Short Statement Research Articles

Writing for Publication

This is a short tutorial statement designed for librarians who have had little or no experience in writing for publication. 1t discusses the techniques of preparing material for submission to professional library journals as well as the publication policies and practices of those journals. A brief bibliography of previous articles is also included.

Design as a discipline

One of the principal assumptions behind the launching of this new journal is that Design can be identified as a subject in its own right, independent of the various areas in which it is applied to parctical effect. The Editorial Board is therefore proposing to publish a series of papers by leading members of the international ‘invisible college’ of Design Studies, which will aim to establish the theoretical bases for treating Design as a coherent discipline of study in its own right. The questions or issues that these papers are expected to address include: Can design be a discipline in its own right? If so, what are its distinguishing features? (What are the kind of features that distinguish any discipline?) To what questions should the discipline address itself — in both research and teaching? What methodology does it use? What results — what applications — should it be trying to achieve? To start the series we are publishing two contributions by Bruce Archer. The first is a short statement prepared specially for this first issue of Design Studies by Professor Archer, entitled Whatever Became of Design Methodology? The second is an extract from a lecture delivered by Professor Archer at the Manchester Regional Centre for Science and Technology on 7 May 1976, under the title The Three Rs. This latter paper argues not only tha Design should be regarded as a fundamental aspect of education (in no sense a specialized subject) but that Design is (or should be) on a par with and distinct from science and the humanities. Bruce Archer is Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art, London, where he is also Chairman of The Faculty of Theoretical Studies, Head of The Department of Design Research and Head of The Design Education Unit. He is a member of The Editorial Advisory Board of Design Studies.

Year Book of Ophthalmology, 1978

Once again Dr William F. Hughes has collated and abstracted the most important ophthalmic publications of the world literature published in 1977. The individual chapters are introduced by a short statement written by an expert in the field and highlighting a particularly important aspect in that subspecialty. Anyone who would like to keep up with the recent literature, modern trends, and noteworthy developments in ophthalmology should read the Year Book of Ophthalmology .

ANSI 239 Romanization Standards and “Reversibility”: A Dialog to Arrive at a Policy

AbstractThe June 1977 issue of the Bulletin Of the American Society for Information Science (p. 35) carried a short position statement prepared by Ben Ami Lipetz, Chairman of the ASIS Standards Committee, on the subject of “Standards for Romanization of Languages That Use Non‐Roman Alphabets.” That statement is reproduced below with the permission of the Bulletin. The statement recommends that ANSI 239 reexamine the basic premises behind its romanization work, and that it establish “reversibility” as the guiding principle for all future work. Reversibility refers to the ability to transliterate both forward (from original to rendered version) and backward (from rendered version to original) without ambiguity or loss of information in either direction. The statement regards reversibility in transliteration as essential in an age of machine‐readable bibliographic records.

Myth Understood

This short statement was written to introduce a lay audience to a current controversy.

Dissonance theory, self‐perception and the bogus pipeline

AbstractStudied attitude change following counter‐attitudinal advocacy where there was little incentive for subject compliance in an attempt to compare dissonance and self‐perception theory predictions. The extent of attitude change was determined either by self‐report or by having subjects predict their own true attitudes purportedly monitored by the experimenter using a ‘bogus pipeline’. Forty‐eight male and female subjects, students from an introductory Psychology course, were invited to take part in a study of Current Campus Issues. They wrote a short statement that argued against an issue for which they had previously held a positive attitude. Results indicate that there was a significant attitude change in both conditions (p < .003). Attitude change under these circumstances is more successfully explained by the self‐perception theory than dissonance theory.

Laboratory Aids in Diagnosis of Cancer.

Although not large in content, this monograph is large in purpose; it attempts to cover five fields that relate to the laboratory diagnosis of cancer. In just 97 pages (including 29 pages of references), the reader is briefed on chromosomal, chemical, immunological, histological, and physical methods available in the presumptive diagnosis of cancer. The major advantage of this book is the excellent bibliography with appropriate review articles cited at the end of each chapter. The lack of depth in any single topic and rather uneven coverage of subjects are principal drawbacks. As with any text dealing with fields of vigorous activity, subject matter may become dated rapidly. This has occurred with the material on Australia antigen. This book may be of some value to the clinician wishing a short statement concerning the present position of a given laboratory test as it is related to the diagnosis of cancer. Usually a

Evidence from Chinese Medical Journals on Current Population Policy

China's bitter population dilemma is clearly summarized in just one short statement from the People's Daily: “We insist on family planning, but generally speaking we think it is a good thing to have a large population.” For the past two decades China's population policy has been shrouded in secrecy, has been expressed only through Communist polemic and has suffered from apparent indecision and consequent vacillations. Official thinking on this subject is almost never expressed in direct statements and proclamations. It must be gleaned from casual remarks by Chinese leaders, from newspaper and magazine articles and official radio broadcasts, which usually discuss implementation but omit reference to the initial decision, and from visitors to China who describe the visible signs that suggest a particular policy is currently in effect.

A World View of Robert Recorde: A Brief Study of Tudor Cosmology

In 1556, Robert Recorde (1510?-1558) provided the English reading public with the first significant reference to the heliocentric theories of Nicholas Copernicus. In a brief passage in his elementary text on astronomy,The Castle of Knowledge, Recorde introduced the fact that Copernicushathe renewed the opinion of Aristarchus Samius, andaffirmeth that the earthe not only moueth circularlyeabout his owne centre, but also may be, yea and is,continually out of the precise cētre of the world 38hundredth thousand miles:This statement, preceded by a review of other ancient astronomers who held similar views, and followed by a promise to the reader that the subject would be examined later in greater detail, constituted the complete reference to Copernicus and his theories. It was neither an endorsement nor a repudiation of the revolutionary theories advanced by Copernicus. Given his reputation as a competent and thorough scholar, one may legitimately ask, first, why did Recorde limit himself to such a short statement? and, second, how can his attitude toward the heliocentric theories be established with greater certainty? Because Recorde elected not to commit himself further inThe Castle of Knowledge, any discussion of his attitude toward the new theories must be based on indirect evidence. The point to be demonstrated is that Recorde was influenced by a particular philosophy that enabled him to view favorably the theories advanced in Copernicus's great work,De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium. The first part of this study examines some probable causes for Recorde's reluctance to expand upon his reference to Copernicus, while the remainder examines his philosophical views.

A Short Statement on Street Theatre

A Short Statement on Street Theatre

Emotional disturbance in eczema: a study of symptom-reporting behaviour.

INTRODUCTION As LONG AGO as 1842, the distinguished dermatologist Erasmus Wilson [I] when listing the many local and constitutional causes of eczema, included among the latter “affections of the nervous system, as mental emotions, particularly of the depressing kind”. Today there is widespread acceptance among dermatologists that psychological factors can be important in precipitating or perpetuating the eczematous dermatoses [2], but the problems implicit in Wilson’s short statement are far from solved, and the literature presents a confused picture. This is because of the methodological laxness of many studies, the variability with which distinctions have been made between the different sub-types of eczema, and between vulnerable personality, psychiatric illness, less clear-cut stress reactions, and the effects of chronic disease. Although most psychiatric studies agree that eczema patients have vulnerable personalities, they are described very variously [3-131 as immature, insecure, sadomasochistic, dependent, or hiding dependence under a layer of resentment, exhibitionism, ambition or conscientiousness. The incidence of psychiatric morbidity in eczema patients has also been very variously assessed [5, 15-171, particularly with regard to the amount of overt depression and the general level of neuroticism. While no single or specific eczema personality can be discerned, there is one consistent theme in the literature, that of inhibition or suppression of aggressive impulses, particularly those springing from frustated dependency needs, and often leading to exacerbations of the eczema [S, 6, 12, 18-231. Whatever the specific factors leading to eczema rather than another psychosomatic disorder, the crucial point is that this inhibition or suppression does not lead to a purely psychological disturbance, e.g. an anxiety or depressive reaction, or to disturbed behaviour. Instead, in Groen’s sense [24] eczema is substituted though with a degree of completeness that varies from case to case. It seems likely that both personality and situational factors can influence the substitution, and that these need to be explored if we are to understand some of the apparent discrepancies in the literature. Many important questions are provoked by Erasmus Wilson’s statement. What is the relation between local and psychological factors? Are the ‘affections of the nervous system’ recognizable as personality disorders or psychiatric illnesses? How common is morbid depression ? Is the eczema a concomitant of or substitute for ‘mental emotion’? If either, what are the determining factors? An opportunity to investigate some of these problems occurred during the course of a controlled trial of psychiatric treatment in the management of eczema, carried out at the Middlesex Hospital in association with Sir Denis Hill and Dr. F. R. Bettley.

Wind and the formation of inversions

This paper is a short statement of the author's views on the formation of nocturnal inversions. The intention is to provide a simple version of the theory for others to discuss.

TWO METHODS OF PRESENTING INFORMATION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PROBLEM SOLVING

Summary.-In a perceptual condition (P), informauon critical to the solution of a problem was presented by means of a simple demonstration; in a verbal condition (V), this same information was presented by means of a short verbal statement; and in a control condition (C), this information was not presented at all. There was a significant linear trend (p < .001) between information condition and solution score such that solution scores for P were higher than those for V and those for V were higher than those for C. In addition, most Ss (80%) reported using images, and imaging was positively correlated with solution score (T = .55, p = .03) in the P condition and only in that condition. Bruner ( 1764), Hebb ( 1747), and Piaget (Flavell, 1763) have presented evidence showing that early thinking is heavily dependent upon concrete, perceptual experience; and Heidbreder, Bensley, and Ivy (1748) and deGroot (1966) have presented evidence which suggests that perceptual factors are important in adult thinking, as well. An experiment by Szekely (1750) suggests another line of evidence in support of the notion that perceptual factors play an important part in the thinking of adults. Szekely compared the effects of two methods of presenting information on the availability of the information in subsequent problem solving. In his 'traditional method' condition, Ss first read a text and then watched a demonstration. In his 'modern method' condition, the demonstration preceded the text, and Ss were asked to predict the results of the demonstration before watching it. After from 2 to 4 days, all Ss were given a problem to solve which required that they apply the information they had been given. A greater number of Ss in the modern than in the traditional group solved the problem. Maltzman, Eisman, and Brooks ( 1956) attempted to replicate Szekely's results and failed. They were unable to offer any explanation for the discrepancy between their resi~lts and those of Szekely. One purpose of the present study, then, was to determine whether Szekely's results could be replicated. A second purpose was to eliminate a source of confounding in Szekely's experiment, so that the results could be brought to bear on the question of the relation between perception and thought. The modern and traditional conditions in Szekely's experiment differed in both 'order of information' and 'discovery'

New Left Catholics

Some three years ago I was asked to write an introduction to a new journal of radical catholic opinion. I sent along, to what proved to be Slant, what seemed to me at the time a slightly rash note of welcome, and was much impressed, when the first number appeared, to find that I had been understood as cautious, suspicious, and even vaguely minatory. Such ambivalences will doubtless recur. The Slant position, if we are to believe Catholics and the Left, is now well established. It has already been honoured by an attack in the Spectator, and I suppose it is just another mark of its success that it must now face the rigour of its friends.The Slant manifesto, which is what Catholics and the Left amounts to, is very uneven: not so much in quality as in level. Its first part, Christians against Capitalism, by Adrian Cunningham and Terry Eagleton,is a vigorous piece of pamphleteering, of a properly manifest kind. I hope I do not wrong it when I say that it seems to me the best short statement that I have read of the general position of the New Left. Its Christian interpretation of community, which is inevitably its starting point, is unforced and organic, and it gains in specificity by being able to talk frankly (as in other traditions is not always possible) about loving relationships as the heart of community. At the same time it is powerful in negative criticism: the chapter on Liberalism is especially astringent and wholly convincing.

Intention and the Interpretation of Works of Art

In the Sewanee Review (Summer, 1946) there appeared an article written jointly by W. K. Wimsatt and M. C. Beardsley entitled "The Intentional Fallacy," which has become something of a classic as a short pungent statement of the negative side in the controversy about whether or not artists' intentions are relevant to the tasks of interpreting and evaluating works of art.

Scientific Research in the Arctic: Alaska

In a short report on the U. S. National Arctic Research Program, prepared about a year ago by the Department of State, Office of International Scientific Affairs, it was stated: Over sixteen U. S. agencies, including five departments and two autonomous agencies, are engaged in Arctic research. In F.Y. 1964 their total budget, including administrative support, was about $17 million. 400 to 500 civilians were employed in this work plus a large number of contracted scientists and technicians from 33 U. S. and foreign universities, foundations, and institutions. Although mention was made of cooperative programs with the Government of Canada in the Queen Elizabeth Islands and with the Government of Denmark in Greenland, it was pointed out that this effort was almost entirely within Alaska and the surrounding seas. Figures of this sort may, of course, be misleading when taken out of context and given without definition. Much depends on the criteria of research, on the arbitrary division between investigation and application, on where the distinction is drawn between the acquisition and interpretation of information and its application in terms of technology, management, and regulation. But, nevertheless, they give some sense of proportion. How does such effort compare with the situation elsewhere? Despite significant growth in available funds and manpower during the past two years, it must still seem small when compared with the multi-billion research and development bill met annually by the United States, possibly not so small when laid against the Alaskan population of less than a quarter of a million people, but again very small in light of the vast area encompassed and the backlog of scientific ignorance of the northern latitudes and the phenomena therein. In peoples' minds, Alaska is commonly associated with the Arctic and arctic problems and here, indeed, lies much of the challenge to the scientist. But many do not realize the diversity of the geography within the State, the environmental extremes that offer singular opportunities for study and call for variety in approach and a degree of effort not yet realized. ... Notwithstanding the legitimate plea that research effort in Alaska is still sadly lacking in view of the variety of problems, any attempt to cover all the projects currently under way - even by title - within the scope of this short statement would be impracticable. ...

The Aesthetic Criticism of Hamlet from 1692 to 1699

HE aesthetic criticism of Hamlet began in last decade of seventeenth century. Before this time, only one short statement by Dryden is worthy name of criticism. Dryden objected to some of language in . . out, thou strumpet, Fortune and in the mobled queen. This is a ca>Kj o small observation, but it is apparently first instance of aesthetic criticism applied to Hamlet. In last decade of century two events happened which produced a change in Hamlet discussion and made a beginning in field of aesthetic criticism. One of these events grew out of other. They set a pattern that continued down to Coleridge. The first of these was publication of critical studies by Thomas Rymer and Jeremy Collier. The second event was publication of a number of replies to these works. This was pattern: presentation of a critical opinion, which in turn was answered by one or more critics. Thomas Rymer's Short View of Tragedy appeared in i692. From this time until I765 question of unities was a problem in Shakespearian criticism. Rymer inspired attacks on this and on other topics as well. Two years after appearance of Short View, Charles Gildon made a reply in his Some Reflections on Mr. Rymer's Short View of Tragedy. He calls attention to morals of Shakespeare's plays (Hamlet is one he mentions), and says that they are mightier than any in Sophocles except Electra.' Gildon takes proEnglish view which had been gaining ground since appearance of Dryden, and rates Shakespeare above Greek and Latin poets. He absolves him from Aristotelian rules. He is much impressed with Shakespeare's power over words and his ability to create images. This is not, however, in strictest sense, a criticism of Hamlet, because Gildon is dealing chiefly with Shakespeare in general, and uses Hamlet as an instance of whatever point he is making. This does, however, introduce some problems which are soon to follow in discussions of Hamlet. The moral question is up for consideration from this time until only one year before Coleridge began his first lectures. Gildon noticed lack of bombast in Shakespeare. Dryden a quarter of a century before this had noticed presence of it. Shakespeare's use of language is a common topic for argument throughout period. The opinions of Gildon are not mere observations. They help to begin old style of general criticism which reached its height in Johnson. He makes a statement and then offers, if not proof, at least an attempt at explanation.

A Definition of Petroleum Engineering

A Definition of Petroleum Engineering

Estimating the Effects of Altitude, Ambient Temperature and Turbocharger Match on Engine Performance

The authors have outlined the simple theory of the exhaust gas driven turbocharger in association with the diesel engine. After a short statement of early empirically based assessments of the effect of altitude on supercharged engine output the theory is used to derive a method of calculation of engine performance, using a digital computer. A semi-empirical graphical method is then developed which may be used to assess the effect of turbocharger match, altitude, ambient temperature and fuel consumption on a known engine. Experimental evidence of the validity of the method is given.

Pediatric Education at the Undergraduate Level

The American Pediatric Society devoted a half-day of its 1961 annual meeting to consideration of a limited aspect of medical education at the undergraduate or medical school level. The two-pronged question to be discussed was What is the particular contribution of the Department of Pediatrics to undergraduate medical education, and how is it best conveyed? Under the guidance of Robert A. Aldrich, Chairman of the Society's Committee on Medical Education, the session was organized after the pattern of a so-called workshop. Following a short explanatory statement by Dr. Aldrich in plenary session, the participants met in individual groups for more extended exploration of the question submitted. Groups were chosen of a size small enough to encourage free discussion and yet sufficiently large to provide representation of many different points of view. Members of both the American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research were included and were divided among