Short Traces Research Articles

Fracture trace length and number distributions from fracture mapping

Statistical distributions of fracture trace length and density determined from two‐dimensional fracture mapping generally provide biased estimates of the underlying distributions due in part to edge effects of the finite window of observation (censoring) and the protocol adopted for recording short traces (lower truncation limit). Although methods for estimating the parameters of an assumed underlying distribution exist, validation of the inferred models by forward prediction of the observed length distribution is rarely undertaken since mathematical formulations of the required distributions are not reported in the literature. This paper presents formulae that can be used simply to obtain these distributions, with results for rectangular windows given as a specific example. Formulae relating the observed and underlying fracture density are also given. The formulae are presented for underlying trace lengths that can be characterized by exponential, lognormal, or finite range power law distributions. Results for the semi‐infinite range power law can also be obtained simply. The formulae are based upon the assumption that fracture locations can be adequately described by a uniform Poisson process, although the methodology is described more generally. The distributions of uncensored, singly censored and doubly censored trace lengths are also derived. The effects of the window of observation and the lower truncation limit for the frequently assumed semi‐infinite range power law are outlined.

On the relation between penumbral intensity and flow filaments

AbstractTaking advantage of high spatial (≈0.5 arcsec) and high spectral (λ/δλ = 250 000) resolution observations obtained with the 2D spectrometer TESOS, we analyze a sunspot located at a heliocentric angle of 23°. We elaborate on the issue of a correlation between dark filaments and the Evershed flow in sunspot penumbrae. Controversies on the existence of such a correlation are resolved: It varies from the inner to the outer penumbra, from the center‐side to the limb‐side penumbra, and depends on the length of the trace which is used to perform the correlation. The flow map exhibits flow filaments in the center‐side penumbra while the red‐shifted limb‐side penumbra does not show filamentary fine‐structure. High correlation coefficients, |C| ≈ 0.9 are only found if small scales, i.e. short traces cutting individual features are considered. C is positive in the inner center and limb‐side penumbra, and tends to be negative in the outer penumbra. Our results imply that the Evershed flow is present in bright and dark filaments. In individual cases we find that bright and dark intensities are connected by a flow filament supporting the moving tube model for the penumbral fine structure. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Dorsal hippocampus involvement in trace fear conditioning with long, but not short, trace intervals in mice.

Placing a "trace" interval between a warning signal and an aversive shock makes consolidation of the memory for trace conditioning hippocampus dependent. To determine the trace at which memory consolidation requires the hippocampus, mice were trained with 0-s, 1-s, 3-s, or 20-s trace intervals and tested for freezing to context and tone. Posttraining dorsal hippocampus (DH) lesions decreased context conditioning regardless of trace interval. However, DH lesions attenuated only the 20-s trace tone freezing. Like eyeblink conditioning, the DH is necessary for trace fear conditioning only at long trace intervals, but the time scale for the effective interval in fear conditioning is about 40 times longer. Manipulations that alter trace fear conditioning with short trace intervals probably do not reflect altered DH function. Given this difference in time scale along with the use of posttraining DH lesions, hippocampus dependency of trace conditioning is not related to a bridging function or response timing.

Integrated Use of 3D seismic in field development, engineering and drilling: examples from the shallow section

Abstract Examples from exploration acreage and field developments across the glaciated Northwest European Continental Shelf and Slope demonstrate the usefulness of conventional three-dimensional (3D) seismic data to spatially image geological features. Compared to previous grid-based two-dimensional (2D) seismic this allows fundamentally more confident identification, mapping and prediction of geotechnical conditions which is important to ensure safe, efficient engineering and drilling operations. Whilst of immense benefit, the paper argues that the 3D seismic data often do not meet the full expectations, particularly in terms of critical vertical resolution and accurate depth prediction requirements. To illustrate the limitations, direct comparison is made between conventionally acquired 3D and HiRes 2D seismic data. Whilst industry funding to support innovative HiRes 3D seismic acquisition remains sparse, much can be achieved by the careful integration and interpretative calibration of the 3D and HiRes 2D seismic datasets. Three field development case studies illustrate this. Short offset trace correction and reprocessing of the 3D seismic data followed by limited, target specific HiRes 2D seismic, calibrated where possible with drilling or other geological data, is an optimal cost-effective approach.

Debugging temporal specifications with concept analysis

Program verification tools (such as model checkers and static analyzers) can find many errors in programs. These tools need formal specifications of correct program behavior, but writing a correct specification is difficult, just as writing a correct program is difficult. Thus, just as we need methods for debugging programs, we need methods for debugging specifications.This paper describes a novel method for debugging formal, temporal specifications. Our method exploits the short program execution traces that program verification tools generate from specification violations and that specification miners extract from programs. Manually examining these traces is a straightforward way to debug a specification, but this method is tedious and error-prone because there may be hundreds or thousands of traces to inspect. Our method uses concept analysis to automatically group the traces into highly similar clusters. By examining clusters instead of individual traces, a person can debug a specification with less work.To test our method, we implemented a tool, Cable, for debugging specifications. We have used Cable to debug specifications produced by Strauss, our specification miner. We found that using Cable to debug these specifications requires, on average, less than one third as many user decisions as debugging by examining all traces requires. In one case, using Cable required only 28 decisions, while debugging by examining all traces required 224.

Hippocampal Damage Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning in Mice Lacking Glutamate Receptor Subunit δ2.

Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses has been proposed to be a neural substrate for classical eyeblink conditioning. Mutant mice lacking the glutamate receptor subunit δ2 (GluRδ2), in which the cerebellar LTD is disrupted, exhibited a severe impairment in the delay eyeblink conditioning with a temporal overlap of CS and US. However, they learned normally trace and delay conditioning without CS-US overlap, suggesting a learning mechanism which does not require the cerebellar LTD.In the present study, we tested possible involvement of the hippocampus in this cerebellar LTD-independent learning. We examined effects of scopolamine and hippocampal lesion on the delay conditioning without CS-US overlap. TheGluRδ2 mutant mice that received scopolamine or aspiration of the dorsalhippocampus together with its overlying cortex exhibited a severe impairment in learning, while the control mutant mice that received saline or aspiration of the overlying cortex learned normally. In contrast, wild-type mice that received either treatment learned as normally as the control wild-type mice. These results suggest that the hippocampus is essential in the cerebellar LTD-independent learning in the GluRδ2 mutant mice, indicating a newrole of hippocampus in the paradigm with a short trace interval.

Quaternary intra-arc extension in the central Trans-Mexican volcanic belt

The Trans-Mexican volcanic belt is an active volcanic arc related to subduction along the Middle America trench and characterized by shallow seismicity and synvolcanic to postvolcanic extensional arc-parallel faulting. Major intra-arc basins within the central part of the belt (between long 998W and 1028W) are (from west to east) the Cuitzeo and Acambay grabens, the Aljibes half-graben, and the Mezquital graben. In this region, ;100 eastwest2striking, .2 km long, steeply dipping normal faults, expressed by pronounced multi-event fault scarps, have been mapped. Of the 100 faults, ;65 displace rocks of known Quaternary age (younger than 1.6 Ma), and 22 cut rocks with a documented age younger than 750 ka. Known historical surface ruptures are limited to faults of the Acambay graben. Overall, the faults cause north-south to north-northwest2south-southeast2oriented extension of ,1 km, which is distributed over a 30250-km-wide zone that has 5210 faults in cross section and a relative extension of ,3%. Quaternary vertical slip rates, estimated for 13 of the faults, have a mean of 0.07 mm/yr. They are highest at the southern margin of the Cuitzeo graben, the northern margin of the Acambay graben, and in the Aljibes half-graben, where they measure between 0.16 and 0.18 mm/yr. The north-south to north-northwest2south-southeast2oriented Quaternary bulk extension rate of the system is likely to be 0.2 6 0.05 mm/yr. This fault system is in an initial stage of coalescence. Its western and eastern parts consist mostly of isolated fault segments, whereas in the central part deformation is localized onto a few through-going faults. The longest of these are the Venta de Bravo fault (45 km) and the Acambay-Tixmadeje fault (34 km). The short fault traces have a simple structure, whereas the longer ones are commonly composed of two or more segments. There is no obvious migratory pattern of Quaternary fault activity, which suggests that the entire region is tectonically active.

Nucleation of recrystallized grains in multiple slipped structure without deformation band in aluminum single crystal

The characteristics of multiple slipped structure and the nucleation of recrystallized grains (RGs) have been investigated using pure aluminum single crystals with an initial tensile axis (TA) orientation of 〈111〉 deformed in tension. By a scanning electron microscope (SEM), very short and wavy slip traces without deformation bands (DBs) were observed, in which the maximum misorientation was only approximately 5°. By a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is found that a layered dislocation microstructure consisted of cells with dense dislocation walls (DDWs) was developed. Groups of the cells were mutually rotated, by approximately 4°, about an axis normal to the TA as if they maintained tensile strain and compressive strain by turns. After annealing, orientations of RGs were mainly rotated at angles of over 26° about each 〈111〉 axis normal to four kinds of {111} slip planes in each adjacent deformed matrix (DM). It is renewed in more detail that the nucleation of the RGs with the 〈111〉 rotation relationship to each adjacent DM could be explained by the 〈111〉 rotation recrystallization (nucleation) model. The 〈111〉 rotation relationships between the deformation textures and the corresponding annealing textures in FCC metals are selected in both stages of the nucleation of RGs as well as their growth.

Automated liquid chromatographic determination of atenolol in plasma using dialysis and trace enrichment on a cation-exchange precolumn for sample handling

A fully automated method involving dialysis combined with trace enrichment was developed for the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of atenolol, a hydrophilic β-blocking agent, in human plasma. The plasma samples were dialysed on a cellulose acetate membrane and the dialysate was reconcentrated on a short trace enrichment column (TEC) packed with a strong cation-exchange material. All sample handling operations can be executed automatically by a sample processor (ASTED system). After TEC conditioning, the plasma sample, to which the internal standard (sotalol, another hydrophilic β-blocker) was automatically added, was introduced in the donor channel and dialysed in the static/pulsed mode. The dialysis liquid consisted of 4.3 m M phosphoric acid. When the dialysis process was discontinued, the analytes were eluted from the TEC in the back-flush mode by the LC mobile phase and transferred to the analytical column, packed with octyl silica. The LC mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer, pH 7.0–methanol (81:19; v/v) with 1-octanesulfonate. Atenolol and the internal standard were monitored photometrically at 225 nm. The different parameters influencing the dialysis and trace enrichment processes were optimised with respect to analyte recovery. The influence of two different kinds of cation-exchange material on analyte recovery and peak efficiency was also studied. The method was then validated in the concentration range 25–1000 ng/ml. The mean recovery for atenolol was 65% and the limit of quantitation was 25 ng/ml.

Trace formation during locomotion of L929 mouse fibroblasts continuously recorded by interference reflection microscopy (IRM).

The recently reported formation of highly ordered traces by migrating cells has been studied on L929 fibroblasts in time lapse experiments by means of interference reflection microscopy (IRM) as well as by conventional microscopy. Formation of pronounced traces on glass substrates correlates to migration after cell division, and the trace arrangement on the substrate depends on migration velocity: slow migration results in a highly branched, broad, and relatively short trace, while fast migration yields a slim and long trace with few branches. IRM-irradiation caused cessation of locomotion and trace formation and accelerated degradation of existing traces. Traces consist of cord-like cytoplasmic strands, which contain F-actin filaments and they seem to be enveloped by a membrane. It is supposed that cell traces are homologous to filopodia. Traces arise mainly from non-retracted filopodia at the rear margin of the migrating cell. The branches within the traces are the result of the repeated stretching out of a backwardly directed lamellipodium. They arise from the formation of new filopodia that emerge at the actin ribs of the lamellipodium.

On comparative contributions of natural ultra-low-frequency hydrodynamic wave fields to sound signals’ variability on extended shallow-water traces

The ocean’s ultra-low-frequency natural sound variability mechanism, related to sound interaction with extra slow hydrodynamic natural wave processes, gravitational surface, and internal wave, observed in the range of rad/s on long traces, is discussed. In the absence of natural internal waves, the ocean hydrodynamic field here is close to potential, so that its interaction with the sound field is minimal. Estimates are based on the model of ocean hydrodynamic waves representing the refraction index lattice for propagating sound modes. Small angle sound interaction with weak enough surface waves lattice leads to additional mode phase transformation increasing with trace length. Interaction is shown to be especially substantial for low-frequency sound (of frequency less than 100–200 Hz) and very long traces (of length not less than 80–100 km) in a shallow ocean region, where it could be comparable to interaction observed due to internal waves. While for a given sound frequency value and short trace length, sound-hydrodynamic wave fields’ interaction is determined exclusively by lattice refraction factor, for long enough traces, interaction is defined by refraction index and hydrodynamic wavelength product. This parameter variability for surface gravity waves in different ocean regions, based on generalized bottom pressure measurement data, is presented.

Generalizations of power-law distributions applicable to sampled fault-trace lengths: model choice, parameter estimation and caveats

Summary It has often been observed that fault-trace lengths tend to follow a power-law or Pareto distribution, at least for sufficiently large lengths. A very common method of fitting this type of model to data consists of plotting on log–log axes the number of faults with trace length greater than x against x, and reading off the slope of the resulting approximate straight line. We demonstrate that maximum likelihood is a more efficient and less biased method of estimating the power-law exponent. A further complication is that this log–log plot is often curved, suggesting that the power-law distribution is not a complete description of the data. In this paper we review the literature on probability distributions with Pareto behaviour for long trace lengths, but not necessarily for short trace lengths. The Feller–Pareto distribution is an attractive family within this class, with many well-known statistical distributions as special cases. We use maximum likelihood to fit the Feller–Pareto distribution to a sample of 1034 fault-trace lengths from the South Yorkshire coalfields. We conclude that the Burr III model superficially provides a satisfactory fit to these data. We also discuss an interpretation of the Feller–Pareto model in terms of a particular type of observational bias on data generated from the power-law distribution. However, there are a number of complications to be considered. In particular, geometrical sampling biases, stereological effects and spatial structure in the data mean that a rigorous analysis is not straightforward. We suggest ways in which future data collection and analysis may address some of these problems. If our sampling protocols and estimation procedures are adopted, geoscientists should be able to estimate the power-law exponent more accurately and more objectively than with current ad hoc procedures, and with more direct relevance to strain calculations and other geophysical applications. Furthermore, our recommended method of estimation, maximum likelihood, provides point estimates and associated standard errors of the unknown parameters, and is efficient, consistent and relatively straightforward to apply.

Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff

Journal of High Resolution ChromatographyVolume 21, Issue 1 p. 65-68 Short Communication Trace Compounds in Urban Rain and Roof Runoff Peng Shu, Peng Shu Institute of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Essen, 45141 Essen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlfred V. Hirner, Alfred V. HirnerSearch for more papers by this author Peng Shu, Peng Shu Institute of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Essen, 45141 Essen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlfred V. Hirner, Alfred V. HirnerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 December 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19980101)21:1<65::AID-JHRC65>3.0.CO;2-DCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume21, Issue1January 1998Pages 65-68 RelatedInformation

Triplet code-independent programming of living systems organisation by DNA: the link with intelligence and memory

Previous suggestions from this laboratory (3), (a) that within its molecular electronic structure, DNA houses a computer-analog program of immense complexity, operating independently of, but complementary to, triplet coding and (b) that, inter alia, this program is the driving force for organising and executing the construction of species individuals in three dimensions, are extended in the present communication. It is now concluded that the DNA program also embodies an ‘intelligence’ component, which extends its organising ability both qualitatively and quantitatively beyond any of the heavily circumscribed ‘self-organising’ attributes claimed to be associated with naturally occurring inanimate systems. Further, that as part of the developmental process, a program component organises the fabrication of mammalian central nervous systems, including that of human beings with the associated attributes of intelligence, creativity and constructional skills. It is further suggested that the sophisticated random access memory system associated with human beings in particular may be explicable in terms of an extension of the DNA programming system: basically this involves the latter operating as computer-type ‘hardware’ for the storage of long-term memory and interacting with, primarily, glial cell RNA, acting as ‘software’ and storing short term traces. Finally, it is suggested that such an interrelationship between DNA/RNA molecular electronic structures can provide the necessary memory storage capacity and flexibility and also facilitates random access to the long-term DNA memory store.

Three-dimensional geometry and interference of fault-bend folds: examples from the Ponga Unit, Variscan Belt, NW Spain

Examples of the three-dimensional geometry and interference patterns between fault-bend folds occur in the Ponga Unit of the Variscan Cantabrian foreland thrust and fold belt of NW Spain. The Ponga Unit consists of several E-directed thrust sheets with a cumulative displacement of 93 km, which were emplaced during Upper Westphalian-Stephanian time. Two major lateral ramps developed in the basal thrust of the Ponga Unit, reaching 15 and 20 km in length, respectively, and some 3 km in height. Lateral structures are also common within the hangingwall thrust sheets. The three-dimensional staircase trajectories of thrust faults, together with the tectonic superposition of thrust sheets, has produced a complex interference pattern of fault-related folds. Most map-scale folds formed as fault-bend folds related to interference between frontal and lateral ramps. Fold geometry and size varies depending on the geometry and size of the associated thrust ramp and flat. The axial traces are grouped into lateral and frontal sets, which are sub-parallel or sub-perpendicular to the tectonic transport direction, respectively. ‘Corner folds’ form with plunging axes at the intersections of frontal and lateral ramps and generally link pairs of frontal-lateral folds. They have relatively short axial traces that are oblique to the tectonic transport direction. Fold plunge varies due to the superposition of lateral and frontal structures of a thrust fault and also depends on the geometry of subsequent thrusts in the footwall. The final geometry of frontal folds in the Ponga Unit are not only the result of the bending mechanism but have been modified by simple shear parallel to the emplacement direction. Major lateral structures have been reactivated as reverse faults and are locally overturned due to post-emplacement north-south compression.

Learning mechanisms in the temporal lobe visual cortex

Neurophysiological experiments are described which show that neurons form ensemble encoded representations of stimuli such as faces which are relatively invariant with respect to size, contrast, spatial frequency, translation, and view. It is shown that new representations of objects can be formed with less than 5 s of visual experience with those objects. Mechanisms by which the brain could perform this invariant recognition, and learn the representations required for recognition, are described. A neural network simulation of these mechanisms for learning invariant representations is then described. The model uses a multistage feed-forward architecture, and is able to learn invariant representations of objects including faces by use of a Hebbian synaptic modification rule which incorporates a short memory trace (0.5 s) of preceding activity. This trace rule enables the network to learn the properties of objects which are spatio-temporally invariant over this time scale.

Brain mechanisms for invariant visual recognition and learning

Mechanisms by which the brain could perform invariant recognition of objects including faces are addressed neurophysiologically, and then a computational model of how this could occur is described. Some neurons that respond primarily to faces are found in the macaque cortex in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (in which region neurons are especially likely to be tuned to facial expression, and to face movement involved in gesture). They are also found more ventrally in the TE areas which form the inferior temporal gyrus. Here the neurons are more likely to have responses related to the identity of faces. These areas project on to the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, in which face-selective neurons are also found. Quantitative studies of the responses of the neurons that respond differently to the faces of different individuals show that information about the identity of the individual is represented by the responses of a population of neurons, that is, ensemble encoding is used. The rather distributed encoding (within the class faces) about identity in these sensory cortical regions has the advantages of maximising the information in the representation useful for discrimination between stimuli, generalisation, and graceful degradation. In contrast, the more sparse representations in structures such as the hippocampus may be useful to maximise the number of different memories stored. There is evidence that the responses of some of these neurons are altered by experience so that new stimuli become incorporated in the network, in only a few seconds of experience with a new stimulus. It is shown that the representation that is built in temporal cortical areas shows considerable invariance for size, contrast, spatial frequency and translation. Thus the representation is in a form which is particularly useful for storage and as an output from the visual system. It is also shown that one of the representations which is built is view-in-variant, which is suitable for recognition and as an input to associative memory. Another is viewer-centered, which is appropriate for conveying information about gesture. It is shown that these computational processes operate rapidly, in that in a backward masking paradigm, 20–40 ms of neuronal activity in a cortical area is sufficient to support face recognition. In a clinical application of these findings, it is shown that humans with ventral frontal lobe damage have in some cases impairments in face and voice expression identification. These impairments are correlated with and may contribute to the problems some of these patients have in emotional and social behaviour. To help provide an understanding of how the invariant recognition described could be performed by the brain, a neuronal network model of processing in the ventral visual system is described. The model uses a multistage feed-forward architecture, and is able to learn invariant representations of objects including faces by use of a Hebbian synaptic modification rule which incorporates a short memory trace (0.5 s) of preceding activity to enable the network to learn the properties of objects which are spatio-temporally invariant over this time scale.

Effect of CMOS driver loading conditions on simultaneous switching noise

A model for simultaneous switching noise (SSN) for CMOS including the effect of negative feedback and loading conditions is presented. A level 1, SPICE-type device model is used with V/sub TN/=|V/sub TP/| for the simulations. An analysis of the loading conditions is conducted since no prior knowledge of this is assumed in the design of the package. The sensitivity of SSN to the load capacitance is investigated. Equations defining a critical capacitance governing SSN are included. Output buffers normally drive receivers through bond wires, signal traces, pins, and the board traces. For the short trace, the output is modeled as a lumped inductance and for the long trace, as a transmission line. Such a condition at the output will alter the current that defines the noise. Equations are presented for the critical inductance and the transmission line characteristic impedance. Above these critical values, these parameters will tend to decrease the noise generated. Finally, a practical package structure is modeled which takes into account the effects of the total loading conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

An Estimate of Fetal Autonomic State by Spectral Analysis of Fetal Heart Rate Fluctuations

The assessment of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in real time, by means of spectral analysis of fetal heart rate variability, may serve to improve the diagnosis of pathologic conditions of importance to the perinatologist. The combination of two approaches, namely an efficient method for detecting fetal ECG from the abdominal maternal signal, followed by spectral analysis of heart rate variability, is tested as a new noninvasive tool to assess fetal viability in real time. This study demonstrates a pattern of ANS development via the spectral contents of heart rate variability. It is shown that during "quiet state," the "young" fetuses (gestational age = 23.5 +/- 1 wk) present twice as much power of heart rate fluctuations at all frequencies from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz as "mature" fetuses (gestational age = 39.75 +/- 1.5 wk). This finding is coherent with the evolution of a stable and mature ANS activity. At frequencies below 0.1 Hz, a 1/f alpha power law relationship (alpha = 0.85, r2 > 0.9) between spectral density and frequency is displayed in the two age groups. A respiratory peak has been observed in some of the short (64-s) traces we analyzed. However, no respiratory peak was ever observed in a long (256-s) trace, due to the episodic nature of the fetal breathing and immaturity of the ANS.

Pragmatism: From Peirce to Davidson (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 625 ation of the ostensibly political aspects of Nietzsche's work and to relate these to his general philosophy. His book offers the most thorough evaluation of the consistencies and convolutions of Nietzsche's political views to date. Perhaps one should ask no more from an author than that stated goals be met. Yet, some criticism is in order. Detwilcr's account fails to address the question of the meaning of politics, for himself or for Nictzsche. Nor does it distinguish between different sorts of political activities and their relevance. Nietzsche never engaged in what we commonly understand as political activity. He consistently decried party politics and disparaged the state and its calls to duty. To the extent he strayed from his reclusive, solitary life, Nietzsche saw himself as an educator. But education, as Plato and Aristotle have informed us, remains the most important kind of politics. Today, we often forget this truth. For very good reasons we have attempted to separate the school, university, and media, no less than the church, from the state. Yet culture, civic and otherwise, as the product of education, bears tremendous political significance. Detwiler ignores this fact. The questions which never get asked in Detwiler's book and Which anyone with interests both in Nietzsche and politics needs to ask, are: What are the political consequences of and responses to nihilism, and how does Nietzsche better allow us to grapple with them? In the absence of such concerns the problem of Nietzsche's politics becomes academic. Nietzsche is engaging if nothing else. Yet Detwiler gives us little reason to study Nietzsche, short of the Millian tenet that there is value in "even offensive challenges to one's belief" (8). As useful as such an orientation is, it provides a very limiting approach both to Nietzsche's philosophy and to the worldly problems upon which Nietzsche shed so much harsh light. LESLIE PAUL THIELE University of Florida, Gainesville John P. Murphy. Pragmatism: From Peirce to Davidson. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 199o. Pp. vii + 15~. Cloth, $34.95. Paper, $1~.95. This short work traces (as the subtitle indicates) the development of pragmatism from Charles S. Peirce to Donald Davidson, from the "winged words" or informal conversations of the Metaphysical Club to Davidson's transformation of Willard van Orman Quine's approach to meaning and truth. In fact, this study picks up the story even earlier than the informal discussion group founded by Peirce and William James in 187 l, for Chapter i (7-12) is devoted to "Peirce's Rejection of Cartesianism" as this is presented in "a pair [in truth, in a trio] of articles that appeared in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy in 1868" (8). In addition, it concludes not simply with Davidson but with Richard Rorty's case for Davidson's philosophical achievements belonging to the American pragmatic tradition (x 16). Both of these contemporary "pragmatists" are themselves viewed principally in relation to themes and questions encountered in Quine's writings: "since Davidson writes (to a great extent) in reaction to Quine, and Richard Rorty writes (to a great extent) in reaction to Quine and Davidson, it seems appropriate that a segment of this course devoted to the writings of Davidson and 626 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 30:4 OCTOBER 1992 Rorty should bear a title that makes their indebtedness to Quine manifest" (95). In a sense, Rorty is given the last word, for it is his essays "Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism" and (to a greater extent) "Pragmatism, Davidson, and Truth" to which the concluding pages of this book are devoted. Rorty also has the first word. The Foreword and Introduction ("Pragmatism as Anti-Representationalism") are by him. In fact, his hand in this project is even greater than these contributions. We learn from the Foreword that John P. Murphy's "tragically early death occured not long after he had finished the manuscript. With the encouragement of his widow and his colleagues, I [RR] edited the manuscript for publication" (vii). Another piece of information in the Foreword helps us even more in attaining an appropriate orientation to the book under review: "As part of a curriculum revision project...