Short Observation Time Research Articles

The Management and Outcomes of Stoma Care with Impaired Integrity: A Case Study

Background: Colostomy globally affects not only physical but also psychological aspects in patients, and has been done for various reasons such as cancers of the colon and rectum. Tissue integrity disorders, irritations, and pain come up and require close service to care by nursing interventions and education for these conditions, especially in old patients. Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the management and outcomes of stoma care in patients after colostomy surgery who were seen with tissue integrity disorders. Methods: The case-study approach was implemented into two male patients aged 76 and 80 years who were diagnosed with proximal rectal cancer and were given double-barreled colostomy treatment at Vila Alpina Hospital in São Paulo. Nursing intervention was on stoma care during cleaning and monitoring stoma characteristics as well as educating patients and their families on stoma care. Data were collected and analyzed over 3 days, while evaluation of outcome was done at tissue integrity and pain levels. Results: After the intervention of 3 days, partial improvement in tissue integrity was observed. The physical condition of both patients with normal tissue perfusion, absence of infection signs or bleeding, and partial developmental progress was seen in stoma wound healing. In addition, pain reduction was observed from a level of 4 to 2. However, healing was not fully achieved within the study period because of its short observation time. Conclusion: Nursing care considering observation, education, and therapeutic interventions will have improved outcomes of stoma and will also alleviate pain in colostomy patients. Further interventions of care and education to the patient will follow up these conditions for a long time.

Experimental Investigation of Meter-Level Resolution Radar Measurement at Ka Band in Yellow Sea

The backscatter characteristics of ocean surfaces are of great importance in active marine remote-sensing fields. This paper presents the high spatial and temporal resolution dual co-polarized (VV and HH) and cross-polarized (HV) Ka-band sea-surface backscattering measurements taken from the Yellow Sea research platform at incidence angles ranging from 30° to 50° and in the wind speed range from 5.8 to 8.6 m/s. The experimental results show that the backscattering coefficient in HH polarization is close to (or even surpassing) that in VV polarization within a wind speed range of 7.1 to 8.6 m/s for Ka band under high resolution at medium incidence angles (30°–50°). Further analysis of the 10-ms short-time observation samples found that the sea surface echoes in VV polarization are more sensitive to wave motions, exhibiting more complex scattering characteristics such as multi-peaks and reducing scattering energy, especially at high wind speeds and large incident angles. The Doppler velocity analysis also confirms that rapid ocean wave changes can be detected within a short observation period, especially in VV polarization. The research in this article not only demonstrates the high spatial and temporal resolution capabilities of Ka-band radar for ocean surface observation but also reveals its great potential in interpreting and inversing rapidly evolving marine phenomena.

Performance Evaluation of Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System with Survey-Grade Receivers and Short Observation Times in Forested Areas

The Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) method is currently the most widely used method for positioning using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) due to its accuracy, efficiency and ease of use. In forestry, position is a critical factor for numerous applications, with GNSS currently being the preferred solution for obtaining such data. However, the decreased performance of GNSS observations in challenging environments, such as under the forest canopy, must be considered. This paper analyzes the performance of a survey-grade GNSS receiver under coniferous/deciduous tree cover. Unlike most previous research concerning this topic, the focus here is on employing a methodology that is as close as possible to real working conditions in the field of forestry. To achieve this, short observation times of 30 s were used, with corrections received directly in the field from a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) of the national RTK network in Romania. In total, 84 test points were determined, randomly distributed under the canopy, with reference data collected by topographical surveys using total station equipment. In terms of the overall horizontal accuracy, an RMSE of 2.03 m and MAE of 1.63 m are found. Meanwhile, the overall vertical accuracy is lower, as expected, with an RMSE of 4.85 m and MAE of 4.01 m. The variation in GNSS performance under the different forest compositions was found to be statistically significant, while GNSS-specific factors such as DOP values only influenced the precision and not the accuracy of observations. We established that this methodology offers sufficient accuracy, which is application-dependent, even if the majority of GNSS solutions were code-based, rather than carrier-phase-based, due to strong interference from the vegetation.

Shorter observation times and smaller gauge needles in outpatient kidney biopsies.

Controversy exists as to the optimal observational time (OT) after outpatient percutaneous kidney biopsy. Further, there is some uncertainty about the benefit of smaller (18-gauge) vs. larger (16-gauge) biopsy needles. At our institution, we have been lowering the OT after outpatient kidney biopsies. Initially in 2015, we were monitoring for 6 hours and gradually began to decrease the OT over time. From 2020, we have adopted an OT of less than 4 hours. During this time period (in 2018), we also began using a smaller gauge needle (18 gauge). We reviewed all outpatient kidney biopsies performed by the nephrology division at our institution since 2015. There were 137 biopsies reviewed. 63 had OT of 4-6 hours, and 74 had OT <4 hours. There was a total of 4 significant complications (2.9%). Two complications, symptomatic retroperitoneal bleeds, were detected in less than 3 hours. The other 2 complications were seen at 9 hours (clot retention) and 72 hours (retroperitoneal bleed after anticoagulation restarted). 63% of the biopsies were done using 18-gauge needles with 1 complication in this group vs. 3 in the 16-gauge group. All cases had adequate tissue for interpretation based on the ability to make a kidney diagnosis. The number of glomeruli obtained in the 18-gauge group was 29 ± 13 glomeruli, and in the 16-gauge group was 25 ± 10, which did not differ between groups. In summary, in an outpatient population, all significant post-biopsy complications were evident either within the first 3 hours or after 9 hours, and this suggests the feasibility of using shorter than standard OT in outpatient kidney biopsies. Furthermore, an 18-gauge needle may lower the risk of complications and obtain adequate tissue.

Assessing the impact of climate change on high return levels of peak flows in Bavaria applying the CRCM5 large ensemble

Abstract. ​​​​​​​Severe floods with extreme return periods of 100 years and beyond have been observed in several large rivers in Bavaria in the last 3 decades. Flood protection structures are typically designed based on a 100-year event, relying on statistical extrapolations of relatively short observation time series while ignoring potential temporal non-stationarity. However, future precipitation projections indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, as well as a shift in seasonality. This study aims to examine the impact of climate change on the 100-year flood (HF100) events of 98 hydrometric gauges within hydrological Bavaria. A hydrological climate change impact (CCI) modeling chain consisting of a regional Single Model Initial-condition Large Ensemble (SMILE) and a single hydrological model was created. The 50 equally probable members of the Canadian Regional Climate Model version 5 large ensemble (CRCM5-LE) were used to drive the hydrological model WaSiM (Water balance Simulation Model) to create a hydro-SMILE. As a result, a database of 1500 model years (50 members × 30 years) per investigated time period was established for extreme value analysis (EVA) to illustrate the benefit of the hydro-SMILE approach for a robust estimation of HF100 based on annual maxima (AM) and to examine the CCI on the frequency and magnitude of HF100 in different discharge regimes under a strong-emission scenario (RCP8.5). The results demonstrate that the hydro-SMILE approach provides a clear advantage for a robust estimation of HF100 using the empirical probability of 1500 AM compared to its estimation using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution of 1000 samples of typically available time series sizes of 30, 100, and 200 years. Thereby, by applying the hydro-SMILE framework, the uncertainty from statistical estimation can be reduced. The study highlights the added value of using hydrological SMILEs to project future flood return levels. The CCI of HF100 varies for different flow regimes, with snowmelt-driven catchments experiencing severe increases in frequency and magnitude, leading to unseen extremes that impact the distribution. Pluvial regimes show a lower intensification or even decline. The dynamics of HF100 driving mechanisms depict a decline in snowmelt-driven events in favor of rainfall-driven events, an increase in events driven by convective rainfall, and almost no change in the ratio between single-driver and compound events towards the end of the century.

Coastal Tidal Flat And Tidal Current Observation Based On Satellite Remote Sensing

Satellite remote sensing has been an effective way to acquire surface image sequences of costal field, and the satellite video at a frame rate of multiple frames per second could provide chance for short-time observations at high temporal resolution such as the observation of surface tidal currents. The observation of surface tidal currents has been facilitated by advanced image preprocessing methods and large-scale image velocimetry, while the space-time volume velocimetry (STVV) was used in this study. STVV can simultaneously obtain the direction and magnitude of the flow velocity through the surface texture without any artificial tracers, hence it is considered as a promising method. Since it has only been proposed in recent years, this study evaluated the accuracy of the STVV algorithm and tested the robustness of the STVV to environmental disturbance factors firstly. The simulated image sequences were used so that the exact accuracy of STVV can be known by comparing the measured and ground truth values since the ground truth of the pixel flow velocity is predictable and modifiable. The effects of the two main STVV parameters, the size of the search area and the selected frames of images, on the results were analyzed, and the robustness against image noise and fog was examined. The size of the search area and selected frames of images were found having the similar effects on the calculation results that the larger both are, the higher the calculation accuracy will be. Although the lower Signal-to-noise ratios lead to more inaccurate results, STVV is robust to image noises from the results in the given cases. Additionally, the accuracy of STVV is acceptable for a small amount of mist, but thicker fog results in large errors. Further research to develop image processing methods to improve the accuracy of STVV in the future is highly necessary. Therefore, based on one satellite video with the frame rate of 10fps and the resolution of 0.95m shooting on September 15th, 2017, surface tidal current observation of the New York Harbor during the flood tide using STVV was achieved. The flow velocity magnitude can reach 3m/s, and the flow direction is consistent with the actual situation. The feasibility of surface tidal current observation using STVV from the satellite video was proved

Reassessing the chronic lymphocytic leukemia International Prognostic Index in the era of targeted therapies

AbstractWe evaluated the chronic lymphocytic leukemia International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) in patients with CLL treated first line with targeted drugs (n = 991) or chemoimmunotherapy (n = 1256). With a median observation time of 40.5 months, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for targeted drug–treated patients varied by CLL-IPI risk group: 96.5% (low), 87.6% (intermediate), 82.4% (high), and 78.7% (very high). Differences between consecutive CLL-IPI risk groups were observed for intermediate vs low and high vs intermediate, but not very high vs high. CLL-IPI factors β2-microglobulin, immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) status, and TP53 status each retained prognostic value for PFS. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates by CLL-IPI risk groups were 100%, 96%, 93.9%, and 89.4%, respectively, with no differences between consecutive risk groups. Age, Binet stage, β2-microglobulin, and TP53 status each retained prognostic value for OS. In chemoimmunotherapy patients (median observation time, 66.9 months), 3-year PFS rates for CLL-IPI risk groups were 78.1%, 51.4%, 40.1%, and 16.5%, respectively; corresponding 3-year OS rates were 97.4%, 93.1%, 81.8%, and 57.3%. In a matched-pair analysis, PFS differences in targeted therapies (n = 812) vs chemoimmunotherapy (n = 812) across all risk groups and OS differences in all but patients at low risk were demonstrated. The CLL-IPI maintains its prognostic value in predicting PFS outcomes with targeted drugs, but its impact in predicting survival appears diminished. Targeted therapies showed enhanced outcomes over chemoimmunotherapy, highlighting their effectiveness across various risk groups. Our findings support ongoing assessment of prognostic tools in CLL treatment evolution. These trials were registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT02345863, #NCT02401503, #NCT02689141, #NCT02445131, #NCT02758665, #NCT02950051, #NCT02242942, #NCT00262782, #NCT00281918, and #NCT01010061.

Observability of Substructures in the Planet-forming Disk in the (Sub)centimeter Wavelength with SKA and ngVLA

Current imaging observations of protoplanetary disks using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) primarily focus on the submillimeter wavelength, leaving a gap in effective observational approaches for centimeter-sized dust, which is crucial to the issue of planet formation. The forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and ngVLA may rectify this deficiency. In this paper, we employ multifluid hydrodynamic numerical simulations and radiative transfer calculations to investigate the potential of SKA1-Mid, ngVLA, and SKA2 for imaging protoplanetary disks at subcentimeter/centimeter wavelengths. We create mock images with ALMA/SKA/ngVLA at multiwavelengths based on the hydrodynamical simulation output and test different sensitivity and spatial resolutions. We discover that both SKA and ngVLA will serve as excellent supplements to the existing observational range of ALMA, and their high resolution enables them to image substructures in the disk’s inner region (∼5 au from the stellar). Our results indicate that SKA and ngVLA can be utilized for more extended monitoring programs in the centimeter wave band. While in the subcentimeter range, ngVLA possesses the capability to produce high-fidelity images within shorter observation times (∼1 hr on source time) than previous research, holding potential for future survey observations. We also discuss for the first time the potential of SKA2 for observing protoplanetary disks at a 0.7 cm wavelength.

Esketamine: Less Drowsiness, More Analgesia.

Racemic ketamine is a 1:1 mixture of 2 enantiomers that turn light in opposite direction: Dextrorotatory esketamine is approximately 4 times more affine for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor than levorotatory arketamine, which may explain why esketamine is about twice as potent as an analgesic and anesthetic as the racemate. Esketamine has attracted renewed interest in view of the opioid crisis, racemic ketamine's abuse, and esketamine's approval for expanded use. We evaluated the anesthesia literature concerning mental, cardiovascular, cerebral, and antinociceptive effects of esketamine published in English between 1980 and 2022. The review shows that esketamine and racemic ketamine are not "the same" at clinically equivalent analgesic and anesthetic dose: Psychomimetic effects seem to be essentially related to NMDA receptor blockade and esketamine is not devoid of unwanted mental impact. However, it probably involves less cholinergic inhibition. Cognitive disturbances during arousal, awakening, and recovery from the drug are less, and less pronounced with esketamine. The drug allows for an approximately 50% dose reduction in anesthesia and analgesia which goes along with a higher clearance and shorter recovery time as compared to racemic ketamine. In comparison of esketamine with placebo, esketamine shows cardiocirculatory stabilizing and neuroprotective effects which can be seen in anesthesia induction, cardiac surgery, and analgesia and sedation in brain injury. Evidence of esketamine's antinociceptive efficacy is inconsistent, although a recent meta-analysis reports improved pain relief after surgery in a study with short observation time. To better define esketamine's place, direct head-to-head comparison with the racemate at equi-analgesic/anesthetic dose is warranted.

Stress‐induced dynamics of glassy vitrimers with fast bond exchange rate

AbstractVitrimers are dynamic covalent networks, showing considerable promise in self‐healing and reprocessability applications. In this work, molecular simulations are used to study the shear stress‐induced dynamics of vitrimers in the glassy regime and compare their response with that of permanent networks, providing valuable insights into the macroscopic properties of these networks. Results show that vitrimers undergo bond exchange reactions induced by the application of the shear stress, and these events result in accelerated dynamics and subsequently, higher shear compliance of vitrimer compared to the thermoset. When the applied shear stress is high and deformation enters the nonlinear regime, the vitrimer network shows large shear creep compliance and enhanced non‐affine dynamics. Furthermore, the analysis of the self‐particle dynamics demonstrates that the dynamical behavior of vitrimers is highly heterogeneous at short observation times under low and intermediate stress values, while they become homogeneous in the regime of the shear compliance where it shows significantly higher compliance than the permanent network. The significance of the rate of deformation on the dynamics of glassy vitrimers is successfully demonstrated.

Suicide attempt management among Turkish and American adolescents: A comparison of two pediatric emergency departments.

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and short-term outcomes of Turkish and American adolescents with suicide attempts and determine the differences in management and resource utilization between two pediatric emergency departments; one in Türkiye and one in the United States of America. Adolescents who presented to the emergency departments with a chief complaint of suicide attempt between October 2017 and September 2018 were eligible for including in the study. Characteristics and other information of 217 (131 American and 86 Turkish) suicide attempter adolescents were retrieved from medical records. Outcome was defined as re-admission to the emergency department for another suicide attempt within 3 months of the index visit. Overall, 78% of adolescents were female. Abuse history (physical/sexual) was more common among American adolescents (p = 0.005), whereas uncontrolled psychiatric diseases were more evident in Turkish cases (p < 0.001). Social worker assessment and hospitalization rates were significantly lower, with shorter mean duration of follow-up in the emergency department among Turkish compared to American adolescents (respectively, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.002). Repeated suicide attempts within three months were significantly higher in the Turkish group compared to the American one (29% vs. 8%, p < 0.001). Receiving a social worker assessment, hospitalization and longer observation in emergency department reduced the incidence of repeated suicide attempts (respectively, p < 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.012). Turkish adolescents had shorter observation time in the emergency department, received fewer assessment by social workers and were less likely to be hospitalized. These may have contributed to the higher rate of repeat suicide attempts following discharge from the emergency department. Adequate resources are needed to help decrease the burden of suicide among Turkish adolescents.

Probe thermometry with continuous measurements

Temperature estimation plays a vital role across natural sciences. A standard approach is provided by probe thermometry, where a probe is brought into contact with the sample and examined after a certain amount of time has passed. In situations where, for example, preparation of the probe is non-trivial or total measurement time of the experiment is the main resource that must be optimized, continuously monitoring the probe may be preferred. Here, we consider a minimal model, where the probe is provided by a two-level system coupled to a thermal reservoir. Monitoring thermally activated transitions enables real-time estimation of temperature with increasing accuracy over time. Within this framework we comprehensively investigate thermometry in both bosonic and fermionic environments employing a Bayesian approach. Furthermore, we explore adaptive strategies and find a significant improvement on the precision. Additionally, we examine the impact of noise and find that adaptive strategies may suffer more than non-adaptive ones for short observation times. While our main focus is on thermometry, our results are easily extended to the estimation of other environmental parameters, such as chemical potentials and transition rates.

Single-layer MoS2 solid-state nanopores for coarse-grained sequencing of proteins

Proteins are essential biological molecules to use as biomarkers for early disease diagnosis. Therefore, their detection is crucial. In recent years, protein sequencing has become one of the most promising techniques. In particular, solid-state nanopores (SSNs) are powerful platforms for single biological molecule sensing without any labeling and with high sensitivity. Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials with nanometer-sized pores, such as single-layer MoS2, represent the ideal SSN because of their ultimate thinness. Despite the benefits they offer, their use for protein sequencing applications remains very challenging since the fast translocation speed provides a short observation time per single molecule. In this work, we performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the translocation of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids through single-layer MoS2 nanopores. From ionic current traces, we characterized peptide-induced blockade levels of current and duration for each of the 20 natural amino acids. Using clustering techniques, we demonstrate that positively and negatively charged amino acids present singular fingerprints and can be visually distinguished from neutral amino acids. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this information would be sufficient to identify proteins using the coarse-grained sequencing technique made of only three amino acid categories depending on their charge. Therefore, single-layer MoS2 nanopores have great potential as sensors for the identification of biomarkers.

The Influence of ENSO on the Long‐Term Water Storage Anomalies in the Middle‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin: Evaluation and Analysis

AbstractRecent extreme events in the Middle‐Lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYRB) are proven to be possibly linked to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events as indicated by terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). But the relatively short observation time of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment series missions (2002–2017; 2018–present) affects the robustness of the evaluation of TWSA. Here, the applicability of four long‐term TWSA data sets (since 1979) in the MLYRB is evaluated first using an evaluation framework including two completely independent tests. After selecting the optimal one, we investigate the effects of ENSO on TWSA in the MLYRB at the basin, subbasin, and grid cell scales, respectively. Results show that ENSO, especially the Eastern Pacific type ENSO has had a significant impact on TWSA variations in the MLYRB and its two subbasins (the Dongting Lake basin and the Poyang Lake basin) since 1979 with correlation coefficients at 0.56–0.65 and time lags at 5–6 months. However, TWSAs in the other two subbasins (the Hanjiang River basin and the Mainstream River basin) have almost no correlation with ENSO. Further analysis reveals that compared with human activity that has a limited impact on TWSA, precipitation is one of the key inducements for regional water storage changes in these two subbasins, and the no correlation between ENSO and TWSA is mainly caused by the weak link between ENSO and precipitation.

A 30-year retrospective cohort outcome study of periodontal treatment of stages III and IV patients in a private practice.

Tooth loss studies show that periodontal treatment is effective. However, it is not known whether these results can be projected into a lifetime of treatment. The aim of the study was to study all patients with stages III/IV of periodontitis over 30 years in a private practice. All patients referred between 1986 and 1990 were monitored for 30 years for tooth loss and prognostic factors. All dropouts were accounted for. In all, 386 patients were followed, of whom 283 patients dropped out, leaving 103 patients (67 females and 36 males, average age 40.1 years) monitored over 30 years. Tooth loss was stable until 16 years, when the population was divided into groups of low (n = 65), moderate (n = 18) and high (n = 20) tooth loss, losing 1.05 (SD 1.27), 4.83 (SD 0.96) and 11.90 (SD 4.25) teeth, respectively. The strongest prognostic factors were first-degree relatives with periodontitis, periodontal treatment before the age of 35 years, diabetes and patients with teeth with initial hopeless prognosis. The majority of patients with stages III and IV periodontitis could be successfully treated with conventional periodontal treatment over a period of 30 years. The findings suggest that retrospective studies with shorter observation times cannot automatically be projected onto the outcome of a lifetime of periodontal treatment.

Effects of non-tidal loading applied in VLBI-only terrestrial reference frames

We investigate the impact of the reduction of non-tidal loading (NTL) in the computation of secular terrestrial reference frames (TRFs) from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. There are no conventional models for NTL in the geodetic community yet, but the Global Geophysical Fluid Center prepared a set of corresponding site displacements for the 2020 realizations of the International Terrestrial Reference System. We make use of these data, which comprise the total NTL consisting of non-tidal atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological loading. The displacement series contain linear trends (i.e., offsets plus drifts), and since these affect the estimated linear station positions and the realized geodetic datum in a secular TRF, we remove the trends before reducing the NTL in our computations. The displacements are applied at two different levels of the parameter estimation process: the observation and the normal equation level. This way, we can analyze whether the latter offers a suitable approximation if the original observations have not been reduced by NTL. We find that the TRF statistics are hardly affected by the NTL. The largest impact is given for the secular motion of antennas with short observation time spans. The application level is basically irrelevant for the linear antenna positions, but it leads to differences in the rates of the jointly estimated Earth orientation parameters (EOPs). Secular TRF solutions and session solutions deviate with respect to the parameterization of the antenna coordinates, and thus also with respect to the correlations between the estimated antenna parameters and the EOPs. Due to this, the consistently estimated EOP series also show differences. However, for both solution types the reduction of the NTL leads to a change of the annual signal in the EOP series.

Consider Non-Syndromic Mitochondrial Disorders as Part of the Pediatric Phenotypic Spectrum

With interest we read the article by Ardissone et al. about a retrospective, singlecenter study of 150 pediatric patients with a genetically confirmed mitochondrial disorder (MID) due to a pathogenic mtDNA variant (mtDNA point mutation or single mtDNA deletion) [1]. The study is excellent but has limitations that are cause of concerns and should be discussed. A limitation of the study is that only syndromic MIDs were included [1]. Since MIDs often do not fit into any of the syndromic phenotypes, we should know whether these patients were deliberately excluded or did not appear at the study center at all. We should know whether the entire group of 902 patients also included patients with nonsyndromic MIDs. Another limitation is that heteroplasmy rates were only determined by estimating the densitometric ratio between wild-type and mutant mtDNA [1]. Heteroplasmy is usually determined by a number of quantitative methods, such as Sanger sequencing, high performance liquid chromatography, pyrosequencing, Snapshot, high resolution melt profiling (HRM), temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), invader assay, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), endonuclease method using Surveyor nuclease, and next generation sequencing (NGS) [2]. These techniques usually provide more accurate results than semi-quantitative estimation. There is a discrepancy between the statement in the method section ("only few data were not available from all patients”) and the results section (“CSF data were available from only 17 %, follow-up data only from 47%, and biochemical data only from 58 % of patients”) [1]. This discrepancy should be clarified. Another limitation is that the total observation time up to the last follow-up was not given [1]. Knowing this latency is important to assess the speed of disease progression and estimate the outcome. There is also a discrepancy between the statement in the result section that “outcome data were evaluated from 70 patients” and the detailed description in the results section, which included 71 patients. Which number is correct? Surprisingly, the biochemical examination was normal in almost a quarter of the patients with Leigh syndrome. We should know if these results are from studies of just muscle or fibroblasts, or if other tissues have been studied as well If only muscle or fibroblasts were examined, we should know whether or not these tissues were clinically affected in the one quarter of the Leigh patients. Surprisingly, only two thirds of the MELAS patients presented with stroke-like episodes (SLEs), which are pathognomonic for MELAS. We should know if this was due to the short observation or follow-up time in these patients. According to what criteria were these patients without SLE classified as MELAS? Were the Hirano or Japanese criteria applied? We should also know how “MELAS-like” was defined. There is no mention of the underlying mutations in the PEO patients. It would be interesting to know if these patients all carried a single mtDNA deletion, a nuclear DNA-located variant, or an mtDNA point mutation. Overall, the interesting study has limitations that call the results and their interpretation into question. With a prospective design and extensive and long-term follow-up, the study goals could be better achieved.

Perbedaan Ketidaktepatwaktuan Penyampaian Laporan Keuangan Tahunan Terhadap Return Saham Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This study aims to determine whether the market reacts to untimely events. This study uses quantitative research methods with the selection of samples in this study using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the study show that the market reacts significantly to the untimely submission of issuer's financial reports. This is indicated by the significant difference in the abnormal returns on stock of issuers who are late, on time and submit their financial reports early. The results of the post hoc test with LSD show that earlier submission of financial reports gets the best market response from investors, or in other words has the highest abnormal returns. The limitations contained in the results of this study are based on a relatively small number of data sets and short observation times (only two years). As for suggestions that can be put forward, namely, 1) for investors who will buy shares, it is better to choose shares from issuers that historically have often or always submitted their financial reports earlier than Bapepam's provisions. This is because the shares of these issuers tend to be more able to provide high abnormal returns to shareholders. 2) For other researchers who are interested in conducting a review of this research, they should be able to carry out development steps in such a way that research results are better and more comprehensive. This development step can be carried out, for example, by adding observation time

PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ECLIPSING BINARIES: VY UMI, RU UMI AND GSC 04364-00648

We present the photometric analysis of BVR and TESS light curves of three eclipsing binaries, together with their period changes considering archival data and new minima times from our and TESS observations. For the first time we detected wave-like variations with low-amplitude in O − C residua of RU UMi, which can be interpreted as a consequence of the light-time effect caused by the 3rd component with period 7370 days. The period increase detected in the VY UMi system corresponds to mass transfer from the secondary to the primary component. For the GSC 04364-00648 binary system we find quadratic changes on the O − C diagram, which correspond to a period decrease. We cannot make assumptions about their nature, mainly due to short time of observation and uneven coverage of O − C diagram. We also determined the absolute parameter of their components using the photometric solution and GAIA distances.

A real-world observational study of dupilumab treatment in adult patients with prurigo nodularis

BackgroundPrurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that has a significant unmet needs for effective treatment options. ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adult patients with PN refractory to traditional therapies. MethodsThis ongoing, real-life study examined dupilumab treatment in 8 adult patients diagnosed with PN for at least 6 months. The included patients were prescribed 300 mg dupilumab biweekly for at least 16 weeks. Efficacy was the primary outcome by means of multiple standardized scale measurements while safety was also reported. ResultsPN patients treated with dupilumab showed notable clinical improvement. After 16 weeks of dupilumab treatment, the mean Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) score reduced from 3.75 to 1.50. Patients mean Numerical Rating Scale Itch Intensity (NRSI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ratings reduced from 8.625, 15.13, and 14.50 to 1.563, 4.625, and 1.000 respectively. The majority of the patients (87.5%) reported dupilumab as effective while no adverse events have been reported. Study limitationsThis study was limited to a small cohort of adult PN patients and a short-time observation period. ConclusionsDupilumab is effective and tolerable in adult PN patients with significant improvement in skin lesions, itching, and quality of life.