Short Screening Research Articles

NITES, a nocturnal bladder score to aid diagnosis during the transition to older age care.

As adults transition to older age, bothersome nocturnal lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) become common. There is need for a reliable assessment metric to detect and measure specific symptoms. To subject the nocturnal LUTS score for older individuals, Nocturia, Incontinence, Toileting and Enuresis Symptom Score (NITES), to psychometric analysis. Factor analysis of the metric was conducted with completed questionnaires from 151 older individuals who were either admitted to a tertiary hospital or attending an outpatient continence clinic. Test re-test reliability involved 18 older community dwelling individuals attending a Geriatrician clinic completing the metric at two timepoints separated by at least 1 week. Intra-class correlation coefficients were determined for reliability of each factor and item. The NITES metric was completed by 98 hospitalized older individuals and 53 attending a continence clinic (mean age 83.2 years [SD 7.0]). Factor analysis demonstrated that one item had a floor effect and two items had poor endorsement. After test re-test reliability analysis, a further three items were removed: one due to poor correlation between timepoints and two demonstrating inadequate internal consistency. The final NITES metric is comprised of three factors: Sleep 4-items, Incontinence 4-items, and Personal Bother 2-items. A 4-item short form for symptom screening was extracted from the longer measure. The final NITES metric is a 10-item questionnaire with an embedded 4-item short symptom screen. It has utility utilized to detect nocturnal bladder symptoms in both community dwelling and hospitalized older adults.

A two-item screening of maternal or infant perceived life threat during childbirth prospectively associated with childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms up to six months postpartum: two observational longitudinal studies.

This study investigated prospective relationships between the perception of threat to one's own life or to that of one's infant during childbirth and maternal childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (CB-PTSS) and probable childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) in a community and a community and an emergency cesarean section (ECS) sample. Study samples included 72 mothers from a community sample and 75 mothers after emergency cesarean section. Perceived maternal and infant life threat were assessed at ≤1 week postpartum. Maternal CB-PTSS and probable CB-PTSD were assessed with validated questionnaires up to 6 months postpartum. Covariates were extracted from hospital records. Secondary data analysis with logistic and linear regressions was performed. Globally, mothers were significantly more likely to perceive their infant's life to be threatened, rather than their own. Both types of perceived threat were prospectively but differentially associated with maternal CB-PTSS and probable CB-PTSD at 4-6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The type of perceived threat differently influences maternal CB-PTSS and probable CB-PTSD up to 6 months postpartum. These results may be the basis for the development of a short screening instrument after traumatic childbirth in clinical settings. Future studies need to assess the psychometric properties and acceptability of such a brief screening tool.

Results and methodology for classifying high risk pilots using CANFLY: A cognitive health screening tool for aviators

Cognitive health screening for aviators would assist in managing a shortage of experienced pilots. Extending pilot careers by optimizing their cognitive health would address both the number and quality of pilots available for airline and general aviation operations. The present work tested the validity of an online screening tool for pilots that measures aviation domain-relevant cognition. Sixty-five licensed pilots (18–80 years, M = 48.8, SD = 16.3) with varying levels of experience completed a 30-min online cognitive health screening tool for pilots. Risk status was determined via a novel metric using self-reported incidents. Machine learning algorithms identified the cognitive factors most useful in identifying pilots with increased risk for accidents and serious incidents. Support vector machines and boosted decision tree algorithms provided the most reliable and strongest classifications models of pilot risk. Findings support the use of this short online screening tool for highlighting performance issues with domain-relevant cognitive abilities based on the Dynamic Mental Model for pilots, such as situation awareness and prospective memory. Understanding personal cognitive challenges is the basis for customized skill maintenance designed to augment cognition for those interested in safely extending their piloting careers.

Comparison of V-RISK-Y and V-RISK-10 for risk of violence: A one-year study from a psychiatric emergency department for adolescents

There has been a lack of short and simple screening instruments to assess the risk of violence in youth. Many acute youth departments have used the V-RISK-10, a risk screener for adults. V-RISK-Y is a risk screener based on the V-RISK-10 and adapted to youths. Our aim was to compare the predictive validity between V-RISK-Y and VRISK-10 in an emergency psychiatric adolescent ward. Target population were all 92 patients admitted within one year, and study population consisted of 49 (53 %) patients who had completed data. V-RISK-10 and V-RISK-Y were scored at admission and compared with recorded episodes of violence during the hospitalization. V-RISK-Y showed higher AUC values for recorded violence and some of the individual items also showed better results. Most differences were not significant, but results may still be of clinical interest.

A behavior screening questionnaire improves problem identification in veterinary primary care with implications for patient health.

To compare how often owners identified concerns about their pets' behavior during routine examinations in 2 test conditions (voluntarily or when completing a questionnaire), and to test the efficacy of a simple behavior screening questionnaire to be used by practicing veterinarians. Privately owned dogs and cats presenting for routine examinations to 1 of 2 primary care clinics. The study was conducted in 2 sequential phases. In Phase 1, veterinary staff recorded whether pet owners or veterinarians inquired about behavior during routine examinations. In Phase 2, a different set of pet owners completed a short behavioral screening questionnaire as they waited for the veterinarian. We compared the 2 phases for how often behavior concerns were identified, the types of concerns, the pets' ages, and the owners' levels of satisfaction and desire for help. Dog and cat owners were more likely to identify behavior concerns when prompted than they were to volunteer this information, especially for older patients in which behavior changes may be the first sign of disease. Most owners were satisfied with their pets' behavior, though owners were more likely to be unsatisfied with certain identified concerns. Owners who were dissatisfied were much more likely to want help. A behavior screening questionnaire enhances detection of behavior problems that may have medical implications and impact the security of the pet in its home. A behavior screening questionnaire can elevate standard of care by enabling veterinarians to quickly assess behavior during every examination.

A screen-time-based mixture model for identifying and monitoring careless and insufficient effort responding in ecological momentary assessment data.

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated real-time sampling of respondents' current behaviors and experiences. The intensive repeated assessment imposes an increased burden on respondents, rendering EMAs vulnerable to respondent noncompliance and/or careless and insufficient effort responding (C/IER). We developed a mixture modeling approach that equips researchers with a tool for (a) gauging the degree of C/IER contamination of their EMA data and (b) studying the trajectory of C/IER across the study. For separating attentive from C/IER behavior, the approach leverages collateral information from screen times, which are routinely recorded in electronically administered EMAs, and translates theoretical considerations on respondents' behavior into component models for attentive and careless screen times as well as for the functional form of C/IER trajectories. We show how a sensible choice of component models (a) allows disentangling short screen times due to C/IER from familiarity effects due to repeated exposure to the same measures, (b) aids in gaining a fine-grained understanding of C/IER trajectories by distinguishing within-day from between-day effects, and (c) allows investigating interindividual differences in attentiveness. The approach shows good parameter recovery when attentive and C/IER screen time distributions exhibit sufficient separation and yields valid conclusions even in scenarios of uncontaminated data. The approach is illustrated on EMA data from the German Socio-Economic Panel innovation sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The ultra-short version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT4)-development, validation, and measurement invariance across countries, age and gender.

Given that burnout is a major problem in many societies and that employers are legally obliged to act in preventing job stress, there is a need of validated and reliable short self-report instruments. The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) is developed to measure burnout as a syndrome with four core components (exhaustion, mental distance, cognitive and emotional impairment). So far, the BAT was tested in over 40 studies with encouraging results. Although a short, 12-item version of the BAT exists, there is need for an ultra-short version with even less items. The overall aim is to develop an ultra-short 4-item version of the BAT (BAT4) and to evaluate its construct validity using Rasch analysis in samples from various countries along with its measurement invariance regarding country, age and gender. The BAT4 was developed using mixed methods, i.e. combining the results from a Rasch analysis, a subject matter analysis and expert judgements. Construct validity was tested on data from national representative samples from eight countries (the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Ireland, and Japan) and in a pooled sample combing the data from all eight countries. Differential item functioning regarding age, gender and country was investigated. The BAT4 fulfilled all the criteria required by the Rasch measurement model to constitute a valid measure in the pooled and country specific samples, except Austria and Japan. In the pooled sample, measurement invariance between the eight countries as well as between gender and age was found. Analyses within different countries showed occasional gender and age DIF for some items. The results were promising regarding BAT4's construct validity and measurement invariance. Although the BAT4 includes only four items, its content coverage is acceptable. The BAT4 can be used as a short screening instrument for burnout complaints at the group or organisational level.

Early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: performance of a short contrast-free screening magnetic resonance imaging.

Although contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) not detected by endoscopic-guided biopsy (EGB), a short contrast-free screening MRI would be desirable for NPC screening programs. This study evaluated a screening MRI in a plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA NPC screening program. EBV-DNA-screen-positive patients underwent endoscopy, and endoscopy-positive patients underwent EGB. EGB was negative if the biopsy was negative or was not performed. Patients also underwent a screening MRI. Diagnostic performance was based on histologic confirmation of NPC in the initial study or during a follow-up period of at least 2 years. The study prospectively recruited 354 patients for MRI and endoscopy; 40/354 (11.3%) endoscopy-positive patients underwent EGB. Eighteen had NPC (5.1%), and 336 without NPC (94.9%) were followed up for a median of 44.8 months. MRI detected additional NPCs in 3/18 (16.7%) endoscopy-negative and 2/18 (11.1%) EGB-negative patients (stage I/II, n = 4; stage III, n = 1). None of the 24 EGB-negative patients who were MRI-negative had NPC. MRI missed NPC in 2/18 (11.1%), one of which was also endoscopy-negative. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of MRI, endoscopy, and EGB were 88.9%, 91.1%, 34.8%, 99.4%, and 91.0%; 77.8%, 92.3%, 35.0%, 98.7%, and 91.5%; and 66.7%, 92.3%, 31.6%, 98.1%, and 91.0%, respectively. A quick contrast-free screening MRI complements endoscopy in NPC screening programs. In EBV-screen-positive patients, MRI enables early detection of NPC that is endoscopically occult or negative on EGB and increases confidence that NPC has not been missed.

Mechanism of Obesity-Related Lipotoxicity and Clinical Perspective.

The link between cellular exposure to fatty acid species and toxicity phenotypes remains poorly understood. However, structural characterization and functional profiling of human plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) analysis has revealed that FFAs are located either in the toxic cluster or in the cluster that is transcriptionally responsive to lipotoxic stress and creates genetic risk factors. Genome-wide short hairpin RNA screen has identified more than 350 genes modulating lipotoxicity. Hypertrophic adipocytes in obese adipose are both unable to expand further to store excess lipids in the diet and are resistant to the antilipolytic action of insulin.In addition to lipolysis, the inability of packaging the excess lipids into lipid droplets causes circulating fatty acids to reach toxic levels in non-adipose tissues. Deleterious effects of accumulated lipid in non-adipose tissues are known as lipotoxicity. Although triglycerides serve a storage function for long-chain non-esterified fatty acid and their products such as ceramide and diacylglycerols (DAGs), overloading of palmitic acid fraction of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) raises ceramide levels. The excess DAG and ceramide load create harmful effects on multiple organs and systems, inducing chronic inflammation in obesity. Thus, lipotoxic inflammation results in β cells death and pancreatic islets dysfunction. Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimuli induce lipolysis by activating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 signaling in adipocytes. However, palmitic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-autophagy axis in hypertrophic adipocytes is a pro-survival mechanism against endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death induced by SFAs. Endoplasmic reticulum-localized acyl-coenzyme A (CoA): glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) enzymes are mediators of lipotoxicity, and inhibiting these enzymes has therapeutic potential for lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity increases the number of autophagosomes, which engulf palmitic acid, and thus suppress the autophagic turnover. Fatty acid desaturation promotes palmitate detoxification and storages into triglycerides. As therapeutic targets of glucolipotoxicity, in addition to caloric restriction and exercise, there are four different pharmacological approaches, which consist of metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) ligands thiazolidinediones, and chaperones are still used in clinical practice. Furthermore, induction of the brown fat-like phenotype with the mixture of eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid appears as a potential therapeutic application for treatment of lipotoxicity.

The impact of domestic violence on the mental health and psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents: abroad experience of diagnostics

The article presents an overview of the foreign experience of professional monitoring of children exposed to domestic violence, which is characterized by structured approaches and the wide use of short screening tests-questionnaires for all involved parties - children, parents, teachers, nurses, pediatricians, and mental health specialists. For diagnosis, tools recommended by the international community of specialists in the field of mental health protection of children and adolescents are provided. There are ready-made test-batteries for comprehensive routine assessment of treatment progress that assess indicators of mental health and clinical disorders for adolescents aged 11–18 years and are based on information from adolescents, caregivers and clinicians. They are appropriate for use as screening tools and/or to monitor changes in symptoms over time, assess the outcome of therapy, focus on treatment processes, for example, the therapeutic alliance, treatment expectations. The review pays special attention to a method that gives a global assessment of the psyche, namely the “Pediatric Symptom Checklist” method by M. Jellinek and M. Murphy and colleagues (PSC and Y-PSC versions), which is successfully used to screen for psychosocial problems children This tool has several significant advantages - it has a wide range of action, namely targeting various symptoms of a child’s psychosocial disorders (and not just one: depression or anxiety, or fears, or dissociation, or behavior disorder, etc.); it is very easy and economical in terms of implementation and administration (it takes only 3-5 minutes to execute and the same to process); it clearly distinguishes children who already need additional attention and help from specialists in psychological and psychiatric profiles, and can be used to assess the dynamics of the condition and the effectiveness of assistance. In addition, it conceptually corresponds to the theoretical model of T. M. Achenbach and reveals a violation of the child’s psyche in both ways - internalization and externalization - as a result of adverse developmental conditions. This tool is quite actively used in modern science and clinical practice, it provides important results during the study of psychological problems of children who have experienced domestic or other types of violence, have post-traumatic stress disorder, and experienced displacement from military conflict zones

QU-Sniff – the development of a short version of the Universal “Sniffin’ Sticks” test

ObjectivesExtensive olfactory testing is sparsely applied in pediatric patients in clinical routine especially because of its time taking nature. Therefore a 5-item odor identification test (quick “U-Sniff”, “qU-Sniff”) from the 12-item “U-Sniff” test was developed. MethodsA total of 724 normosmic children between 6 and 17 years of age, divided in four age groups, were included in this retrospective study. Additionally, 17 children with congenital anosmia in the same age range were included. To calculate test-retest reliability 90 participants from the healthy group were tested twice. ResultsThe five most correctly identified odors from the 12-item “U-Sniff” test were: coffee (98 %), peach (95 %), flower (90 %), fish (88 %) and onion (84 %). Normosmic participants scored 4.71 ± 0.62 points on the “qU-Sniff” test. A significant correlation between results of the 12-item and 5-item test (n = 724; rs = 0.580; p < 0.001) and a significant test-retest reliability (rs = 0.626, p < 0.001) were shown. For “qU-Sniff” validation a ROC analysis to distinguish between anosmic patients and healthy controls was conducted for each age group separately. AUCs were as followed: i) 0.963 ± 0.018, p < 0,001; ii) 0.978 ± 0.013, p < 0.001; iii) 0.992 ± 0.006, p < 0.001; iv) 0.994 ± 0.005, p < 0.001. The cut-off value to determine anosmic and normosmic participants was <4 points. ConclusionWith the “qU-Sniff” test, we present a short screening tool for clinical routine with <4 points as cut-off to initiate more detailed olfactory testing.

Application of Short Video Semantic Understanding Technology Based on Big Data Analysis in Education Management

With the emergence of short video and the development of mobile internet, short video software, such as TikTok and Kwai, has emerged. Based on the semantic understanding technology of teaching short videos, a teaching management platform was built to push healthy and positive short video for students' content in a targeted way. Taking the 21st grade students majoring in Chinese in Guizhou Normal University as an example, the authors discusses the effect of teaching management platform on college students. In this process, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Among college students, the viewing rate of short videos has exceeded 95%, and short videos have become an indispensable entertainment for most college students. (2) Through short video semantic understanding technology and short video screening program, excellent short video can be effectively pushed to students. (3) The actual effect shows that the short video teaching management platform can effectively improve the values of the cultural level of students.

Nurse-led speech therapist referral initiative for older adult patients at risk of dysphagia: a best practice implementation project.

Dysphagia is common among older patients, affecting their nutritional status, hospital readmission, length of hospital stay, and hospitalization costs. Nurses can play a key role in early identification of dysphagia through systematic screening. This project sought to (i) achieve 80% compliance among nurses in using the 4-point questionnaire test (4QT) swallow screening test on patients and (ii) ensure all patients screening positive for dysphagia were referred to a speech therapist within 1 day. A short swallow screening tool was adapted from an evidence-based screening tool, the 4QT, by a team of speech therapists, a geriatrician, and a geriatric trained nurse. Ward nurses were then trained on using the tool to screen older patients upon admission or transfer to another ward. The project used the JBI Evidence Implementation Framework, which involved pre and post audits and feedback to evaluate compliance with best practice. Compliance increased in the use of the short swallow screening tool, rising from 64% ( n = 25) in the baseline audit to 71% ( n = 34) in the follow-up audit. However, there was a decrease in the referral of patients who screened positive for dysphagia to speech therapists, with the rate dropping from 92% ( n = 12) to 86% ( n = 12). All patients ( n = 12) from both baseline and follow-up audits were referred to a speech therapist within 1 day of admission/transfer post-implementation compared with 70% ( n = 7) at pre-implementation. This project applied evidence-based recommendations to clinical practice and improved patient outcomes. The nurses facilitated timely referrals to speech therapists for further assessment and intervention, which was useful in the clinical context. The nurses continue to use the screening tool routinely to prevent dysphagia complications among geriatric patients.

Design of a Bilingual and Bicultural Dementia Screening Toolkit Integrated in the Electronic Health Record

AbstractBackgroundBased predominantly on longitudinal cohort studies, the prevalence of Alzheimer’ disease (AD) is estimated to be 3‐10% in individuals over 65 years old and has increased risk (1.5‐2.0 times) in Black and Hispanic/Latinx individuals. In our prior analyses of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) electronic health record (EHR), we found that only 1% of patients over 65 years old are diagnosed with AD, and AD is less likely to be diagnosed in Black and Hispanic/Latinx patients compared to white patients (relative risk 0.86‐0.9). One solution to the underdiagnosis of AD in real‐world clinical care, is to screen for dementia.MethodsRecent work by several University California AD Centers and the California Department of Public Health developed a short (&lt;5 min) dementia screening tool (DST). The DST includes a three‐question questionnaire for the patient and an informant if present, followed by the Mini‐Cog if applicable (Figure 1). The questions ask about changes in language, memory, and personality (Figure 2). The DST is considered positive if any question is answered “Yes” by the patient or informant, or if the Mini‐Cog score is &lt;3 out of 5 points. To improve care for non‐English speaking patients, we developed the questionnaire in Spanish, which was adapted to Hispanic/Latinx culture.ResultsThe DST is integrated in the EHR. The questionnaires are sent to patients prior to the visit via the messaging system. Answers to the questionnaire and the Mini‐Cog are entered into a flowsheet in an easily accessible EHR tab. We also created a documentation link that automatically loads the DST results, final score, and recommendation into provider notes. The DST is live at a diverse UCLA family medicine clinic, which sees HL and Black patients. In the first three weeks, 178 patients were screened with the toolkit and eight patients were referred for specialty care.ConclusionsWe have developed a cultural and linguistic responsive DST that is integrated in the EHR. We will continue evaluating its ability to increase appropriate diagnosis of dementia in diverse racial and ethnic groups, and share our DST including EHR integration so it can be implemented elsewhere.

Study protocol for a feasibility study of microinterventions in smartphone-based assessments to reduce depressive rumination

IntroductionDepression as well as suicidal ideation and behaviours share several precipitating and maintaining factors and are subject to the influence of overlapping constructs. One of these transdiagnostic constructs is rumination....

Evaluating the Predictive Value of a Short Preoperative Holistic Risk Factor Screening Questionnaire in Preventing Persistent Pain in Elective Adult Surgery: Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Pragmatic Trial [PERISCOPE

Evaluating the Predictive Value of a Short Preoperative Holistic Risk Factor Screening Questionnaire in Preventing Persistent Pain in Elective Adult Surgery: Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Pragmatic Trial [PERISCOPE

Internal consistency of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Amazonian children.

To describe the frequency of behavioral problems and the internal consistency of the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) in Amazonian preschool children during the covid-19 pandemic. Data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon, were used. The SDQ-P was applied in 2021 at the five-year follow-up visit to parents or caregivers of 695 children (49.4% of which were girls). This instrument is a short behavioral screening questionnaire composed of 25 items reorganized into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. Cases of behavioral problems were defined according to the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms. Moreover, cut off points were estimated based on the SDQ-P percentile results of our study sample. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald's omega for each scale. According to the cut-offs based on our studied population distribution, 10% of all children had high or very high total difficulty scores, whereas it was almost twice when the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms, were applied (18%). Differences were also observed in the other scales. Compared to girls, boys showed higher means of externalizing problem and lower means of prosocial behavior. The five-factor model showed a moderate internal consistency of the items for all scales (0.60 ≤ α ≤ 0.40), except for total difficulty scores, which it considered substantial (α > 0.61). Our results support the usefulness of SDQ in our study population and reinforce the need for strategies and policy development for mental health care in early life in the Amazon.

Prevalence and Comorbidities of Adult Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder in a Community Sample from Korea.

: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in adults, and psychiatric comorbidities are common in adults with ADHD. We aimed to examine the prevalence of adult ADHD with several common psychiatric conditions in a community sample in Korea and the association between adult ADHD and risk of psychiatric comorbidities. : This study used a cross-sectional survey design. We provided supplementary and optional self-report questionnaires, including the Korean version of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) short screening scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening for depression, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test alcohol consumption questions, and the Korean version of the Mood Disorders Questionnaire, to Korean adults who visited one of six centers of a large private healthcare company for the National General Health Examination. : A total of 17,799 subjects included in this study, and 430 (2.4%) were positive on the ASRS screen. ADHD was significantly associated with the 19-30-year-old age group (odds ratio [OR] = 3.938), lower income (OR = 1.298), depression (OR = 11.563), and bipolar disorder (OR = 3.162). : Adult ADHD was highly associated with depression and bipolar disorder, suggesting that clinicians should carefully evaluate and treat such psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD symptoms.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis for use in Brazil (SSIPPE-Br)

ObjectiveEnuresis is associated with attentional and emotional comorbidities in 20 to 30 % of cases. The Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis (SSIPPE) is a questionnaire that allows the initial screening of these comorbidities. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the SSIPPE for Brazilian children and adolescents (SSIPPE-Br). MethodsSix steps were performed for translation and cross-cultural adaptation: translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, preparation of the pre-final version of the translated instrument, test of comprehensibility of the pre-final version of the tool, and elaboration of the instrument cross-culturally adapted for Brazil, named 13-itens version SSIPPE-Br. To validate the SSIPPE-Br, a cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the validated Brazilian version of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) was used. ResultsValidation was performed on 127 children and adolescents with a mean age of 9.7 ± 2.8 years, 48 % male. The reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, ranging from 0.86 to 0.89, indicating good internal consistency. The factorial analysis had a good agreement adjustment (KMO 0.755, Bartlett's test < 0.001) and explained 70.5 % of the data variability. In the reproducibility analysis, the Kappa coefficient ranged from 0.94 to 1, which can be considered almost perfect. A highly significant (p-value < 0.001) and direct correlation existed between the three SSIPPE-Br domains and all evaluated CABI domains. ConclusionThe SSIPPE-Br is a valid and reliable tool for emotional problems screening and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with enuresis whose first language is Brazilian Portuguese.

Factors associated with the prevalence of depression and anxiety among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions that include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, specific learning disorders, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and other disorders. Raising a child with an NDD can be difficult because it affects the social lives of the parents and their relationships. It also requires the parents to develop another set of skills to deal with their child. These factors increase their risk of depression and anxiety.AimTo measure the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among parents of children with different NDDs, compare the rates between mothers and fathers, and measure the relevant associated factors.MethodologyThis study was a prospective, qualitative, cross-sectional, anonymous questionnaire-based study. The participants were 416 parents of children with NDDs in Saudi Arabia. The sample size was determined using the Richard Geiger equation with a 5% margin of error, a 95% confidence level, and a 50% response distribution. The screening was performed using a validated Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). These are short and understandable screening tools that assist in identifying and grading the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. The participants were reached by distributing the questionnaire to parents who followed up with Saudi NDD-related associations, clinics, and psychiatric clinics from November 20 to May 8, 2022. The data were collected, reviewed, and then entered into SPSS 21.ResultsIn total, 416 parents of children with NDDs in Saudi Arabia participated in the study. We demonstrated that 85.1% of parents of children with NDDs had depression and that 85.8% had anxiety. Mothers and fathers had similar rates of depression and anxiety. No significant difference was found between the type of NDD and rates of depression and anxiety in parents.ConclusionChildren with NDDs affect their parents’ mental health in terms of increased rates of depression and anxiety. This increase is not correlated with a specific etiology. Healthcare professionals who care for children with NDDs should also assess parental mental health and seek an early diagnosis of mental illness to ensure that the appropriate interventions are provided for parents.