Short-range Communication Networks Research Articles

Unlocking the potential: Ultra-wideband

The demand for wireless wideband communications is rising as a result of the need to accommodate more users and deliver more data at faster data rates. Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, which uses very brief pulses on the order of nanoseconds to cover a very large frequency spectrum, may be able to tackle this problem. UWB is a wireless technology with several potential applications that was created to transmit data at extremely high speeds over very short distances at very low power densities. This paper presents the UWB technology as it currently exists and its potential uses. The question of how to employ this technology without interfering with the current means of communication is also investigated. Comparisons with other wireless technologies highlight UWB's superiority in terms of accuracy, power consumption, and cost-effectiveness. The paper also explores modulation techniques and deployment scenarios, showcasing UWB's capability to revolutionize short-range communication networks and seamlessly integrate with existing wireless infrastructures.

Sensor based traffic signal pre-emption for emergency vehicles using efficient short-range communication network

Roads are becoming increasingly congested due to urbanization and the increased use of private vehicles. As a result, emergency vehicles like ambulances, police cars, and fire trucks get stuck in traffic and take longer to get where they're going, which may cause risk, damage to property, and losing valuable lives. The acoustic-based pre-emption technology uses the EV's siren to alert oncoming cars. Therefore, acoustic reflection from a building or other large container vehicle might cause a fall. This paper implements a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication system that anticipates traffic signals using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). Line of sight (LOS) is not required when choosing the desired range of DSRC communication, and the traffic signal unit receives pre-emption messages anytime an emergency vehicle is nearby. Thus, these messages cause the traffic light to turn green for the emergency vehicle instead of operating normally. As a result, this type of system necessitates two hardware modules, one at each vehicle On-Board-Unit (OBU) and one at each intersection Road-Side-Unit (RSU), as well as the Decision Support System i.e., Traffic Management Controller (TMC). In the hardware OBU and RSU, the IMX-6 Processor, GPS Module, and DSRC transmitter and receivers are used. The Emergency Vehicle (EV) equipped with the OBU transmits requests to the intersection unit, which is fully autonomous and can be employed as a component of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), negating the need for a driver in this method.

Wideband Endfire Antenna Array for Future Short-Range Communications

A broadband, unidirectional, phased array is proposed. Single antenna element of the prototyped array is a broadband windmill-like shaped antenna. Four elements of this antenna are fed by a power divider and are configured in a novel semicircular-shaped, angular-phased array. A phase difference of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pi $</tex-math> </inline-formula> /4 was introduced by optimizing the angular path difference among four antenna elements in the array. Total 21.5% of size reduction is achieved by introducing angular-phased array in comparison with the conventional linear-phased array. The array of radius 65 mm is prototyped on the Rogers RO4232 substrate for the operating frequency range 9.35–42.89 GHz. The proposed array configuration can maintain an average gain of 8.54 dB and average radiation efficiency of 69.71% in the entire operating frequency range while exhibiting a peak gain of 11.86 dB. The presented array exhibits highly directional behavior in the endfire direction, with the 3-dB angular beamwidth in the range from 15.1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> to 76.7 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . To the best of the authors’ knowledge, any comparable state-of-art has not been reported yet in the literature that could provide such a large impedance bandwidth in sub-mmWave range. The proposed array may find its applications for future indoor and outdoor short-range communication networks.

Collision Resolution With FM0 Signal Separation for Short-Range Random Multi-Access Wireless Network

In internet of things, a central node to multiple sensor nodes is usually a short-range communication network, which generally uses random multiple access to resolve collision at a media access control (MAC) layer. In this case, the communication efficiency is not optimal. On the other hand, its efficiency can be improved in separated collision resolution, where collision signals can be separated and then decoded. For the resolution, good coding techniques can improve the performance of collision resolution. However, the conventional coding techniques usually need the signal fading coefficient estimated or be known in advance. The condition is not always satisfied in the short-range network. This paper proposes a finite-symbol separation Viterbi decoder (FSVD) which does not need to know the fading coefficient. Through the estimation of a dictionary matrix, the uncertainty of signal separation can be eliminated, and thus obtain more accurate likelihood distances and improve the decoding accuracy. In experiments, we establish two ultra-high frequency (UHF) short-range wireless networks based on an FM0 code, using a simulation and a software radio platform, respectively. The experimental results show that the throughput of FSVD reaches about 0.61, which is about 0.25 higher than that of a traditional ALOHA network.

Performance evaluation of vertical handover in Internet of Vehicles

Abstract Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is developed by integrating the intelligent transportation system (ITS) and the Internet of Things (IoT). The goal of IoV is to allow vehicles to communicate with other vehicles, humans, pedestrians, roadside units, and other infrastructures. Two potential technologies of V2X communication are dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular network technologies. Each of these has its benefits and limitations. DSRC has low latency but it limits coverage area and lacks spectrum availability. Whereas 4G LTE offers high bandwidth, wider cell coverage range, but the drawback is its high transmission time intervals. 5G offers enormous benefits to the present wireless communication technology by providing higher data rates and very low latencies for transmissions but is prone to blockages because of its inability to penetrate through the objects. Hence, considering the above issues, single technology will not fully accommodate the V2X requirements which subsequently jeopardize the effectiveness of safety applications. Therefore, for efficient V2X communication, it is required to interwork with DSRC and cellular network technologies. One open research challenge that has gained the attention of the research community over the past few years is the appropriate selection of networks for handover in a heterogeneous IoV environment. Existing solutions have addressed the issues related to handover and network selection but they have failed to address the need for handover while selecting the network. Previous studies have only mentioned that the network is being selected directly for handover or it was connected to the available radio access. Due to this, the occurrence of handover had to take place frequently. Hence, in this research, the integration of DSRC, LTE, and mmWave 5G is incorporated with handover decision, network selection, and routing algorithms. The handover decision is to ensure whether there is a need for vertical handover by using a dynamic Q-learning algorithm. Then, the network selection is based on a fuzzy-convolution neural network that creates fuzzy rules from signal strength, distance, vehicle density, data type, and line of sight. V2V chain routing is proposed to select V2V pairs using a jellyfish optimization algorithm that takes into account the channel, vehicle characteristics, and transmission metrics. This system is developed in an OMNeT++ simulator and the performances are evaluated in terms of mean handover, handover failure, mean throughput, delay, and packet loss.

Multi-Link Scheduling Algorithm of LLC Protocol in Heterogeneous Vehicle Networks Based on Environment and Vehicle-Risk-Field Model

Heterogeneous vehicle network, which integrates cellular network with dedicated short-range communication network, is an effective solution for meeting the communication requirements of the intelligent transportation system. Aiming at the diversity of network applications and harsh environment, and multiple network physical media fusion demand, this pasper mainly puts forward a new link scheduling algorithm in LLC layer (LLCA) based on the vehicle risk estimation and event-triggered mechanism to control and schedule the link resources of heterogeneous vehicle networks. Firstly, after establishing the vehicle-risk-field model and estimating the vehicle risk state, the real-time sending frequency of the WSM data is derived. In order to provide the theoretical basis for data packets to select links, the upper bound of the non-WSM data largest distribution frequency of IEEE 802.11p link is given according to the Pareto optimality. Then, based on the upper bound of the maximum non-WSM distribution frequency and IEEE 802.11p link, LLCA algorithm is designed. Meanwhile, the theoretical analysis of time complexity of the algorithm is implemented. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed LLCA not only reduces the transmission delay of WSM data for secure applications, but also improves the utilization of links on the premise of satisfying most of the QoE network applications.

An Enhanced Channel Access Method to Mitigate the Effect of Interference Among Body Sensor Networks for Smart Healthcare

Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) are exposed to interferences such as intrabody and interbody interferences. Intrabody interference exists within a WBSN and interbody interference occurs between the WBSNs, which degrades the overall system performance. The impact of interference becomes more intense with the increase in the number of nodes. The most popular standard for WBSNs, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, is very well suited for short-range communication and low-power wireless sensor networks. However, this standard is not robust enough to handle the interferences when multiple nodes/WBSNs come in close to each other. In this paper, a new scheme that can mitigate the effect of interference called the interference reduction channel access mechanism (IR-CAM) is proposed. In this mechanism, the coordinator adjusts the contention window size and frame length adaptively to reduce the effect of interference. The simulations are carried out for both static and mobile nodes. The simulation results prove the efficacy of the new scheme by comparing with the existing schemes in terms of normalized throughput, average end-to-end delay, average energy consumption, packet drop rate, and packet delivery ratio. In static, the proposed method outperforms the IEEE 802.15.4e standard and the transmission model by 33% and 10% in terms of throughput and a 3% drop in the average end-to-end delay when compared with the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In mobility, the proposed method has 53% and 27% reduction in average energy consumption when compared to the IEEE 802.15.4e and transmission model. The simulation also includes the performance analysis for multiple WBSNs.

A Center-Based Secure and Stable Clustering Algorithm for VANETs on Highways

Currently, communications in the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) can be established via both Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and mobile cellular networks. To make use of existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in data transmissions, many methods are proposed to manage VANETs. Grouping the vehicles into clusters and organizing the network by clusters are one of the most universal and most efficacious ways. Since the high mobility of vehicles makes VANETs different from other mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the previous cluster-based methods for MANETs may have trouble for VANETs. In this paper, we introduce a center-based clustering algorithm to help self-organized VANETs forming stable clusters and decrease the status change frequency of vehicles on highways and two metrics. A novel Cluster Head (CH) selection algorithm is also proposed to reduce the impact of vehicle motion differences. We also introduce two metrics to improve the security of VANETs. A simulation is conducted to compare our mechanism to some other mechanisms. The results show that our mechanism obtains high stability and lower packet loss rate.

Performance analysis of clustering for message classification and congestion control in DSRC/WAVE-based vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a significant role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The vehicles exchange awareness and safety information with surrounding vehicles using IEEE 802.11p Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and IEEE 1609 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)-based short-range communication networks in 5.9 GHz band. These safety messages include periodic beacon messages and event driven emergency messages that are shared in Control Channel (CCH). By collecting these messages and applying clustering we can facilitate new applications like network congestion control, traffic control etc. The partitioning-based clustering methods like the k-means, the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) are well known in data science. This paper focuses on understanding the message clustering intuitively. The clustering quality is measured using silhouette plot and average silhouette width. The simulation is carried out in OMNeT++ and SUMO-based Veins framework. A simple approach using a package called RInside is explored for fast prototyping of machine learning algorithms in OMNeT++ simulations.

A Node-Protection-Based ZBR Routing Algorithm

The Zigbee network is a new type of wireless short-range communication network with powerful self-organizing capabilities. Routing algorithms are key to Zigbee network research. However, the segmentation of the Zigbee network is commonly observed, as nodes closer to the coordinator consume a larger amount of energy and are thereby vulnerable to early stage death. Thus, we propose a node-protection-based Zigbee routing (NPZBR) algorithm to address this problem. First, Zigbee network allocation mechanisms and shortages of typical routing protocols i.e., the cluster-tree and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector junior (AODVjr) algorithms, are analyzed. Second, the NPZBR algorithm, based on a combination of the cluster-tree and AODVjr algorithms, is proposed, and an energy threshold model for node protection is developed. A node energy flag bit is introduced to determine whether the node should be protected. Finally, the simulation of NPZBR parameters for the selection of the node threshold model, node residual energy, node survival rate, node mortality rate, and end-to-end delay, is performed. Simulations demonstrate that compared to the traditional Zigbee routing (ZBR) algorithm, the proposed algorithm consumes 10% less energy and improves the node survival rate by 4%. Moreover, it reduces the node mortality rate and the end-to-end delay, effectively protecting network nodes and enhancing network integrity.

NOTSA: Novel OBU With Three-Level Security Architecture for Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles has become a massive network, which enables multinetwork fusion, including in-vehicle network, wireless local area network, dedicated short range communication, device-to-device communication, and cellular network (e.g., 5G). Proverbially, in-vehicle network is considered as a closed network and thus absolutely secure. However, multiple networks access and fusion can introduce different threats. Current on board units (OBUs) fail to protect in-vehicle network. Therefore, illegal vehicle control can be easily performed for attackers. In this paper, in consideration of vulnerabilities of current OBUs and in-vehicle controller area network, we show main attack model for actual vehicles, and assess introduced threats using the approach based on ISO 13335 guidelines for the management of IT security. Then, we design the novel OBU with three-level security architecture (NOTSA) and propose multilevel security protocols. It cannot only improve the security of external networks, but also protect the in-vehicle network by collaborating with current in-vehicle security schemes. Thereafter, we analyze security of proposed scheme, and evaluate it on hardware platform. The reliability of NOTSA and vehicular ad-hoc networks are then discussed using reliability block diagrams. In addition, we also verify the correctness of proposed protocols. Finally, the simulation results and comparison show that our scheme is feasible and more efficient than existing schemes in term of time overhead, security and reliability.

Interactive Placemaking - Prototype of an Intelligent Urban Building Infrastructure for Critical Borderlands / Kinmen

Dependable capabilities to counter wicked tasks are proactively needed for borderland placemaking. Initiated recently, in Xiamen, a hub airport is being constructed at Xiangan district’s Dadeng islet, which was taken after the inner war from the outlying borderland of Taiwan - Kinmen. To promote current interactive urbanizing, holistic pervasiveness, and/or resource chaining, a sensor-information infrastructure with availability, reliability, and maintainability features through artificial intelligence -i.e., the plural surveillances, similar in sensing through creatures’ eyes, ears, and nostrils- is prototyped. By plural detection along traffic paths, such dedicated short-range communication networks, evidenced with terrorist uncertainty, can help promote trust, inclusive accessibility, mobile services, and interactive measures, with fault tolerance, Hamiltonian (a mathematical order), connectivity, scalability, electromagnetic interference countering, and reliable accuracy. More flexibility can be justified for the emerging pervasive logistic and security management demand by further applying other network types. The cube-connected cycle is prototyped for the probe application along waterways and in rural areas. The prototyped spider-web network can be resiliently integrated with shorelines and interior paths and configured together into a featured urban building context, radial-ring, whose sustainability is culturally resonated in world heritage, neighboring Tulous; help promote peace developing and evoke economic interactions, globally.

An effective computational design strategy for [formula omitted] vibration control of large structures with information constraints

In this paper, we present an effective computational strategy to design high-performance decentralized controllers with partial local-state information for vibration control of large building structures. Specifically, the building dynamical model is first decomposed into a set of approximate low-dimensional decoupled subsystems subject to the action of generalized disturbances, which include the effect of external physical disturbances, modeling approximation errors and mechanical subsystem interactions. Next, using the approximate decoupled subsystems, an overall structured state-feedback controller is obtained by designing a proper set of independent local controllers. The proposed computational strategy is applied to obtain two structured control systems for the seismic protection of a 35-story building: (i) a fully decentralized velocity-feedback controller with 35 interstory actuators that can be passively implemented by a set of viscous dampers, and (ii) a decentralized velocity-feedback controller with 15 interstory actuators, which can be implemented with a reduced set of collocated sensors and a system of five independent short-range communication networks. To assess the performance of the obtained structured controllers, the corresponding frequency and time responses are investigated and compared with the responses produced by optimal full-state H∞ controllers. Moreover, to evaluate the effectiveness of the computational procedure, both structured and full-state controllers are designed for a proper set of buildings with different number of stories and the corresponding computation times are recorded and compared. The obtained results show that the computational cost of the proposed design methodology is remarkably low and also indicate that, despite the severe information constraints, the synthesized structured controllers are practically optimal.

Predict and prevent from misbehaving intruders in heterogeneous vehicular networks

The great evolution of communication technologies and potential availability of network access mediums and service providers have led to the appearance of heterogeneous network concept. This paradigm refers to the seamless and ubiquitous interoperability between multi-coverage protocols with different access techniques. A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNet) is a heterogeneous network where a vehicle is a smart node equipped with various communication technologies such as Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and cellular network (3G/4G). The purpose of HetVNet is ensuring a wide area coverage to all vehicles in a large scale network, thus achieving the Always Best Connected (ABC) paradigm where the best continuous connectivity is offered to clients. In addition, HetVNet enables the acquisition and processing of a large amount of data from wide geographical areas via smart vehicles to offer various categories of services to drivers and passengers. There are many challenges in HetVNet and security is one of them since, on one hand, vehicles exchange vital data (about congestions, accidents, hazards, road-works, etc.) and on the other hand they form a specific network with particular characteristics (frequent fragmentation, dynamic topology, no centralized authority, etc.). Intrusion detection systems (IDS) act as a second wall of defense when cryptography is broken and already proved their effectiveness against both external and internal intruders. Therefore, in this research work we propose and implement an intrusion detection and prediction scheme able to detect and especially predict the future misbehavior of a malicious vehicle. The attack prediction technique proposed in this paper is based on a game theory to prevent the occurrence of malicious vehicles. Moreover, the proposed detection scheme detects the most dangerous attacks that target a HetVNet such as false alerts and Sybil attacks. This detection uses a rules-based technique to model a normal behavior of a vehicle. Simulations performed using NS-3 show that our scheme exhibits a high accuracy prediction, faster attack detection, and a low communication overhead compared to current detection frameworks.

Energy efficiency based on joint data packet fragmentation and cooperative transmission

Energy efficiency (EE) is a key requirement for the design of short-range communication network. In order to alleviate energy consumption (EC) constraint, a novel layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture is proposed in this paper. Based on the proposed layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture, we establish an appropriate energy consumption model, and design an energy efficiency scheme based on joint data packet fragmentation and cooperative transmission and analyze the energy efficiency corresponding to different packet sizes and the cloud size. Simulation results show that, when all nodes of the cloud are accessing the same size of data packet fragmentation, the proposed layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture can provide significant energy savings. The results provide useful insights into the possible operation of the strategies and show that significant energy consumption reductions are possible.

Combining Cooperation and Physical Layer Network Coding to Achieve Reliable Multicast

A novel cooperative scheme based on Physical layer Network Coding (PNC) for short range communication (SRC) networks is presented in this paper. We investigate a scenario of overlapping networks with multicast traffic and propose a technique for the leverage of inter-network cooperation. Our main goal is to exploit the characteristics of PNC in a solution for cooperative SRC networks, where energy efficiency is improved without degrading Quality of Service (QoS). The performance of our proposed cooperative scenario is highly energy efficient and it also presents high throughput. Comparing our scheme with a conventional protocol we show that it presents better performance. We analytically present the throughput, the delay and the energy efficiency of the neighbouring networks and we validate the mathematical analysis through extensive simulations. In addition, we provide an assessment of the impact of the capture effect on the proposed approach. Our proposal is inspired by recent patents in telecommunications that focus on interference cancellation. Keywords: Multicast, cooperative networks, network coding, energy efficiency.Multicast, cooperative networks, network coding, energy efficiency.Multicast, cooperative networks, network coding, energy efficiency.

Ubiquitous Integrity via Network Integration and Parallelism—Sustaining Pedestrian/Bike Urbanism

Nowadays, due to the concern regarding environmental issues, establishing pedestrian/bike friendly urbanism is widely encouraged. To promote safety-assured, mobile communication environments, efficient, reliable maintenance, and information integrity need to be designed, especially in highly possibly interfered places. For busy traffic areas, regular degree-3 dedicated short range communication (DSRC) networks are safety and information featured with availability, reliability, and maintainability in paths of multi-lanes. For sparsely populated areas, probes of wireless sensors are rational, especially if sensor nodes can be organized to enhance security, reliability, and flexibility. Applying alternative network topologies, such as spider-webs, generalized honeycomb tori, and cube-connected cycles, for comparing and analyzing is proposed in DSRC and cellular communications to enhance integrity in communications.

Energy-efficient Relay MAC with Dynamic Power Control in Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is an emerging short-range wireless communication network with sensor nodes located on, in or around the human body for healthcare, entertainment and ubiquitous computing. In WBANs, energy is severely constrained which is the prime consideration in the medium access control (MAC) protocol design. In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol named Energy-efficient Relay MAC with dynamic Power Control (ERPC-MAC) to save energy consumption. Without relying on the additional devices, ERPC-MAC employs relaying nodes to provide relay service for nodes which consume energy fast. Accordingly the superframe adjustment is performed and then the network topology can be smoothly switched from single-hop to multi-hop. Moreover, for further energy saving and reliability improvement, the dynamic power control is introduced to adjust the power level whenever a node transmits its packets to the coordinator or the relaying node. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first effort to integrate relay, topology adjustment and power control to improve the network performance in a WBAN. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance. The results show that the ERPC-MAC is more superior to the existing standard and significantly prolongs the network lifetime.

Towards characterising and classifying communication-based automotive applications from a wireless networking perspective

Together, the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) technologies provide a unique opportunity to develop and introduce various types of communication- based automotive technologies to the marketplace. To date, many applications have been identified by the automotive community. Given the large number and diverse nature of these applications, it is advantageous to develop a systematic classification methodology to facilitate future DSRC and VANET research. Toward this objective, in this paper, we present a study that goes through two major steps: characterisation and classification. First, we focus on a set of representative applications and characterise them with respect to plausible application- and networking-related attributes. The characterisation process not only strengthens our understanding of the applications but also sets the stage for the classification step since it reveals numerous application commonalities. Thus, we have categorised the given applications into seven generic classes, with the consideration of balancing the trade-off between exploiting as many application similarities as possible while preserving their salient differences. This is of paramount importance to facilitate performance analysis of newly designed protocols. Finally, we have identified key performance metrics for each class of applications, which, we hope, could bridge the gap between the automotive and wireless networking communities. Accordingly, the proposed classes are envisioned to play a dual-role: facilitate application simulation and performance evaluation and guide DSRC and VANET protocol research and development.

A Survey of Geosensor Networks: Advances in Dynamic Environmental Monitoring

In the recent decade, several technology trends have influenced the field of geosciences in significant ways. The first trend is the more readily available technology of ubiquitous wireless communication networks and progress in the development of low-power, short-range radio-based communication networks, the miniaturization of computing and storage platforms as well as the development of novel microsensors and sensor materials. All three trends have changed the type of dynamic environmental phenomena that can be detected, monitored and reacted to. Another important aspect is the real-time data delivery of novel platforms today. In this paper, I will survey the field of geosensor networks, and mainly focus on the technology of small-scale geosensor networks, example applications and their feasibility and lessons learnt as well as the current research questions posed by using this technology today. Furthermore, my objective is to investigate how this technology can be embedded in the current landscape of intelligent sensor platforms in the geosciences and identify its place and purpose.