Short-term Fatigue Research Articles

Coping and adaptive strategies of traumatic brain injury survivors and primary caregivers.

Qualitative research methods allowed the investigator to contribute to the development of new theories and to examine change in processes over time, which added rich detail to existing knowledge of the use of coping and adaptive strategies by traumatic brain injury survivors and their primary caregivers (Ponsford, Sloan, & Snow, 2013). The advantages of phenomenological study were that it allows flexibility to explore and understand meanings attached by people to well-studied concepts such as coping, resiliency, and adaptation or compensation. Phenomenological study was sensitive to contextual factors. It also permitted the study of in-depth dynamics of coping and adaptive strategies of TBI survivors and primary caregivers, while understanding the social and psychological implications of the phenomenon. To explore the needs and deficits of adult traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors and primary caregivers; and to identify their self-initiated coping and adaptive strategies. Significant to this study was the development of coping and adaptive strategies by the participants after their discharge from inpatient and rehabilitation treatment. The compensatory skills taught in treatment settings did not transfer to the home environment. Therefore, these strategies developed independently from previous treatment recommendations contributed to the development of theory related to rehabilitation and counseling. Distinctive to this study was the similarity of coping and adaptive strategies developed from both mild and severe traumatic brain injury survivors. This study consisted of eleven with TBI and six primary caregivers (N = 17), who participated in a series of semi-structured interviews aimed at discovering the coping and adaptive strategies utilized in dealing with the effects of brain injury. A Qualitative Phenomenological design was employed. Patience and understanding, support, and professional help were identified by TBI survivors and caregivers as being their most relevant needs. Self-reported deficits included short-term memory loss (STM), fatigue, anger, and personality changes, and the strategies that TBI survivors and caregivers identified tended to address their problems with these specific day-to-day deficits. Problem focused, emotion focused, and avoidant coping were utilized to some degree in their adjustment to home life and activities of daily living. Participants offered suggestions for mental health professionals addressing how to more effectively work with brain injury survivors and their primary caregivers. TBI survivors and caregivers had multiple self-reported unaddressed needs following their discharge from facility-based treatment. They reported spontaneously engaging in various coping and adaptive strategies to address their needs and deficits. However, further education regarding potential post-TBI challenges and strategies for addressing them are needed, including a need for community and mental health resources.

EFFECTS OF KINESIO® TAPING ON DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL FOLLOWING FATIGUE INDUCTION

This study aimed to determine the effects of Kinesio® taping (KT) on dynamic postural control following fatigue induction. It is hypothesized that the application of KT limits the effects of fatigue on dynamic postural control. This study used a randomized controlled trial recruited 32 male recreational athletes, randomized to one of the two groups (Group A: KT and fatigue and Group B: KT and no fatigue). Fatigue was induced using the adapted Functional Agility Short Term Fatigue Protocol (FAST-FP). The rectus femoris of quadriceps, biceps femoris of the hamstring and medial gastrocnemius of the dominant leg were taped. The dynamic postural control was assessed pre and post fatigue. A significant interaction was observed between the group and time for the anterior-posterior position (p=0.03, ηp2=0.21) while non-significant interaction was observed in the lateral symmetry (p=0.84, ηp2=0.001). A significant main effect of time was observed for anterior-posterior position (p>0.05, ηp2=0.15) while non-significant for the lateral symmetry (p=0.65, ηp2=0.007). For the main effect of the two groups was not significant for the anterior-posterior position (p=0.42, ηp2=0.02) and lateral symmetry (p=0.73, ηp2=0.004). In conclusion, the diminishing effect of fatigue on the anterior-posterior position was observed. Moreover, KT application does not limit the effects of fatigue on the dynamic postural control.

A Test Battery to Identify Elite Talent Among Youth International Soccer Players

Methods of assessing soccer players’ performance have developed significantly in recent times. The fitness profiles and skill levels of a prospective elite soccer player is a valuable resource for coaches in the process of identifying talent. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to use a battery of validated sport-specific tests to identify elite talent among youth international soccer players in Hong Kong. METHODS: International soccer players from the Hong Kong Football Association (HKFA) youth academy (U-19) squad took part in this study. Following two familiarization trials using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), the exercise protocol consisted of a standardized 10 minute dynamic warm-up, followed by baseline LSPT measurements. Then, each participant completed a validated, soccer-specific, repeated-sprint ability test (RSA) in order to induce game-specific, short-term fatigue. Upon completion of the RSA, each participant was immediately re-tested on the LSPT. Each participant then completed a vertical jump (VJ) test and finally, the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (YYIR2). Heart-rate (HR) monitors were used to monitor exercise intensity. Data was analysed using SPSS (v. 20). RESULTS: 30 youth (U-19) HKFA international squad members took part in this study (mean ± SD: age 18 ± 0.8y; height 1.73 ± 0.5m; body mass 64.3 ± 8.5kg). The re-test scores of the LSPT indicated that 6 of participants (20%) maintained their skill performance, in spite of a significantly elevated heart rate induced by the RSA; i.e. no significant differences were observed in any of the movement (mov), penalty (pen) or total (tot) time taken to complete the LSPT between the pre- and post-RSA scores (Mov: pre 48.2 ± 2.9s, post 48.0 ± 2.1s; Pen: pre 5.9 ± 7.5s post 6.5 ± 8.4s; Tot: pre 54.1 ± 8.4s, post 54.5 ± 10.6s, p > 0.05). Vertical jump scores were 106.6 ± 8.5 cm. Participants completed 10.9 ± 2.9 stages of the YYIR2, with those above the 86 percentile completing greater than 13.5 stages. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the ability of validated sports-specific tests to effectively identify elite level talent among international youth soccer players. Each of LSPT, RSA and YYIR2 scores proved sensitive in separating the top quartile of elite level players from the remainder of the squad, while the VJ did not.

Effects of speech style, room acoustics, and vocal fatigue on vocal effort.

Vocal effort is a physiological measure that accounts for changes in voice production as vocal loading increases. It has been quantified in terms of sound pressure level (SPL). This study investigates how vocal effort is affected by speaking style, room acoustics, and short-term vocal fatigue. Twenty subjects were recorded while reading a text at normal and loud volumes in anechoic, semi-reverberant, and reverberant rooms in the presence of classroom babble noise. The acoustics in each environment were modified by creating a strong first reflection in the talker position. After each task, the subjects answered questions addressing their perception of the vocal effort, comfort, control, and clarity of their own voice. Variation in SPL for each subject was measured per task. It was found that SPL and self-reported effort increased in the loud style and decreased when the reflective panels were present and when reverberation time increased. Self-reported comfort and control decreased in the loud style, while self-reported clarity increased when panels were present. The lowest magnitude of vocal fatigue was experienced in the semi-reverberant room. The results indicate that early reflections may be used to reduce vocal effort without modifying reverberation time.

Sport-specific functional movement can simulate aspects of neuromuscular fatigue occurring in team sports

Fatigue protocols have been used over the years to examine muscular exhaustion. As an alternative to approaches in laboratory settings, functional agility protocols claiming to mimic the multifaceted loads of athletic activity have been proposed. This study aimed to examine the effects of a functional agility short-term fatigue protocol (FAST-FP) on neuromuscular function. Twenty-eight healthy sports students (15 males, aged 24.3 ± 2.4 years) completed the FAST-FP, which consists of four components: three counter-movement jumps (90% of individual maximum), a 20-s bout of step-ups, three bodyweight squats and an agility run. Tasks were repeated until the participants no longer achieved the required jump height in two consecutive sets. Outcomes (pre-post) encompassed subjective exhaustion (visual analogue scale [VAS]), maximum isometric voluntary force of the knee extensors (MIVF), reactive strength index (RSI), mean power frequency (MPF, measured using surface electromyography) and maximum knee range of motion (ROM). Post-intervention, VAS (+54 mm) increased significantly, while MIVF (–6.1%), RSI (–10.7%) and MPF (–4.1%) were reduced (p < 0.05). No changes were observed for ROM (p > 0.05). The FAST-FP induces small-to-moderate impairments in neuromuscular function and considerable self-perceived fatigue. Current evidence on exhaustion developing in team sports suggests that this magnitude of fatigue is similar. The protocol might thus be valuable in the evaluation of treatments counteracting post-match fatigue in team sports.

Speech accommodation to room acoustics: Reverberation time and clarity

Vocal effort is a physiological entity that accounts for changes in voice production as vocal loading increases, which can be quantified in terms of sound pressure level (SPL). This study investigates how vocal effort is affected by speaking style, room acoustics, and short-term vocal fatigue. Twenty subjects were recorded while reading a text at normal and loud volumes in anechoic, semi-reverberant, and reverberant rooms in the presence of babble noise. The acoustics in each environment were modified by increasing the strength of the early reflections in the talker position. The subjects answered questions addressing their perception of vocal effort, comfort, control, and the clarity of their own voice. SPL variation for each subject was measured per task. It was found that SPL and self-reported effort increased in the loud style and decreased when the reflective panels were present and when reverberation time increased. In contrast, self-reported comfort and control decreased in the loud style, while self-reported clarity increased when panels were present. SPL was higher for females than for males. The lowest magnitude of apparent short-term vocal fatigue was experienced by talkers in the semi-reverberant room. The results indicate that reflections may be used to reduce vocal effort without modifying reverberation time.

Effects of short-term fatigue on biomechanical and physiological aspects of double poling in high-level cross-country skiers

The study aim was to evaluate biomechanical and physiological alterations in double poling technique (DP) after a short-term fatiguing exercise. Eight high-level skiers performed a sub-maximal DP trial (20kmh−1, 1°) before (PRE) and after (POST) a DP test to exhaustion while roller skiing on a treadmill. An integrated analysis of DP technique during PRE and POST included measurement of pole, joint, and centre of mass (COM) kinematics, poling forces, cycle timing, and metabolic parameters. Muscle fatigue in three upper-body muscles was assessed by calculating the Dimitrov’ fatigue index (FInms5) of specific electromyographic segments. FInms5 tended to increase in the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles (P=0.023 and P=0.030, respectively) across consecutive DP cycles, as did blood lactate concentration (P=0.001) and rating of perceived exertion (P=0.005). The changes indicated a state of fatigue during POST and coincided with the reduction in poling force exertion capacity (P=0.020). Pole, joint and COM kinematics did not differ between PRE and POST (P>0.050), whereas recovery phase and cycle times were shorter at POST (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Short-term fatigue led to a reduction in poling force exertion capacity and cycle time in high-level skiers, without altering body and pole kinematics.

Differences in Physical and Psychosocial Characteristics Between CFS and Fatigued Non-CFS Patients, a Case-Control Study.

PurposeThe main research question is: “Do CFS patients differ from fatigued non-CFS patients with respect to physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional determinants?” In addition, group differences in relevant outcomes were explored.MethodPatients who met the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria for CFS were categorized as CFS; these patients were mainly recruited via a large Dutch patient organization. Primary care patients who were fatigued for at least 1 month and up to 2 years but did not meet the CDC criteria were classified as fatigued non-CFS patients. Both groups were matched by age and gender (N = 192 for each group).ResultsCFS patients attributed their fatigue more frequently to external causes, reported a worse physical functioning, more medical visits, and a lower employment rate. The results of a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that patients who believe that their fatigue is associated with more severe consequences, that their fatigue will last longer and is responsible for more additional symptoms are more likely to be classified as CFS, while patients who are more physically active and have higher levels of “all or nothing behavior” are less likely to be classified as having CFS.ConclusionA longitudinal study should explore the predictive value of the above factors for the transition from medically unexplained fatigue to CFS in order to develop targeted interventions for primary care patients with short-term fatigue complaints.

Effect of short-term fatigue, induced by high-intensity exercise, on the profile of the ground reaction force during single-leg anterior drop-jumps

[Purpose] Fatigue may be an important contributing factor to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of controlled lower limb fatigue, induced by a short-term, high-intensity exercise protocol, on the profile of the ground reaction force during landings from single-leg anterior drop-jumps. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve healthy males, 18 to 24 years old, performed single-leg anterior drop-jumps, from a 20 cm height, under two conditions, ‘fatigue’ and ‘non-fatigue’. Short-term fatigue was induced by high-intensity interval cycling on an ergometer. Effects of fatigue on peak vertical ground reaction force, time-to-peak of the vertical ground reaction force, and loading rate were evaluated by paired t-test. [Results] Fatigue shortened the time-to-peak duration of the vertical ground reaction force by 10% (non-fatigue, 44.0 ± 16.8 ms; fatigue, 39.6 ± 15.8 ms). Fatigue also yielded a 3.6% lowering in peak vertical ground reaction force and 9.4% increase in loading rate, although these effects were not significant. [Conclusion] The effects of fatigue in reducing time-to-peak of the vertical ground reaction force during single-leg anterior drop-jumps may increase the risk for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in males.

The Effect of Short-term Fatigue on Subsequent Skill Performance of Elite U-19 Soccer Players

The Effect of Short-term Fatigue on Subsequent Skill Performance of Elite U-19 Soccer Players

Medical management of patients with brain tumors.

This review provides management recommendations for medical and neurologic problems in patients with brain tumors, including vasogenic edema, infections, seizures, prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism, drug interactions, cognitive and emotional problems, palliative symptom management, and long-term sequelae of brain tumors and their therapy. Non-enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs are the preferred category of seizure medication for patients with brain tumors, and levetiracetam is emerging as the drug of choice. Select groups of patients, such as those with cortically based hemorrhagic melanoma metastases, may benefit from prophylactic antiepileptic drug use. Antiangiogenic agents can reduce the steroid requirement of patients with vasogenic edema. Patients with brain tumors remain at risk for infections from the perioperative period through many months after treatment, and steroids may mask signs of infection. Few studies have been done on management of common cognitive issues such as short-term memory deficits and fatigue, but memantine may help delay cognitive deficits in patients receiving whole-brain radiation therapy. Palliative care conversations should begin early in the course of treatment. Meticulous medical management begins at diagnosis of brain tumors and continues through the active treatment course and into either palliative care strategies or management of long-term sequelae of treatment. During the active treatment phase, problems such as vasogenic edema, seizures, and venous thromboembolism predominate, whereas late complications include the continuing risk of infections; sequelae of radiation such as vascular disease, cavernous angiomas, and cognitive decline; and secondary tumors. Attention to symptom palliation is an important part of the neurologist's role throughout the course of a brain tumor patient's illness.

Fatigue Experiments on Single Crystal Silicon in an Oxygen-Free Environment

The fatigue lifetime of single crystal silicon (SCS) was characterized in an environment free of oxygen, humidity, and organics. Long-term (> 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> Hz) fatigue experiments performed with smooth-walled SCS devices showed no signs of fatigue damage up to 7.5 GPa. In contrast, experiments using SCS devices with a silicon dioxide (SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) coating and rough sidewalls due to scalloping from deep reactive ion etching exhibited fatigue drift at 2.7 GPa and suffered from short-term (<; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> Hz) fatigue failure at stress levels >3 GPa. In these SCS-SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> experiments, the initiation of fracture occurs in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer. It is concluded that fatigue in this case is likely attributed to a subcritical cracking mechanism; not reaction-layer nor dislocation related. A cross-comparison with other works from literature is developed to show that packaging a pristine device in an inert environment is necessary in order to operate devices at high-stress levels.

G118(P) Living with chronic lung disease (cld); children and parents perspectives

Introduction Caring for a premature baby who is oxygen dependant may result in short-term parental fatigue, anxiety, depression and restrictions to lifestyle, however long-term effects have not been reported. Aim To investigate children and their parents’ longer-term experiences of living with CLD. Methods This was an exploratory qualitative study which collected interview data from children with CLD aged between 6 and 15 years of age (n = 10) and their parents (n = 12). Families were recruited from a children’s hospital in the UK. Data were analysed inductively and thematically. Results Children and their parents described that CLD was ‘easier to live with as you get older’; this was in some cases due to symptoms becoming less severe but was also influenced by the strategies and expertise acquired in managing the condition. CLD was contextualised against other disabilities caused by prematurity and the uncertainty and fear which had overshadowed the first few years of the child’s life. Parents had gained proficiency in accessing health services which demonstrated competency in dealing with CLD and bypassing those seen as less helpful. Parents felt anxious when they devolved responsibility for managing their child’s condition to others, such as schools, and when they thought about their child’s future. Children’s concerns related to when CLD made them feel different to their friends by causing them to have to step-back, sit out and miss out on activities or when they were ostracised due to their short stature, respiratory symptoms or fatigue. Despite expertise in recognising and managing symptoms, children and their parents discussed a poor understanding of the nature of the condition and this influenced how they described CLD to friends, family, school and outside agencies. Many chose to call the condition asthma; the descriptor of CLD was seen as unhelpful and implied a contagious condition. Conclusions Children and parents’ accounts were mainly positive with CLD becoming easier to live with and manage over time. Ongoing concerns related to managing CLD outside the family, situations causing children to feel different and a poor understanding of the nature of CLD.

Fatigue performance of deepwater SCR under short-term VIV considering various S-N curves

In this study, a method for fatigue performance estimation of deepwater steel catenary riser (SCR) under short-term vortex-induced vibration was investigated for selected S-N curves. General tendency between S-N curve capacity and fatigue performance was analysed. SCRs are generally used to transport produced oil and gas or to export separated oil and gas, and are exposed to various environmental loads in terms of current, wave, wind and others. Current is closely related with VIV and it affects fatigue life of riser structures significantly. In this regards, the process of appropriate S-N curve selection was performed in the initial design stage based on the scale of fabrication-related initial imperfections such as welding, hot spot, crack, stress concentration factor, and others. To draw the general tendency, the effects of stress concentration factor (SCF), S-N curve type, current profile, and three different sizes of SCRs were considered, and the relationship between S-N curve capacity and short-term VIV fatigue performance of SCR was derived. In case of S-N curve selection, DNV (2012) guideline was adopted and four different current profiles of the Gulf of Mexico (normal condition and Hurricane condition) and Brazil (Amazon basin and Campos basin) were considered. The obtained results will be useful to select the S-N curve for deepwater SCRs and also to understand the relationship between S-N curve capacity and short-term VIV fatigue performance of deepwater SCRs.

Seasonality of fatigue among young adults in the primary care setting

Concerns of the health effects of global warming have recently yielded numerous publications on associations of high ambient temperatures with health outcomes and with mortality rates. Extreme heat exposure is known to cause heat exhaustion, with deleterious effects on mental and physical health. However, the effect of high ambient temperature on fatigue has not been well addressed. Fatigue is a very commoncomplaint at primary care clinics. One survey reported fatigue as themain reason for 6.5% of the visits to a general practitioner, and the secondary reason for 19%. The severity of fatigue has been shown to correlate with impaired functioning, psychological symptoms, and poor sleep. Most research of fatigue has investigated older people or thosewith concomitant conditions.Morewomenhave been found to suffer from fatigue than men. While research of chronic fatigue has increased over recent years, studies of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of short term fatigue remain sparse.

Understanding competing fatigue mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ti–6Al–4V alloy: Role of crack initiation and duality of fatigue response

Multiple mechanisms of fatigue crack initiations from pores leading to short-term and long-term fatigue life have been observed in a powder metallurgy (PM) Ti–6Al–4V alloy made by the hydrogen sintering and phase transformations (HSPT) process. The pores in the sintered alloy could be classified into two groups; type-I being caused by particle interstices that did not fully close during sintering (sinter-pores) and the type-II originating from larger voids that did not close during powder packing (cave-pores). The fatigue life trends can be classified by the type and the location of pore from which the crack initiated. Interestingly, the two types of pores, and the two different locations (surface versus interior) from which the cracks initiated lead to four distinct S–N trends in the fatigue data. When the stress amplitude level and the pore size were accounted for through initial stress intensity factors, the fatigue data reduced to dual S–N fatigue curves. The results offer new insights into how pores, especially their type and size, and location control the fatigue behavior of PM Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Large improvements in fatigue life can be obtained if the large cave-pores are eliminated or their volume density reduced to very low levels.

Kinematic effects of a short-term fatigue protocol on punt-kicking performance

The punt kick is a fundamental skill used in several team sports; however, there has been a lack of research on how fatigue affects its technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term fatigue on punt-kicking performance. Eight elite and sub-elite Australian Football players performed maximal drop punt kicks on their preferred leg prior to, during and after a match-specific fatigue protocol. Optotrak Certus collected kinematic data from kick foot toe-off until ball contact. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in 20 m sprint times after each short-term protocol, indicating fatigue. Foot speed did not significantly change with fatigue; however, increases in the range of motion at the pelvis and kicking thigh, along with increases in kicking thigh angular velocity, occurred. For the support leg, maximum knee flexion angular velocity increased while there was greater flexion found at the knee and hip, and greater range of motion at the knee. Players are able to make kinematic adaptations in order to maintain foot speed while punting for maximal distance after short-term efforts.

Wind-Wave Misalignment Effects on Floating Wind Turbines: Motions and Tower Load Effects

The dynamic responses of a spar, tension leg platform (TLP), and two semisubmersible floating wind turbines (FWTs) in selected misaligned wind and wave conditions are investigated using numerical simulation with an aero-hydro-servo-elastic computational tool. For a range of representative operational conditions, the platform motions and short-term fatigue damage in the tower base and tower top are examined. Although some misalignment conditions result in increased motions both parallel and perpendicular to the wave direction, aligned wind and waves cause the largest short-term tower base fatigue damage for the studied platforms and conditions. Several factors which lead to larger fatigue damage for certain platforms in particular conditions are identified, such as tower resonance due to the 3p blade passing frequency in low wind speeds; surge and pitch motions, particularly in the wave frequency range; and the variations in first-order hydrodynamic loads due to wave direction. A semisubmersible platform with large displacement suffers the least damage at the base of the tower.

Empirical Procedures for Long-Term Prediction of Fatigue Damage for an Instrumented Marine Riser

Slender marine risers used in deepwater applications can experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV). It is becoming increasingly common for field monitoring campaigns to be undertaken wherein data loggers such as strain sensors and/or accelerometers are installed on such risers to aid in VIV-related fatigue damage estimation. Such damage estimation relies on the application of empirical procedures that make use of the collected data. This type of damage estimation can be undertaken for different current profiles encountered. The empirical techniques employed make direct use of the measurements and key components in the analyszes (such as participating riser modes selected for use in damage estimation) are intrinsically dependent on the actual current profiles. Fatigue damage predicted in this manner is in contrast to analytical approaches that rely on simplifying assumptions on both the flow conditions and the response characteristics. Empirical fatigue damage estimates conditional on current profile type can account explicitly even for complex response characteristics, participating riser modes, etc. With significant amounts of data, it is possible to establish “short-term” fatigue damage rate distributions conditional on current type. If the relative frequency of different current types is known from metocean studies, the short-term fatigue distributions can be combined with the current distributions to yield integrated “long-term” fatigue damage rate distributions. Such a study is carried out using data from the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) model riser subject to several sheared and uniform current profiles and with assumed probabilities for different current conditions. From this study, we seek to demonstrate the effectiveness of empirical techniques utilized in combination with field measurements to predict the long-term fatigue damage and the fatigue failure probability.

Ringing loads on tension leg platform wind turbines

The present work identifies realistic wave (and associated wind) conditions which could induce ringing responses in tension leg platform wind turbines (TLPWTs). The simulation results show the importance of ringing forces, the effects of turbine operation, and the sensitivity of the ringing response to platform stiffness and viscous damping. To model the ringing loads, the second order quadratic transfer function and a bandwidth-limited summation formulation for the third order wave forces were implemented. The chosen formulation avoids the spectrum cut-off dependency and the low-frequency components of a direct implementation of the irregular wave Faltinsen, Newman, Vinje (FNV) formula. Depending on the natural period and damping, the difference between a direct implementation and this formulation was 5–25%. Ringing-type responses were simulated for 50-year wind and wave conditions. Various hydrodynamic models were used to isolate physics in different approaches. For platforms with 14–18m diameters, ringing loads resulted in larger extreme loads and increased short-term fatigue damage in the tendons and tower. Ringing effects were particularly severe for platforms with a pitch/bending natural period of 3–4s. The viscous damping coefficient had a negligible influence on the ringing response, while aerodynamic damping could be important in damping the oscillations following the initial maximum.