological experiments.

Activities and assessment solutions for students in advanced molecular genetics and biochemistry to direct and engage with public communication in an online environment.

Apart from classroom presentations to their instructors and peer groups, STEM students have limited opportunities or encouragement to engage in guided communication of scientific concepts to others (family, friends, or the general public). A critical need exists for accurate, comprehensible science to be disseminated to these groups. To develop student proficiency in communication of complex biomolecular concepts impacting diverse audiences, I introduce learning approaches and assessments easily adapted to fit the needs of individual instructors and any molecular biology or biochemistry laboratory or lecture course in a remote/online environment. To help students develop an appreciation of the needs of different audiences and the nuanced drivers of clear communication, I provided them the choice of projects of similar length: Option (1) Create a scientific news release and short podcast or video clip newscast describing a recent advancement in understanding the molecular/biochemical basis of a disease; or Option (2) Create a lesson plan and mini-video designed to teach a simple biochemical or molecular mechanism of disease with learning objectives, a brief activity, and appropriate assessment mechanisms. Students who chose the scientific news release/newscast activity distilled complex biomolecular concepts using the 5 W's of journalism-who, what, where, why, when-and learned to accurately communicate the relevance of advanced scientific discoveries and recent events for a broader audience. Students who chose the lesson plan designed activities centered on biomolecular science concepts that build upon what their audience already knows, revealing possibilities for undergraduates to contribute to educational outreach to secondary school teachers and classes.

Movie night! An entertaining online educational method for introducing students to common presentations in neurology.

The 2020 coronavirus outbreak has obliged many medical schools to provide exclusively online education.In the current climate, we sought to develop a novel and entertaining online educational method for introducing pre-clerkship students to common clinical presentations in neurology.

Empirical study on video clip consumption: Focusing on viewing habits and use motives

With the increase in video consumption on mobile devices, Korean broadcasters have begun to provide short video clips of re-edited existing broadcast content. This study aims to investigate the motivations that drive Korean consumers to watch short clips online and understand the behaviour of consumers to analyse video clips' additional promotional effects. Exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression were performed with online survey data. Findings suggest that selective entertainment is the most important factor affecting video clip consumption, intent to watch live programming on TV, and intent to purchase VOD. Additionally, video clip use motives have a strong influence on the intent to watch live programming on TV and purchase VOD. Therefore, broadcasters may consider consumers' psychological needs when providing video clip content. Because no academic study has attempted to investigate the relation between video clips usage and use patterns, this findings will be helpful for future research.

Risk perception and social acceptability of autonomous vehicles: A case study in Hiroshima, Japan

Given the impending introduction of self-driving cars to Japan within the next several years, gaining a better understanding of public opinion and risk perception of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is crucial. Though AVs have numerous potential social and economic benefits, including reduced travel time and environmental impacts, their implementation will depend on public acceptance. This study expanded on existing work by directly examining which aspects of AV use and function most affect risk perception. Participants were shown short animated video clips depicting the introduction of AVs into society at large, as well as three specific possible risk factors: system error, external interference with car controls (i.e., hacking), and the inability of the car to cope with unexpected events. Participants were then surveyed about their attitudes toward AVs and other potentially risky activities and technologies. The study established that the perceived advantages of all AV types (cars and buses, different automation levels) outweighed their perceived risks. Consistent with prior research, the two major aspects of perceived risk were dread and unfamiliarity. The results showed compared with other technologies, AV scores were neutral for dread risk but higher for unfamiliarity risk. The finding of high unfamiliarity indicates that public acceptance and perceived risks are likely to change as the public's knowledge increases. We also found that receiving information about a potential system error indirectly reduced AV acceptability, where dread and unfamiliarity to the AV risks served as mediators. The results suggest that proper management on the diffusion of information, which includes public information campaigns, test-ride events and transparency about safety options, will likely influence the ultimate social acceptability of AVs and will be crucial towards its successful introduction on the market.

Student Teachers’ and Teacher Educators’ Professional Vision: Findings from an Eye Tracking Study

Teaching is a complex and demanding endeavour. Teachers must deal with numerous forces, often face dilemma-ridden and ambiguous situations and have to act under time pressure. In order to accomplish these tasks, teachers must apply professional knowledge differentially (Fairbanks et al. 2009). In recent decades, various studies have focused on defining and investigating the domains of teachers’ professional knowledge. In this respect, much attention has been paid of late to the concept of professional vision. In the present study, we look for indications of professional vision using eye tracking data and post hoc think-aloud verbalisations. We worked with student teachers and teacher educators, who watched a short video clip of a school lesson and described afterwards what they had seen. The video shows an authentic teaching situation and discloses a ‘critical incident’. The results show that there are differences between the two groups of participants, both in terms of eye tracking and post hoc think-aloud verbalisation. However, the differences originate primarily from six teacher educators explicitly mentioning the ‘critical incident’ in the post hoc think-aloud verbalisation. As with other studies, these results indicate differences in professional vision between novice and experienced teaching professionals. Additionally, our analysis reveals that eye tracking data can assist in identifying professional vision.

The neural mechanisms of threat and reconciliation efforts between Muslims and non-Muslims

ABSTRACT To reduce the escalation of intergroup conflict, it is important that we understand the processes related to the detection of group-based threat and reconciliation. In the present study, we investigated the neural mechanisms of such processes using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Functional neuroimaging techniques may shed light on quick, automatic responses to stimuli that happen outside of conscious awareness and are thus increasingly difficult to quantify relying only on participants’ self-reported experiences. They may further provide invaluable insight into physiological processes occurring in situations of sensitive nature, whereby participants–deliberately or not–may withhold their honest responses due to social desirability. Non-Muslim Western Caucasian participants watched short video clips of stereotypical Middle-Eastern Muslim males threatening their ingroup, offering reconciliation to the ingroup, or making a neutral statement. Threatening statements led to increased activation in the amygdala, insula, supramarginal gyrus, and temporal lobe. Reconciliation efforts led to increased activation in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and caudate. The results suggest that threat detection is a relatively automatic process while evaluating and responding to reconciliation offers requires more cognitive efforts. The implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.