Short-term Debt Research Articles

Restaurants’ Solvency in Portugal during COVID-19

The main purpose of this study is to understand how Portuguese restaurants’ solvency was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the factors that influence it. Financial information was collected for the years 2019 and 2020 in the SABI database to elaborate a quantitative methodology; a descriptive analysis was used and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a Paired t-test, a one-way ANOVA test, and a multiple linear regression were used to test the formulated hypotheses. The findings confirm that solvency is affected by several determinants, such as financial autonomy, indebtedness, financial leverage, asset turnover, return on equity, and long-term bank debt. Solvency is influenced positively by financial autonomy and financial leverage. In contrast, solvency is negatively influenced by indebtedness, asset turnover, and long-term bank debt. Additionally, this paper represents the first study, in the restaurant sector in Portugal, which analyses the importance of solvency and its determinants, by facing a normal year with a crisis year. The paper is innovative in terms of knowledge about restaurant solvency behavior in periods of financial crisis and also because the COVID-19 pandemic has added an additional variable to restaurant solvency: short-term bank debt. In terms of theoretical implications, this study provides further insights about the factors influencing solvency in restaurant businesses during periods of a financial crisis. The main practical contributions are linked to improving the leadership skills of restaurant owners and managers to deal with periods of crisis in general, thus improving the solvency of their businesses and decreasing the risks associated with bankruptcy.

The effects of debt liquidity risk on firms' growth rate

PurposeIn theory, the impact of debt liquidity risk (DLR) on the firm's future growth is ambiguous. This study aims to examine the empirical relationship between the DLR and firms' growth rate using annual data for USA companies from 1976 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachGiven the longitudinal nature of the data, the author uses OLS (ordinary least squares) regression methodology with fixed effects to control for unobserved characteristics that might affect the dependent variable. Instrument variable regression is also used to address the potential endogeneity problem.FindingsThe results show that firms having higher DLR, as proxied by more short-term debt, experience lower growth rate. An increase in firms' short-term debt decreases the firms' future growth rate as evidenced by lower assets, revenue and employee growth rate. Moreover, the authors' results show that small firms or firms with more investment opportunities grow fast if the firms take higher DLR. Finally, cyclical firms with higher DLR exhibit lower growth rate during the credit tighten period. The authors' results hold for both the pre-zero lower bound (ZLB) era and ZLB period.Originality/valueTo the authors' best knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies to carefully examine the effects of DLR on firms' growth rate. While prior research finds that firms with higher growth potential, measured by market-to-book (MTB) ratio, use more short-term debt, the authors' research directly addresses whether DLR affects firms' future growth rate. The authors’ findings also help explain why firms with high growth potential use more short-term debt.

Analisis Laporan Keuangan untuk Menilai Kinerja Keuangan pada PT Intra Kota Pekanbaru

We conducted this study at PT. Intra, a transportation services provider. This research aims to assess PT. Intra City Pekanbaru's economic performance in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, this is the target. The author of this study analyzed the company's financial performance using a quantitative descriptive approach. This is done so that the company's financial statements from the previous year can be analyzed and used as a benchmark for the upcoming year. From a profitability ratio perspective, the company's financial performance in 2019 and 2020 is not promising, as evidenced by the decline in percentage of each ratio; however, the company's financial performance is good when compared to industry standard values. If one looks at the company's 2019 and 2020 financial performance through the lens of the overall activity ratio, it will appear to be in a poor state. It's because the firm has less control over its assets, making it harder to turn a profit. When comparing the company's financial performance in 2019 and 2020, the liquidity ratio indicates that the company is doing well and will continue to do so in 2020. This is evident when we compare the liquidity of various markets. PT Intra is solvable if we look at its financial performance in 2019 and 2020 through the lens of solvency ratios. Short-term and long-term debt from 2019 to 2020 are both secured by the company's assets and capital.

The influence of cash flow volatility on firm use of debt of different maturities or zero-debt: International evidence

The empirical international literature on the relationship between firm cash flow volatility and debt maturity and zero-debt policy provides contradictory evidence. Using a large international sample, we find that cash flow volatility is positively associated with our measure of debt maturity at less than the 1% level of significance. Relative to unconditional means of debt maturity, a one standard deviation increase in cash flow volatility implies a 2.57% decrease in the probability of firms using long-term debt, a 5.83% increase in the probability of firms using only short-term debt and an 11.8% increase in the probability of firms using zero-debt. Overall, our results support the screening and the trade-off theories that firms with high cash flow volatility are screened out of the long-term debt market.

Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan PT. GAS NEGARA Tbk dengan PT. ANEKA GAS INDUSTRI Tbk pada Periode Tahun 2020 - 2021

This study aims to compare the financial performance between PT. GAS NEGARA INDONESIA Tbk and PT.ANEKA GAS INDUSTRI Tbk, for the 2021period,using liquidity ratios,activityratios,and profitability ratios. This research method use in this study is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques using literature and documentation by accesing the related web to obtain secondary data. the data analysis technique use use is liquidity ratio analysis, which consists of the current ratio, quick ratio, activity ratio, namely the account receivable turnover ratio and inventory. Turnover ratio while the profitability ratio consists of profit margin (PM), and return on asset ( ROA).the results of the study show that the overall financial performance of PT.GAS NEGARA INDONESIA Tbk, is better than the financial performance of PT.VARIUS GAS INDUSTRY Tbk. PT.GAS NEGARA INDONESIA Tbk, has more ability to pay its short term debt obligations and its long term liabilities compared to PT. VARIUS GAS INDUSTRY Tbk.based on the 2021 financial report, PT GAS NEGARA INDONESIA Tbk, LIQUIDITY RATIO, both the current ratio and the fast ratio, are recorded or more than 160%. Meanwhile, PT VARIUS GAS INDUSTRY Tbk, is more effective in collecting accounts receivable, compared to PT.GAS NEGARA INDONESIA Tbk and PT. VARIUS GAS INDUSTRY Tbk.Are experiencing positive performance growth in 2021. Because the two companies are able to record a steady profit.

Equity and Debts on Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Sector in Nigeria

The study examined the effect of equity and debts on the financial performance of the listed consumer goods sector in Nigeria for eleven years (2011 – 2021). Data from the published records of 16 listed companies in the consumer goods sector were used. The dependent variable was proxied by Market price per share (MPS) and return on assets (ROA) while equity and debts were proxied by equity-to-asset ratio, short-term debt-to-asset ratio, and long-term debt-to-asset ratio as independent variables. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (panel regression with fixed effects) at α=0.05 level of significance. The results had a significant effect on equity and debt on MPS (Adj. R2 = 0.0708, p < 0.05) and ROA (Adj. R2 = 0.108, p < 0.05). The study concluded that equity and debts affected the financial performance of companies listed in the Nigerian consumer goods sector. The study recommended that managers of listed consumer goods companies should pay attention to funding management, especially equity funds and short-term debt to improve their profitability for sustainable growth.

Debt Capital, Default Risk and Financial Performance of Firms

This research aimed to examine the effect of debt capital on firms’ performance in Pakistan. For the purpose of analysis, the study selected a sample of 220 firms from 05 sectors listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange. Debt capital was measured in terms of short term and long term debt to assets ratio. The financial performance was measured through return on assets. Certain other firm level variables were taken as the control variable. Secondary data of the firm level variables were extracted from the annual audited reports and the official website of Pakistan Stock Exchange. The study covered the time span of 2011-2017, examined the effect of debt capital on overall sample firms and then across the firms of different default risk level. For placing the firms in relevant default risk class, the study applied Z-score model. The firms were placed in safe, gray and distress zone on the basis of low, indeterminate and high default risk level, respectively. Panel regression model was used to examine the effect of debt capital on firms’ performance in each scenario. The study only observed the significant effect of long term debt capital for overall firms and the firms placed in safe zone while in other scenarios, it remained negative but insignificant. The study suggested the officials of the firms for taking care in determining the proportion of short term and long term debt capital in the capital structure.

The effect of capital structure on the financial performance of companies listed on the Algerian stock exchange: Case of the Saidal group

The present study aims to shed light on the impact of capital structure determinants on the financial performance of a public economic firm listed on the Algerian Stock Exchange, represented by the Saidal Group, during the period from 2010 to 2021. Furthermore, the study relied on the financial statements (balance sheet and income statement table) published on the official website of the stock exchange to collect the financial data of the firm. In pursuance of this aim, three multiple models were estimated in which dependent variables expressing financial performance were represented in each of the return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS), while the independent variables expressing the determinants of the capital structure were represented in each of the ratio of medium and long-term debt to total assets (MLTDTA), the ratio of shortterm debt to total assets (STDTA), and the self-financing capacity (SFC). In addition to this, the control variables were used in the models to represent the liquidity and size of the firm, which was measured in the Neperian logarithm of its total assets. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are the presence of a statistically significant positive relationship between the capital structure, as measured by the firm's self- inancing capacity, and the financial performance with its three indicators, as well as the existence of a statistically significant negative relationship between the ratio of medium- and long-term debt to total assets and financial performance. As for the ratio of short-term debt to total assets, it has a negative and statistically insignificant impact on both the return on assets and the return on equity, but also has a negative and statistically significant impact on earnings per share. In light of this, the study recommends that the firm should rely on internal financial sources rather than external financial sources to finance its various investments in order to improve its future financial performance

Merchants of Debt at the Extreme Overnight: Re-Considering Monetary Theories via Rollover-Induced Interbank Frictions

ABSTRACT Banks’ refusal to roll over short-term interbank debts has received increased attention since the global financial crisis. Yet, heterodox monetary theories ignore interbank transactions and rollover channels despite recognising the importance of banks’ debt-renewal practices. Against this backdrop, this research contextualises banks’ refinancing vulnerabilities within heterodox monetary theories and relates them to the literature on rollover-induced interbank frictions. This study also reveals a further shock amplifier. Due to the interplay between maturity-rollover and market-funding liquidity cycles, a rollover-circuit may emerge. This circuit may lead to additional threats to the operation of the interbank market and financial stability, compelling monetary theories not to further neglect banks’ refinancing issues.

Environmental regulatory pressures and the short-term debt for long-term investment of heavy-polluting enterprises: quasi-natural experiment from China

The behavior of short-term debt for long-term investment (SFLI) will probablyworsen the business status of the enterprise and increase the financial risk of the enterprise. Will the credit term structure of heavily polluting enterprises improve or worsen as the environmental regulatory pressure increases? This study takes the implementation ofChina's new Environmental Protection Law (NEPL) as a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate the impact of environmental regulatory pressure on the short-term debt for long-term investment behavior of heavy-polluting enterprises by the approach ofDifference-in-Differences (DID). The results reveals that the NEPL significantly helps heavy-polluting enterprises achieve a more sustainable development mode by alleviating their maturity mismatch problem between investment and financing of heavy-polluting enterprises, which is conducive to reducing business risks. The impact mechanisms test shows that environmental regulatory pressure is likely to inhibit their investment and financing behavior, and might generate a crowding-out effect of innovation. When considering the heterogeneity of enterprise, the impact of the NEPL is not significant in state-owned enterprises, key-monitoring enterprises, and large-scale enterprises. However, the non-consistent effect as well as the innovation crowding-out effect, need morecollaborative governance countermeasures. This paper reveals the consequences of environmental regulation policies from the view of corporate's credit term structure and provides new evidence for supporting the Porter hypothesis through addressing the dilemma of SFLI in heavily polluting enterprises.

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA KOPERASI SIMPAN PINJAM “WANITA KARYA LANGA” KECAMATAN BAJAWA KABUPATEN NGADA

The purpose of this study was to determine the financial performance of the Karya Langa Women's Savings and Loans Cooperative, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency in 2019-2021. This type of research is Descriptive Research. This research was conducted at the Karya Langa Women's Savings and Loans Cooperative, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency with the sample being the balance sheet report and remaining business results for 2019, 2020 and 2021. the results of the analysis in the balance sheet report and remaining operating results for 2019-2021 are: 1. The current ratio value from 2019 reached 227% with very good criteria, then in 2020 it reached 226% with very good criteria, and in 2021 it reached 159% with pretty good criteria. Thus the cooperative's liquidity for three years in terms of the current ratio can be declared healthy in meeting short-term debt and current assets owned by the cooperative. 2. The debt ratio in 2019 was 76.10% with unfavorable criteria; in 2020 it is 75.25% with not good criteria; and in 2021 it is 72.17% with unfavorable criteria. Thus the solvency of the cooperative for three years in terms of the debt ratio can be declared not yet solvable in fulfilling its debts. 3. The value of return on equity in 2019 was 6.77% with unfavorable criteria; in 2020 it is 1.26% with bad criteria and in 2021 it is 1.28% with bad criteria. Thus the profitability of cooperatives for the last three years has not been profitable in producing SHU.

Impact of capital structure on financial performance of oil and gas firms in Nigeria

This study examines the impact of capital structure on the financial performance of Nigerian oil and gas companies. Using an ex-post facto research methodology, the short-term debt to total asset, long-term debt to total asset, total debt to total equity, and return on asset variables were investigated as proxies for capital structure and financial performance, respectively. Based on the data's availability at the time of the inquiry, the study used an easy sampling strategy to gather secondary data. These data covers the years 2011 through 2020 and were compiled from the annual financial reports of five Nigerian oil and gas companies. Descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The analysis' findings shows that while long-term debt to total assets has a negative significant influence on return on assets, short-term debt to total assets and total debt to total equity had positive insignificant impacts. According to the findings, managers of oil and gas companies should reduce the amount of long-term debt they have because doing so has a negative effect on their performance. They should also exercise caution when making capital structure decisions.

Do labor mobility restrictions affect debt maturity?

Prior literature finds that staggered state-level adoption of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD) significantly constrains labor mobility. Using the IDD as an exogenous shock to labor mobility, we find that firms headquartered in states that adopt the IDD gravitate towards issuing short-term debt for external debt financing. We examine three mechanisms—default risk, information asymmetry, and agency cost mitigation—through which labor mobility restrictions affect debt maturity. Our results provide support for the information asymmetry mechanism, which suggests that firms are more inclined to use short-term debt when their information environment deteriorates. We find that in the wake of IDD adoption, firms tend to utilize short-term debt only in corporate bond markets and their debt maturity profiles become more concentrated.

Does Increase in Defence Spending Lead to More Risk of Sovereign Debt Defaults?

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of sovereign debt default for a panel of twenty developing nations over the period 1970 to 2019, specifically focusing on the influence of defence/military spending. This study’s findings indicate that increased military spending has generally reduced default risk in the examined countries, but that excessive military spending, past a certain threshold, can have strong detrimental impacts on the probability of sovereign debt default. Additionally, the findings show that the country’s levels of democracy and foreign currency reserves level are both negatively linked to debt default risk, whereas default history, level of external debt, and short-term debt to reserves ratio are all significantly positively linked to higher default risk. The study suggests that certain countries may wish to evaluate their level of military spending to ensure it is not too high. Alternatively, countries may lower their accrual of external debt from military spending by focusing on domestic arms production, mitigating their risk that way.

Impact of Portfolio Allocation on the Performance of Indian Mutual Funds

Retail investors face a dilemma in selecting funds from among the wide range of schemes available. The past performance of a fund is not always indicative of its future performance, but it is the only quantitative way to judge how good a fund is at present. Investors always prefer funds which give high returns and have low risk. Thus while building a fund portfolio the fund manager should understand the impact of portfolio allocation in different instruments on the performance of the portfolio. The objective of the present study was to find the short-term effects of portfolio allocation on the performance of mutual funds. The data for the study consisted of the portfolio allocations and the performance measures of a sample of one hundred and nineteen open-ended mutual fund schemes, of which thirty-eight were diversified debt/ income funds, forty-eight were diversified equity funds, twenty-one were balanced funds, and twelve were short-term debt funds. The performance measures used for the analysis were: mean returns, standard deviation in returns, beta, and Sharpe ratio. The portfolio allocation of the funds was described both in terms of the percentage allocated in equity, debt, and cash & equivalents, and in terms of the percentage allocated in different sectors. The data was entirely secondary data, and was collected from the AMFI website. The findings of the study indicate that, for different types of funds, allocation in different asset classes, that is, equity, debt, and cash & equivalents, as well as their sector-wise allocation tend to impact the performance of the fund.

The determinants of financial distress cost: A case of emerging market

The determinants of financial distress cost: A case of emerging marketAll authorsMuhammad Farooq, Ahmed Imran Hunjra , Saif Ullah & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2186038Published online:08 March 2023Display full sizeThis study analyses the cost of financial distress of non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan stock exchange. Furthermore, it considers the moderating role of concentrated ownership in the relationship between debt and expected financial distress costs. We used the panel data of 214 firms from 2010 to 2018 to analyse the results. We apply fixed effect model to test the hypotheses. We find that ex-ante financial distress costs are based not only on the probability of financial distress but also affect the amount of time and money spent during the distress period. The use of tangible fixed assets and long-term leverage lowers the cost of financial distress, whereas the use of short-term debt has no significant impact on the cost of financial distress. Furthermore, the company’s ownership structure dampens the impact of these factors. Corporate management may reduce the cost of financial distress through better management of fixed assets and financial leverage.

Family ownership and capital structure: evidence from ASEAN countries

PurposeThis paper examines the capital structure decisions of family firms in Southeast Asian (ASEAN) countries, considering the moderating effects of various firm-level and country-level factors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply various panel data models to analyze the data of listed firms in six ASEAN countries over the period of 2007–2017.FindingsThe authors find that family firms tend to use more debt, particularly short-term debt, than non-family firms, which is explained by family owners' concern about the risk of losing control. The authors further document that family firms would use more debt when they have lower ownership concentration, have more family members on the board of directors and are young firms. The authors also find that the impact of family ownership on capital structure is moderated by the level of investors' legal protection of a country.Originality/valueThis study, for the first time, provides comprehensive analyses of the financing decisions of family firms in ASEAN using a unique hand-collected dataset, which highlights that regional culture and market conditions can shape family firms' financing decisions. The authors also manage to mitigate the endogeneity issues that pervade most research on family firms. In addition, this research further explores the heterogeneous impacts of family control on capital structure given different levels of board involvement, firm age, ownership concentration, and most importantly, institutional differences. Such insights provide useful information for prospective investors as well as regulators to make more efficient investment and legislative decisions.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM DEBT, SHORT-TERM DEBT AND TAX EXPENSES ON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMPANIES IN THE JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX (JII)

This study aims to determine how the effect of long-term debt, short-term debt and tax burden on profitability in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). This research use quantitative methods. The data analysis method is using Multiple Linear Regression. The sample used in this study is financial statements of companies registered with JII for the period 2016 to 2020. This study resulted in long-term debt having negative and significant effect on profitability, short-term debt having a significant and positive effect on profitability and tax expense had no effect on profitability.

Cost of foreign reserve accumulation in emerging market and developing economies

PurposeThis paper aims to obtain a recent estimate of the cost of precautionary foreign reserve accumulation that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) had to endure to protect themselves against the risks of financial globalization. In addition, the study estimates the cost of excess reserves in emerging market economies (EMEs) using various reserve adequacy indicators that reflect potential sources of foreign exchange drains and vulnerability in EMEs' balance of payments.Design/methodology/approachThis paper begins by explaining the accumulation of foreign reserves in EMDEs as a self-protection strategy against the risks of financial globalization. Next, it sheds light on the different types of economic costs of foreign reserve accumulation. Finally, it estimates the cost of foreign reserve accumulation in EMEs during the period (1990–2018) and in EMDEs during the period (1990–2015) due to data availability.FindingsResults indicate that the cost of accumulating foreign reserves as a self-protection strategy in EMDEs and EMEs' was huge compared to their development financing needs. Applying various reserve adequacy measures demonstrates that many of the EMEs were holding inadequate precautionary reserves in 2018. Actually, this reflects the significant increase in external short term debt that many of the EMEs have witnessed since the eruption of the global financial crisis (2008). Thus increasing reserves in EMEs with weak reserve buffers and higher external debt is critical as they are more vulnerable to external shocks and capital flow reversals. Also given the estimated huge costs of accumulating foreign reserves, EMDEs should accompany it by other complementary self-protection policies and liquidity management policies to free up resources for productive investment.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature by estimating the cost of precautionary foreign reserve accumulation imposed on EMDEs during an extended period of time that covers a decade after the onset of the global financial crisis. Also to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that estimates the cost of excess reserves in EMEs using various reserve adequacy indicators including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) assessing reserve adequacy (ARA) approach.

Firm-Specific Factors Influencing the Performance of Young Small and Micro-Sized Firms Located in Algarve

The main objective of this paper is to study how firm-specific factors affect the financial performance of tourism-related young small and micro-sized firms located in Algarve, Portugal, that started their activity during the last years of the debt crisis of Europe. The sample included 106 Portuguese small and micro-sized firms in the hospitality sector, established between 2012-2014, which remain active in 2019 and financial data from 2015 to 2018 was analysed. Descriptive statistics, group statistics, correlations, and regression model analyses were applied. The dependent variable representing profitability was the return on assets ratio (ROA). The independent variables were short-term, long-term and total debts, slack resources, sales growth, tangibility and size of the firm. A negative relationship between performance and long-term and short-term debts was found, confirming the theory that the most profitable firms tend to borrow less as they do not need external capital. Also, a negative relationship between ROA and tangibility was found, which means that as the level of tangible assets lessens, more intangible assets there are. These results give some hints to help tourism-related small and micro-sized firms located in Algarve take innovation, flexibility, and digitalisation strategies, particularly important during a pandemic crisis.