Short-term Effects Of PM2 Research Articles

Short-term Effect of Fine Particulate Matter on Children's Hospital Admissions and Emergency Department Visits for Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives:No children-specified review and meta-analysis paper about the short-term effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma has been published. We calculated more precise pooled effect estimates on this topic and evaluated the variation in effect size according to the differences in study characteristics not considered in previous studies.Methods:Two authors each independently searched PubMed and EMBASE for relevant studies in March, 2016. We conducted random effect meta-analyses and mixed-effect meta-regression analyses using retrieved summary effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and some characteristics of selected studies. The Egger’s test and funnel plot were used to check publication bias. All analyses were done using R version 3.1.3.Results:We ultimately retrieved 26 time-series and case-crossover design studies about the short-term effect of PM2.5 on children’s hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma. In the primary meta-analysis, children’s hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma were positively associated with a short-term 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (relative risk, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.028 to 1.067; I2=95.7%). We also found different effect coefficients by region; the value in Asia was estimated to be lower than in North America or Europe.Conclusions:We strengthened the evidence on the short-term effect of PM2.5 on children’s hospital admissions and emergency department visits for asthma. Further studies from other regions outside North America and Europe regions are needed for more generalizable evidence.

Associations of daily levels of PM10 and NO2 with emergency hospital admissions and mortality in Switzerland: Trends and missed prevention potential over the last decade

BackgroundIn most regions of the world, levels and constituents of the air pollution mixture have substantially changed over the last decades. AimsTo evaluate if the effects of PM10 and NO2 on daily emergency hospital admissions and mortality have changed during a ~10 year period in Switzerland; to retrospectively estimate prevention potential of different policy choices. MethodsThirteen Poisson-regression models across Switzerland were developed using daily PM10 and NO2 levels from central monitors and accounting for several temporal and seasonal confounders. Time trends of effects were evaluated with an interaction variable. Distributed lag models with 28 days exposure window were used to retrospectively predict missed prevention potential for each region. ResultsOverall, emergency hospitalizations and mortality from any medical cause increased by 0.2% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 0.01, 0.33) and 0.2% (95% CI: −0.1, 0.6) for a 10µg/m3 increment of PM10, and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.1, 1.3) for NO2 and mortality. Over the study period, the association between respiratory emergencies and PM10 changed by a factor of 1.017 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.034) and by a factor of 0.977 [95% CI: 0.956, 0.998]) for respiratory mortality among the elderly for NO2. During the study period, abatement strategies targeting a 20% lower overall mean would have prevented four times more cases than abating days exceeding daily standards. ConclusionDuring the last decade, the short term effects of PM10 and NO2 on hospitalizations and mortality in Switzerland have almost not changed. More ambitious strategies of air pollutant reduction in Switzerland would have had non negligible public health benefits.

Effects of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) on deep vein thrombosis admissions in the northeastern United States

Literature relating air pollution exposure to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), despite biological plausibility, is sparse. No comprehensive study examining associations between both short- and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM)2.5 and DVT or PE has been published. Using a novel PM2.5 prediction model, we study whether long- and short-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with DVT and PE admissions among elderly across the northeastern United States. We estimated daily exposure of PM2.5 in each ZIP code. We investigated the long- and short-term effects of PM2.5 on DVT and PE hospital admissions. There were 453,413 DVT and 151,829 PE admissions in the study. For short-term exposure, we performed a case crossover analysis matching month and year and defined the hazard period as lag 01 (exposure of day of admission and previous day). For the long-term association, we used a Poisson regression. A 10-μg m(-3) increase in short-term exposure was associated with a 0.63% increase in DVT admissions (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03% to 1.25%) and a 6.98% (95% CI = 5.65% to 8.33%) increase in long-term exposure admissions. For PE, the associated risks were 0.38% (95% CI = -0.68% to 1.25%) and 2.67% (95% CI = 5.65% to 8.33%). These results persisted when analyses were restricted to location-periods meeting the current Environmental Protection Agency annual standard of 12 μg m(-3) . Our findings showed that PM2.5 exposure was associated with DVT and PE hospital admissions and that current standards are not protective of this result.

A National analysis of the short term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and the neurological impairment

A National analysis of the short term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and the neurological impairment

The Relationship of Ambient Fine Particulate Pollution (PM2.5) and Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations

Objectives: To evaluate the association between cardiovascular disease hospitalizationsand short term changes in PM2.5 in states enrolled in the CDC Environmental Health Tracking Program. A total of 11 states are participating in the study. Methods: Daily 24-hour average PM2.5 and 8-hour maximum ozone levels were obtained from EPA modeled data. A Bayesian space-time downscaler model is used to fuse monitoring data from AQS with gridded output from EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. State data stewards provided in-patient hospitalization data(and for some also ED data) for 2001-2008. A time stratified case-crossover design was used to estimate the effects of PM2.5 on non-elective hospitalizations for circulatorydiseases (ICD-9 390-459). Odds ratios/95% CIs were calculated for a 10 microgram/m3increase in PM2.5 using conditional logistic regression and adjusting for temperature, dew point, and ozone. Subcategories of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, and cardiac dysrhythmias, were also examined. Results: Preliminary findings show that in New Jersey, a 10 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 on the day of admission was associated with a significant increase in circulatory diseasehospitalizations. (OR=1.013, 95%CI 1.009,1.016). Increases in PM2.5 levels were also significantly associated with hospitalizations due to acute myocardial infarction(OR=1.014; 95%CI=1.003,1.026) and congestive heart failure (OR=1.028, 95% CI1.018,1.037). Further work will be presented for hospitalizations and ED visits in additional participating states to include Florida, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Utah, and Washington. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the use of EPA modeled PM2.5 estimates to examine short term effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular hospitalizations.

An application of satellite-based surface air quality estimates to evaluate city-to-city variation in short-term effects of PM2.5 on morbidity and mortality

An application of satellite-based surface air quality estimates to evaluate city-to-city variation in short-term effects of PM2.5 on morbidity and mortality

Short-term effects of PM10 from Saharan dust on mortality in Southern Europe - Results of the MED-PARTICLES Project

Background. Enhanced short-term effects of particulate matter (PM) on mortality during desert dust outbreaks have been shown, with controversial results. Aim.To estimate the short-term effects of P...

Short-term effects of PM2.5 and NO2 on mortality in 25 Italian cities: the EpiAir2 project

Background. Several large epidemiological studies have provided evidence of short-term adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants on health. In Italy, an ongoing surveillance system (EpiAir) has already studied the effects on 10 cities in the 2001-2005 period. Aims. To enlarge the surveillance program on health effects of air pollution for cause-specific mortality updating it to the period 2006-2010, extending it to a larger number of cities (25) and studying for the first time in Italy the effects of PM below 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) in a consistent number of cities. Methods. Following standardized protocols, we collected daily mortality data for residents aged 35+ years for all natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory causes. PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were averaged for every city from selected monitoring stations. A two steps analysis was performed: a case-crossover analysis was conducted within each city, followed by a random-effects meta-analysis. Results. During the study period, we analyzed 422,723 deaths in 25 Italian cities for the NO2–mortality analysis, and 290,144 deaths from 13 cities for PM2.5. Statistically significant effects on natural mortality were found both for PM2.5 and NO2: percent increases of risk were 0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17%, 0.95%, lag 0-1) and1.14% (95% CI: 0.66%, 1.63%, lag 0-5), respectively. Delayed (lag 2-5) and prolonged (lag 0-5) effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular mortality were also detected, with excess risks of 1.20% (95% CI: 0.34%, 2.06%) and 1.23% (95% CI: 0.19%, 2.27%) respectively. Conclusions. We found a large effect of PM2.5 on natural and cardiovascular mortality in 13 Italian cities. The large and prolonged effects of NO2 previously found (10 cities, 2001-2005) were confirmed on 25 cities, 2006-2010.

Short-term effects of PM10 of Forest Fire on mortality in Southern Europe - Results of the MED-PARTICLES Project

Background. Increased mortality due to particulate matter (PM) from wild and anthropogenic fires has been reported, but results are inconsistent. Identifying PM from wild fires remains a difficult ...

Long- and Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and Mortality

Many studies have reported associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, focused on either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) PM exposures. For chronic effects, the studied cohorts have rarely been representative of the population. We present a novel exposure model combining satellite aerosol optical depth and land-use data to investigate both the long- and short-term effects of PM2.5 exposures on population mortality in Massachusetts, United States, for the years 2000-2008. All deaths were geocoded. We performed two separate analyses: a time-series analysis (for short-term exposure) where counts in each geographic grid cell were regressed against cell-specific short-term PM2.5 exposure, temperature, socioeconomic data, lung cancer rates (as a surrogate for smoking), and a spline of time (to control for season and trends). In addition, for long-term exposure, we performed a relative incidence analysis using two long-term exposure metrics: regional 10 × 10 km PM2.5 predictions and local deviations from the cell average based on land use within 50 m of the residence. We tested whether these predicted the proportion of deaths from PM-related causes (cardiovascular and respiratory diseases). For short-term exposure, we found that for every 10-µg/m increase in PM 2.5 exposure there was a 2.8% increase in PM-related mortality (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-3.5). For the long-term exposure at the grid cell level, we found an odds ratio (OR) for every 10-µg/m increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure of 1.6 (CI = 1.5-1.8) for particle-related diseases. Local PM2.5 had an OR of 1.4 (CI = 1.3-1.5), which was independent of and additive to the grid cell effect. We have developed a novel PM2.5 exposure model based on remote sensing data to assess both short- and long-term human exposures. Our approach allows us to gain spatial resolution in acute effects and an assessment of long-term effects in the entire population rather than a selective sample from urban locations.

Short-term effects of PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5–10 on daily mortality in the Netherlands

IntroductionInformation on the relationship between levels of particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5μm and mortality rates in Europe is relatively sparse because of limited availability of PM2.5 measurement data. Even less information is available on the health effects attributable to PM2.5–10, especially for North-West Europe. ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between various PM size fractions and daily mortality rates. MethodsDaily concentrations of PM from the Dutch National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network as well as all cause and cause-specific mortality rates in the Netherlands were obtained for the period 2008–2009. Poisson regression analysis using generalized additive models was used, with adjustment for potential confounding including long-term and seasonal trends, influenza incidence, meteorological variables, day of the week, and holidays.Different measures of PM (PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5–10) were analysed. ResultsPM10 and PM2.5 levels were statistically significantly (p<0.05) associated with all cause and cause-specific deaths. For example, a 10μg/m3 increase in previous day PM was associated with 0.8% (95% CI 0.3–1.2) excess risk in all cause mortality for PM2.5 and a 0.6% (CI 0.2–1.0) excess risk for PM10. No appreciable associations were observed for PM2.5–10. Effects of PM10, and PM2.5 were insensitive to adjustment for PM2.5–10, and vice-versa. PM10 and PM2.5 were too highly correlated to disentangle their independent effects. ConclusionsPM10 and PM2.5 both were significantly associated with all cause and cause-specific mortality. We were unable to demonstrate significant effects for PM2.5–10, possibly due to the lower temporal variability and the higher exposure misclassification in PM2.5–10 compared to PM10 or PM2.5. The lack of effects of PM2.5–10 in our study should therefore not be interpreted as an indication that PM2.5–10 can be considered harmless.

What a Difference a Day Makes: Examining the Lag Patterns of PM 2.5 Constituents

Vol. 120, No. 8 News | Science SelectionsOpen AccessWhat a Difference a Day Makes: Examining the Lag Patterns of PM2.5 Constituentsis accompanied byThe Temporal Lag Structure of Short-term Associations of Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Constituents and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospitalizations Tanya Tillett Tanya Tillett Search for more papers by this author Published:1 August 2012https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.120-a321bView Article in:中文版AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with a number of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory ailments, but less is known about associations with its specific chemical constituents. Past studies on the short-term effects of PM2.5 constituents have relied on data from monitoring networks that sample every third or sixth day. Now researchers report their findings on the daily lag patterns between exposure to individual PM2.5 constituents and hospital admissions for various conditions [EHP 120(8):1094–1099; Kim et al.].PM2.5 is a complex mixture of water droplets and solid particles of carbon, nitrate, sulfate, metals, trace elements, and other constituents. In this study, researchers used information provided by the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, which measured PM2.5 constituents daily for five years (2003–2007) in the Colorado capital. They focused on four of the main constituents of PM2.5—elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and nitrate.The researchers obtained data on discharge diagnoses following nonelective hospital admissions (e.g., emergency, urgent, or trauma care) in the five-county Denver metropolitan area. They categorized cardiovascular diagnoses as ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, or cerebrovascular disease, and respiratory diagnoses were categorized as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, or pneumonia. The investigators analyzed lag patterns for exposure to each PM2.5 constituent and hospital admissions for the six cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses on the day of admission and each of 14 days prior.On average there were 236 nonelective hospital admissions per day; 19% of these patients had a discharge diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, and 16% had a discharge diagnosis of respiratory disease. Cardiovascular hospital admissions were most strongly associated with a lag of 0–1 day, with the pattern most dominant for EC and OC, and for ischemic heart disease. Respiratory hospital admissions were most strongly associated with a longer lag of 2–5 days, with the pattern again most dominant for EC and OC, and with asthma showing the strongest associations. Sulfate and nitrate showed less association with any diagnosis at any lag. Lag patterns were consistent after adjusting for exposure to the gaseous copollutants carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone.The study is limited by its reliance on only one residential monitoring site for ambient PM2.5 and its chemical constituents, but the authors write that the strong correlations between the data obtained from that site and from a nearby federal monitoring site support the validity of the study design. The authors plan future studies to explore whether specific sources of PM2.5 exhibit similar time lag effects.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesThe Temporal Lag Structure of Short-term Associations of Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Constituents and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospitalizations18 May 2012Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 120, No. 8 August 2012Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 August 2012Published in print1 August 2012 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Acute and Chronic Effects of Particles on Hospital Admissions in New-England

BackgroundMany studies have reported significant associations between exposure to PM2.5 and hospital admissions, but all have focused on the effects of short-term exposure. In addition all these studies have relied on a limited number of PM2.5 monitors in their study regions, which introduces exposure error, and excludes rural and suburban populations from locations in which monitors are not available, reducing generalizability and potentially creating selection bias.MethodsUsing our novel prediction models for exposure combining land use regression with physical measurements (satellite aerosol optical depth) we investigated both the long and short term effects of PM2.5 exposures on hospital admissions across New-England for all residents aged 65 and older. We performed separate Poisson regression analysis for each admission type: all respiratory, cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke and diabetes. Daily admission counts in each zip code were regressed against long and short-term PM2.5 exposure, temperature, socio-economic data and a spline of time to control for seasonal trends in baseline risk.ResultsWe observed associations between both short-term and long-term exposure to PM2.5 and hospitalization for all of the outcomes examined. In example, for respiratory diseases, for every10-µg/m3 increase in short-term PM2.5 exposure there is a 0.70 percent increase in admissions (CI = 0.35 to 0.52) while concurrently for every10-µg/m3 increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure there is a 4.22 percent increase in admissions (CI = 1.06 to 4.75).ConclusionsAs with mortality studies, chronic exposure to particles is associated with substantially larger increases in hospital admissions than acute exposure and both can be detected simultaneously using our exposure models.

Short-term effect of PM2.5 on daily hospital admissions in Madrid (2003–2005)

The aim of this paper was to analyse the effect of particulate matter PM2.5, a recent air quality guideline value for the protection of health, on hospital admissions in Madrid, Spain. This dependent variable was used as a measure against the daily number of emergency hospital admissions from 2003–2005. The causes analysed were: all causes, respiratory and circulatory. The independent variables were daily records of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2 and O3. Seasonalities, trend, flu epidemics, noise and pollen were used as control variables. Poisson Regression Models were performed to calculate the Relative Risk (RR) and the Attributable Risk (AR). The function relationship with hospital admissions was linear and without threshold. The RR for an increase of 25 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentrations was 1.07 IC 95% (1.05 1.09) for all causes; for circulatory was 1.08 IC 95%: (1.03 1.13) and for respiratory was 1.07 IC 95% (1.02 1.11). PM2.5 concentrations were the only primary pollutant that showed a statistical association with hospital admissions in Madrid.

Estimating Mortality Effects of Fine Particulate Matter in Japan: A Comparison of Time-Series and Case-Crossover Analyses

Small particles can reach alveoli without being trapped in the upper respiratory tract and may have a greater impact on health than larger particles. Given the limited knowledge on health effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Japan, the short-term effects of PM2.5 on daily mortality using the generalized additive model (GAM), generalized linear model (GLIM), and time-stratified case-crossover analysis were estimated. Daily mortality data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Air pollution and meteorological data in 20 areas were obtained from the National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Japan Meteorological Agency, respectively. The three methods were compared, adjusting for meteorological variables and co-pollutants, for area-specific analyses and combined area-specific results using meta-analysis with a random-effects model. Daily mortality for elderly aged 65 and over varied from 0.5 to 127.3 by area. The 24-hr mean concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 11.8 to 22.8 μg/m3. Area-specific analyses revealed regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, combined results showed that a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 for the single-pollutant model at lag1 was associated with a 0.53, 0.77, and 0.88% increase in all-cause mortality for the GAM, GLIM, and case-crossover analysis, respectively. These findings provide robust evidence for the short-term effects of air pollutants on daily mortality in Japan and suggest that differences in estimates obtained from different statistical models should be considered when multipollutant models are used.

Health Impact Assessment of PM10 on Mortality and Morbidity in Children in Central-Eastern European Cities

SAA5-O-07 Background and Objective: The 4th Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health adopted the Children's Environment Health Action Plan in 2004. The aim of regional priority goal III is to prevent and reduce respiratory diseases due to outdoor air pollution, and the frequency of asthmatic attacks. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential benefits in terms of childhood deaths and morbidity that could be prevented by improving ambient air quality in Central-Eastern European cities of the Apheis network participating in the ENHIS programme. Methods: Exposure-Response Functions for HIA in children were selected for long-term effects of PM10: total and respiratory postneonatal mortality (Lacasaña et al, 2005), postneonatal Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Woodruff et al, 1997), and for short-term effects we looked at hospital respiratory admissions in birth to 14-yr-old children (Anderson et al, 2004). Six Central-Eastern European cities summing 8 millions inhabitants provided data on PM10, mortality and morbidity of children for the year 2001. Attributable cases were estimated using software created by the French Air Pollution and Health Surveillance Programme (PSAS-9). Two scenarios were used for long-term effects of PM10 and postneonatal mortality (total, respiratory, and SID syndrome): reduction of the annual mean value of PM10 to a level of 40 μg/m3, to 20 μg/m3 (Limit of 1999/30/CE Directive for 2010), and by 5 μg/m3. For HIA on short-term effects of PM10 and hospital respiratory admissions in children under 15 year: reduction of PM10 levels to a 24-hour value of 50 μg/m3 in all days exceeding this value (Limit of 1999/30/CE Directive), to 20 μg/m3 and reducing by 5 μg/m3 of all the 24-hour values. Results: The yearly mean values of PM10 ranged from 22.0 to 62.0 μg/m3. All other things being equal in the participating cities, reduction of the annual mean value of PM10 to a level of 40 μg/m3 would prevent yearly around 7 cases of total postneonatal mortality in Cracow and Bucharest. A reduction to a level of 20 μg/m3 would prevent 21 total postneonatal deaths in the 6 cities, one respiratory and 2 SID cases in 3 cities with available data. A short-term reduction of PM10 concentration to a 24-hour value of 20 μg/m3 would prevent 186 hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in 3 cities. Discussion: The results indicate that reductions in PM10 concentrations can beneficially protect children's health in Central-Eastern European cities. Acknowledgements: The ENHIS programme is supported by the European Commission DG SANCO (Grant No. SPC 2003112). The Apheis programme was supported by the European Commission DG SANCO programme of Community action on pollution-related diseases (Contract Nos. SI2.131174 [99CVF2-604]; SI2.297300 [2000CVG2-607]; SI2.326507 [2001CVG2-602]) and the participating institutions in 12 European countries.