Short Track Speed Skating Research Articles

Lost in the Vault?: Demonstration Sports at the Winter Olympics and How Digital Media Can Bring Them ‘Back to the Future’

Compared to the summer games, the winter Olympics hold a relatively limited sporting appeal, yet their importance and capacity to capture the public and media attention remain undisputable. For many years, in addition to events on the official programme, Olympic Games Organising Committees (OCOGs) have advanced demonstration sports, some of which then dissipated from the landscape while others moved to full medal status, including curling, ice dancing and short track speed skating. Followed by the decision in 1989 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to eliminate demonstration sports, these events made their last appearance at Albertville 1992. Nevertheless, other demonstration sports –military patrol, skijöring, dogsled racing, ice stock sport, winter pentathlon, bandy, speed skiing and ski ballet–occupy distinct realms of Olympic history, informing the history of the Olympic movement by what did or did not advance into mainstream competition. Resources and footage housed in the IOC historical archives focusing on demonstration sports at the winter games can be brought ‘from the vault’, via the Olympic Channel and its social media handles, to broaden citizens’ appreciation of the cultural significance of demonstration sports at the winter games and understanding of the Olympics in the process.

In‐network caching based live broadcasting for short track speed skating

High‐Definition 360 panoramic network live broadcasting is more and more popular with its rich expressiveness. However, for the short track speed skating which has ultra‐high bit rate requirements, High‐Definition 360 panoramic network live broadcasting needs a lot of computation and network bandwidth resources. In this paper, we propose a Software‐Defined Networking (SDN)‐based Information Centric Networking (ICN)‐assisted edge network live broadcast architecture to realize the allocation of transcoding tasks and transmission of massive streaming data. The experimental results show that by combining scheduling and transcoding resource allocation, the users' Quality of Experience (QoE) can be optimized and the delay requirements can be met.

한, 중 우수 남자 쇼트트랙 스피드 스케이팅 선수의 무릎 관절 등속성 근력 비교

This study is to compare and analyze the isokinetic strength of knee joints of Korean male short track speed skaters and Chinese male short track speed skaters, and to present data for improving the performance of male short track speed skaters.,The subjects of this study were male short track speed skating players (n=10) and male short track speed skating players (n=9) of Heilongjiang Province team in China.,The isokinetic muscle function measurement device of knee joint is Cybex HUMAC NORM, and the measurement results of each measurement variable and the measurement results by group are as follows. First, the maximum muscle strength of right extensor was significantly higher in the Korean athletes group, which showed a significant difference between the groups(p<.01). The relative maximum muscle strength of the right extensor, flexor and left extensor was greater in the Korean athletes group, which showed a significant difference between the groups(p<.01)(p<.05)(p<.01), but Chinese athletes were also at the level of Korean athletes in the maximum knee joint muscle strength. Second, in the average power, the average power of right flexural strength was larger in the Chinese player group, which showed a significant difference between the groups p<.05). The average power of left flexion force was larger in the Chinese players group, which showed a significant difference between the groups(p<.05). The relative average power of the right and left extensor strength was significantly higher in the Korean players group, which showed a significant difference between the groups(p<.05)(p<.05).

Effectiveness of Using Compression Garments in Winter Racing Sports: A Narrative Review.

Nowadays, compression garments (CGs) are widely used in winter racing sports, such as speed skating, short-track speed skating, alpine skiing, and cross-country skiing. However, the effect of wearing CGs on athletic performance in these specific sports is still not fully examined. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the research and application of CGs in winter racing sports and to discuss how the CGs help athletes improve their performance in an integrative manner (i.e., physiology, aerodynamics, and biomechanics). A total of 18 experimental studies dedicated to CGs in winter racing sports were identified from the peer-review scientific literature. The main findings are as follows. (1) Currently, CG studies have mainly focused on drag reduction, metabolism, muscle function, strength performance, and fatigue recovery. (2) The results of most studies conducted in wind tunnels showed that, for cylindrical structures similar to the human body, clothing with rough surfaces can reduce air drag. Notably, the effect of CGs on drag reduction in real competition has not been fully explored in the literature. (3) Compression can reduce muscle vibrations at high impact and help athletes control the center of pressure movement, a function that is important for alpine skiing. Future studies are needed to improve current understanding of the effects of compression clothing microstructure on drag reduction and their stretching in different parts of the body. Furthermore, the design of experimental protocol must be consistent with those during the competition, thus providing a full discussion on energy metabolism, fatigue, and recovery affected by CGs.

"No Pain No Gain": Evidence from a Parcel-Wise Brain Morphometry Study on the Volitional Quality of Elite Athletes.

Volition is described as a psychological construct with great emphasis on the sense of agency. During volitional behavior, an individual always presents a volitional quality, an intrapersonal trait for dealing with adverse circumstances, which determines the individual’s persistence of action toward their intentions or goals. Elite athletes are a group of experts with superior volitional quality and, thereby, could be regarded as the natural subject pool to investigate this mental trait. The purpose of this study was to examine brain morphometric characteristics associated with volitional quality by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Scale of Volitional Quality. We recruited 16 national-level athletes engaged in short track speed skating and 18 healthy controls matched with age and gender. A comparison of a parcel-wise brain anatomical characteristics of the healthy controls with those of the elite athletes revealed three regions with significantly increased cortical thickness in the athlete group. These regions included the left precuneus, the left inferior parietal lobe, and the right superior frontal lobe, which are the core brain regions involved in the sense of agency. The mean cortical thickness of the left inferior parietal lobe was significantly correlated with the independence of volitional quality (a mental trait that characterizes one’s intendency to control his/her own behavior and make decisions by applying internal standards and/or objective criteria). These findings suggest that sports training is an ideal model for better understanding the neural mechanisms of volitional behavior in the human brain.

Injuries in Short Track Speed Skating

Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine Injuries in Short Track Speed Skating Kolenc M* Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia *Corresponding author: Kolenc M, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia Submission: October 01, 2019;Published: December 17, 2019 DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2019.05.000625 ISSN 2578-0271 Volume5 Issue5

Pacing Behavior Development of Youth Short-Track Speed Skaters: A Longitudinal Study.

This study aimed to analyze the development of pacing behavior of athletes during adolescence using a longitudinal design. Lap times of male short-track speed skaters (140 skaters, 573 race performances) over two or more 1500-m races during Junior World Championships between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. Races were divided into four sections (laps 1-3, 4-7, 8-11, and 12-14). Using MLwiN (P < 0.05), multilevel prediction models in which repeated measures (level 1) were nested within individual athletes (level 2) were used to analyze the effect of age (15-20 yr), race type (fast, slow), and stage of competition (final, nonfinal) on absolute section times and relative section times (percentage of total time spent in a section). Between the ages of 15 and 20 yr, total race time decreased (-6.99 s) and skaters reached lower absolute section time in laps 8-11 (-2.33 s) and 12-14 (-3.28 s). The relative section times of laps 1-3 (1.42%) and 4-7 (0.66%) increased and of laps 8-11 (-0.53%) and 12-14 (-1.54%) decreased with age. Fast races were more evenly paced compared with slow races, with slow races having a predominantly slow first half and fast finish. Athletes in finals were faster (2.29 s), specifically in laps 4-7 (0.85 s) and laps 8-11 (0.84 s). Throughout adolescence, short-track speed skaters develop more conservative pacing behavior, reserving energy during the start of the race in order to achieve a higher velocity in the final section of the race and a decrease in total race time. Coaches should take into consideration that the pacing behavior of young athletes develops during adolescence, prepare athletes for the differences in velocity distribution between race types, and inform them on how to best distribute their efforts over the different stages of competition.

Sports, Instagram, and conflict talk in Englishes

AbstractThis study examines conflict talk and ‘othering discourse’ on Instagram involving the 2018 Winter Olympics hosted in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The disqualification of highly anticipated medalists in short track speed skating events elicited heated online arguments between Korean and Chinese sports fans. A content analysis of antagonistic texts featuring anti‐Korea and anti‐China posts reveals that ‘othering’ practices are predominantly performed by: (1) making reference to seemingly irrelevant details; (2) evoking stereotypical images of a race and/or a nation; and (3) utilizing overtly offensive language or transgressive language. Drawing upon linguistic strategies of encoding ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ dichotomies reported in earlier research, this study shows that explicit disparagement, disapproving representation of the other, stereotyping, and overgeneralization are readily utilized by both parties, who also occasionally engage in verbal reconciliation through lexical and syntactic mirroring.

Tissue Oxygen Index Response During Maximal On-ice And Cycling Performances With Short Track Speed Skaters

Tissue Oxygen Index Response During Maximal On-ice And Cycling Performances With Short Track Speed Skaters

Effect of Sex on Pacing Behaviour in Elite 1500m Short-Track Speed Skating Competitions

PURPOSE:The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sex on pacing behavior during elite 1500m short-track speed skating events. METHODS: In short-track speedskating, a 1500m race is 13.5 laps. Lap times from 13805 skating performances from World Cups, World and European Championships and the Olympics in the seasons 2012/2013 up until 2017/2018 were collected from the ISU website and examined using ANOVA statistical analysis in which lap velocities were chosen as dependent variables and sex was chosen as independent variable (p<.05). In order to compare men (M) and women (W), the data were normalized by calculating individual mean velocities, and dividing those by the actual lap velocity. This gave percentage of mean velocity as outcome variable. RESULTS: Pacing behavior of both sexes is shown in figure 1. The absolute velocities male short-track speed skaters achieved are significantly higher than female skaters achieved in every lap (p<.001). Examining the normalized lap velocities, significant differences occurred as well. Men demonstrated relatively higher velocities up until lap 5 (lap 1 to 5, M: 0.86 ±0.08, W: 0.85 ±0.09, p<.001). In lap 6, no significant difference in velocity was found (M: 1.04 ±0.07, W: 1.04 ±0.08, p=.109). Nonetheless, in lap 7 until the final lap 14, women demonstrated relatively higher velocities than men (for lap 7 to 14, M: 1.11 ±0.20, W: 1.12 ±0.10, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Elite men are faster than elite women in absolute velocity. Additionally, elite men and women short-track speed skaters show different pacing behavior in a 1500m race in which men start more aggressively and finish slower than women do.

Women, men, and five Olympic rings: An examination of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics

This study conducts a content analysis on Chinese Central Television’s broadcasting of figure skating, short track speed skating, and freestyle skiing—the three most popular winter sports in the People’s Republic of China—at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics from the perspective of biological sex. A full examination of 100% (over 37 h) of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast coverage was analyzed in terms of clock-time, name-mentions, and descriptors. In each sport examined, female athletes received less clock-time and fewer name-mentions compared to their male counterparts. However, in the analysis of 7765 descriptors, relatively few significant differences between depictions of male and female athletes were uncovered, potentially explained by the Communist legacy of erasing women’s feminine characteristics and the relatively equal number of male and female commentators in Chinese Central Television’s sports newsrooms. Also, compared to many Western countries, male figure skaters in the People’s Republic of China received more clock-time and name-mentions, possibly attributed to cultural differences in defining ideal masculinity across East Asia and the West.

남자 쇼트트랙 스피드 스케이팅 주로 전환구간의 가상 추월 상황 스케이팅 동작 분석

The Purpose of this study was to set a virtual overtaking space in a curve-straight transition section and to analyze the skater"s skating motion in the overtaking situation and provide data on skating strategies that can be effectively overtaken in this section. The study included five male short track speed skaters (mean height, 1.72 ± 0.07 m; mean weight, 65.8 ± 2.8 kg; years, 23.6 ± 3.8 yrs)were analyzed. Data were collected from middle of the curve to the 7 m of the straight section and recorded using five digital SONY FDR-AXP35 video cameras (SONY, Japan) operating at a sampling frequency of 60 fields/sec and shutter speed of 1/500 sec. For each film frame, the joint positions were digitized using the KWON3D motion analyzer. Position data were filtered with low-pass Butterworth 4th order at the cut-off frequency of 7.4 Hz. The results of the study showed that the faster the transition section, the more deviates f rom the course, and CMH to be higher. There were two patterns of increasing or decreasing speed when passing the target, and when the speed increased, the ratio of the y-axis distance was large. Therefore, the effective in-course overtaking defined in this study should have a small distance between the inner line and the gliding foot at the middle of the curve(MC) and at the end of the curve(EC). And we concluded that the pattern that the lateral movement range (X) in the course is small and the velocity increases in the direction of motion (Y) is advantageous to pass the target at high speed.

The Efficiency of Short Track-related Sports Injury Prevention Program on Non-contact Injury Incidence for Elite Short Track Speed Skaters

The Efficiency of Short Track-related Sports Injury Prevention Program on Non-contact Injury Incidence for Elite Short Track Speed Skaters

New method to evaluate three-dimensional push-off angle during short-track speed skating using wearable inertial measurement unit sensors.

The push-off mechanism to generate forward movement in skating has been analyzed by using high-speed cameras and specially designed skates because it is closely related to skater performance. However, using high-speed cameras for such an investigation, it is hard to measure the three-dimensional push-off force, and a skate with strain gauges is difficult to implement in the real competitions. In this study, we provided a new method to evaluate the three-dimensional push-off angle in short-track speed skating based on motion analysis using a wearable motion analysis system with inertial measurement unit sensors to avoid using a special skate or specific equipment insert into the skate for measurement of push-off force. The estimated push-off angle based on motion analysis data was very close to that based on push-off force with a small root mean square difference less than 6% when using the lateral marker in the left leg and the medial marker in the right leg regardless of skating phase. These results indicated that the push-off angle estimation based on motion analysis data using a wearable motion capture system of inertial measurement unit sensors could be acceptable for realistic situations. The proposed method was shown to be feasible during short-track speed skating. This study is meaningful because it can provide a more acceptable push-off angle estimation in real competitive situations.

Time-Trial Performance in World-Class Speed Skaters After Chronic Nitrate Ingestion.

Nitrate supplementation can increase tolerance to high-intensity work rates; however, limited data exist on the recovery of performance. The authors tested whether 5 d of nitrate supplementation could improve repeated time-trial performance in speed skating. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 9 international-level short-track speed skaters ingested 1 high (juice blend, ∼6.5mmol nitrate; HI) or low dose (juice blend, ∼1mmol nitrate; LO) per day on days 1-4. After a double dose of either HI or LO on day 5, athletes performed 2 on-ice 1000-m time trials, separated by 35 min, to simulate competition races. Differences between HI and LO were compared with the smallest practically important difference. Salivary [nitrate] and [nitrite] were higher in HI than LO before the first (nitrate: 81%, effect size [ES]: 1.76; nitrite: 72%, ES: 1.73) and second pursuits (nitrate: 81%, ES: 1.92; nitrite: 71%, ES: 1.78). However, there was no difference in performance in the first (LO: 90.92 [4.08]s; HI: 90.95 [4.06]s, ES: 0.01) or the second time trial (LO: 91.16 [4.06]s; HI: 91.55 [4.40]s, ES: 0.09). Plasma [lactate] measured after the trials (LO: 14.8 [1.1]mM; HI: 14.8 [1.2]mM, ES: 0.01) and at the end of the recovery period (LO: 9.8 [2.1]mM; HI: 10.2 [1.9]mM, ES: 0.05) was not different between treatments. Five days of high-dose nitrate supplementation did not change physiological responses and failed to improve single and repeated time-trial performances in world-class short-track speed skaters. These data suggest that nitrate ingestion up to 6.5mmol does not enhance recovery from supramaximal exercise in world-class athletes.

Unilateral Conditioning Contractions Enhance Power Output in Elite Short Track Speed Skaters.

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of unilateral lower-body-conditioning muscle contractions during multiple sets of fatiguing repeated jumps in elite athletes. Five elite short-track speed-skating athletes performed 9 sets of 6 maximal consecutive jumps on 2 separate occasions: with (COND) and without (CTRL) preliminary voluntary conditioning contractions (CC) 5 min before the beginning of the sets. The CC consisted of 2 consecutive 3 s maximal unilateral isometric squats against a fixed bar, resulting in a 6 s overall isometric contraction per leg. For each set, power output (PO) was measured using a linear position transducer and averaged over the 6 corresponding repeated jumps. The results showed that PO was significantly greater during the test in COND than in CTRL ( p <0.01). PO significantly decreased with sets, by 19.4±4.7 and 15.2±7.6% ( p <0.001) between the first and last set in COND and CTRL, respectively. A 2×3 s maximal unilateral isometric CC, performed 5 min before unloaded repeated jumps, significantly increased mean PO. These results suggest that unilateral conditioning contractions can enhance performance in subsequent bilateral repeated jumps.

Evolutions in the physiology of skiing, skating and running in the Olympics.

Cross-country skiing, biathlon, Nordic combined, short track speed skating, and speed skating (12+11+3+8+14=48 events), i.e. five of the 15 disciplines in the 2018 Winter Olympics, require participants to reach the finish line in minimum time, while exerting mechanical propulsion power through flat terrain, uphill, and downhill. This article compares distances and times for these disciplines systematically with each other and with running, walking, and swimming in the Summer Olympics. Regarding physiological implications, the absence of distances below 6 km in biathlon, 5 km in Nordic combined, 1.2-1.5 km in cross-country skiing, and 0.5 km in speed skating means recruiting fewer competitors with sprint characteristics (type IIx fast isoforms muscles, etc.). The absence of distances above 10 km in speed skating and Nordic combined, and 20 km in biathlon, means recruiting fewer or other kinds of competitors with long distance characteristics. For example, high anaerobic threshold is important at greater distances, and high VO2max is important above intermediate distances. A new recruitment criterion for Olympic events is proposed, argued to recruit athletes fairly and be fair to spectators. The new criterion supplements current criteria such as popularity, relevance, and cooperation. The article recommends assessing 26 new events for future Winter Olympics within the five disciplines, equivalently for men and women. Formats are specified for the new events. Regarding equal distances for men and women, women use 8.7-13.6% more time than men in most events, except when upper-body power is important (above 13.6%) and in ultraendurance events (below 5.3%).

The Incidence of Injuries in Development Short Track Speed Skaters Part 1: On Ice

The Incidence of Injuries in Development Short Track Speed Skaters Part 1: On Ice

Systems model and individual simulations of training strategies in elite short-track speed skaters

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated training strategies on performance potential in elite short-track speed skaters. Training load and field-based criterion performances from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were collected over a 3-month training period and the relationship between training loads and performance was computed with a variable dose-response model using a genetic algorithm. Individual simulations of tapers preceded or not preceded by an overload training (OT) were assessed. We obtained a significant correlation between actual and modelled performances (R2 = 0.76 ± 0.07). Regarding model parameters, no significant difference was found between males and females but the time to recover performance tended to be lower in females. Simulations in which the taper parameters were free highlighted that an exponential or a step taper were the most effective for increasing performance compared to a linear taper (p < 0.05). Optimal exponential taper duration after OT was 10.7 ± 2.4d and the optimal load reduction was 75.9 ± 3.7%. OT intensity had the greatest influence on the predicted performance, followed by OT duration, taper decay, and to a lesser extent load reduction during taper and taper duration. Thus, a variable dose-response systems model allows the evaluation of different taper strategies and their potential effect on performance changes.

P 021 – Hip-knee and knee-ankle interjoint coordination during short-track speed skating

The Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) has presented a workshop annually at the annual meeting of the Association of Program Directors (APDS) to discuss the evolution of the SCORE portal and best practices for implementation within residency training programs.A review of the literature was undertaken, along with a summation of discussion at these several workshops. A history of the SCORE project and a summary of its organizational framework and content are presented. In addition, best practices for use of SCORE within programs are described.The SCORE portal is now a decade old, and is used ubiquitously in US surgical training programs. With this experience, there is data to show the utility of SCORE to support trainee learning and programmatic didactics.