Short Movements Research Articles

Role of Wearable Accelerometer Devices in Delirium Studies: A Systematic Review.

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Screening was performed using predefined search terms to identify original research studies using accelerometer devices for studying physical activity in relation to delirium. Key data were extracted from the selected articles. Among the 14 studies identified, there were a total of 315 patients who wore accelerometer devices to record movements related to delirium. Eight studies (57.1%) used accelerometer devices to compare the activity of delirious and nondelirious patients. Delirious patients had lower activity levels, lower restlessness index, higher number of daytime immobility minutes, lower mean activity levels during the day, and higher mean activity levels at night. Delirious patients also had lower actual sleep time, lower sleep efficiency, fewer nighttime minutes resting, fewer minutes resting over 24 hours, and smaller change in activity from day to night. Six studies (42.9%) evaluated the feasibility of using accelerometer devices for detection of delirium and its subtype. Variables including number of postural changes during daytime, frequency of ultrashort, short, and continuous movements were significantly different among the nondelirium and the three delirium subtypes. The results from the studies using accelerometer devices in studying delirium demonstrate that accelerometer devices can potentially detect the differences between delirious and nondelirious patients, detect delirium, and determine delirium subtype. We suggest the following directions as the next steps for future studies using accelerometer devices for predicting delirium: benchmark studies with longer data collection, larger and more diverse population size, incorporating related factors (e.g., medications), and evaluating delirium subtype and severity.

From Transient to Sedentary? Changes in the Home Range Size and Environmental Patterns of Movements of European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) in a Mediterranean River

Abstract: The habitat use of eels during the development of sedentary behavior, which depends on the animals’ body size, is unknown. Our objective was to analyze, for two years, the changes in the home range of a population of European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus, 1758) in Southern Europe in relation to the animals’ body length (TL), and the influence of environmental factors (water temperature and flow) on the local movements of this population through observation of their sedentary behavior. We used a previously-validated mark–recapture methodology, obtaining a low deviation in the estimation of the extension of the eels’ movements. Our results revealed relatively short movements in relation to other populations, and we hypothesize that this could be related to the high habitat diversity and low eel population density in the study area. The home range size showed a high variability and dispersion among the smallest eels, however, as TL increased, the variability of home range size decreased, and home ranges were larger. These changes could be associated with the acquisition of a sedentary lifestyle. Once eels had become sedentary, an environmental pattern was observed between their movements and the water temperature and flow, with larger movements observed as the flow increased and water temperature decreased. This suggests that the temporal and spatial scales of observation are of crucial importance for monitoring eel populations and for the study of population size structure, population dynamics, and biology, which can be used to improve conservation strategies.

Short Term Stock Movements with Big Data and Market Sentiments Analytics

Machine Learning Techniques and Big Data analytics are two central points of data science. Big Data is important for organizations to gain insights into it and machine learning techniques are one of the substantial assets for analyzing a massive amount of data. In this paper, a framework has been proposed to improve the short term stock trend prediction accuracy using Logistic Regression model by means of qualitative and quantitative data. This paper makes a comprehensive survey of stock market trend prediction with the accumulation of various data sources by applying machine learning techniques and by using big data analytics approach. The model has been implemented in Big data Framework with Hadoop and Apache Spark. For qualitative data Tweets sentiments and news sentiments has been taken in to account and for quantitative data Google trends and historical data are considered. The proposed system has enhanced the prediction accuracy about 3-4 % in comparison to existing models by supplying Google trend as input data in addition to market sentiments and historical data. The implemented model can help the investors to take short term decisions to make money in the security market and the survey would help in finding the most effective resources which overly influence the stock prices.

Anaerobic performance among children with spina bifida.

Children and adolescents with spina bifida demonstrate less physical activity. Most of them are wheelchair users. It is important to control their physical fitness for instance their anaerobic performance. They need anaerobic performance to daily activities like transfers that require short and high intensity movements. The aim of this study was to assess anaerobic performance among children with spina bifida and to evaluate their results in relation to normative values from able-bodied peers, as well as to find appropriate, easy and feasible field-based tests measuring anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida in non-laboratory settings. Ninety-five children and adolescents with spina bifida were divided according to gender and age (four male and four female groups) and performed the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), the handgrip test and the chest pass test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Pearson correlation (P<0.05) and Effect Size were applied in this study. Differences in MP, PP, rMP and rPP between age groups were found. A significant and strong correlation of the 30-second WAnT results (MP, PP) with the handgrip test and the chest pass test was found (P<0.01; r>0.7). In conclusion, anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida varies depending on the age group and is "very poor" compared to anaerobic performance of their able-bodied peers. The chest pass test may be a good non-laboratory test to be used to indirectly assess anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida.

Analysing tourism movements along the Danube river based on geotagged Flickr photography

Abstract. The Danube, connecting ten countries with large cities, national parks and other smaller destinations is a branded as integrated destination system of Europe. This paper examines the behaviour of visitors along the river by analysing the spatio-temporal distribution of geotagged photos shared on Flickr. The authors downloaded the metadata of more than 2 million geotagged photos along the river, and created a weighed movement graph based on the short time-interval user movements. The network analysis of the graph revealed the central integrating effect of the large capital cities on the entire system. Modularity analysis indicated 18 regional tourism clusters, which are connected into three major separated destination systems which have little relation between them and the isolated clusters of Lower Danube.This paper discusses the method of data aggregation as well as the tools used and created for visualising and analysing the data.

Sea-watching at Holme Bird Observatory, Norfolk, 2005 to 2015

ABSTRACT Timed sea-watches were carried out at Holme Bird Observatory, Norfolk, UK, between May 2005 and December 2015. The rate of passage of 20 species was calculated as the number of birds passing the observation point per 10 hours. Analysis of the rate of passage by month enabled the species to be grouped into autumn passage migrants, summer visitors, winter visitors and species present throughout the year. There was no obvious spring passage of seabirds at the site. Wind strength and direction proved to be the most important environmental variables affecting seabird presence. Six autumn passage migrants (Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus, Gannet Morus bassanus, Great Skua Stercorarius skua, Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus, Little Auk Alle alle and Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla) were most numerous when the wind was strong and northerly, conditions which favoured birds in the North Sea being blown towards the Norfolk coast. Two summer visitors (Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis and Common Tern Sterna hirundo) were most numerous in weak winds and at low tide, conditions which may have favoured short feeding movements. Some species (e.g. Teal Anas crecca and Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis) were more numerous in the morning, but others (e.g. Kittiwake and Little Auk) were more numerous in the afternoon. Systematic observation over a 10-year period provided an enhanced understanding of the seasonal variation of different species seen offshore, and of the environmental factors that influence their movements.

Kinematic features of a simple and short movement task to predict autism diagnosis.

Autism is a developmental condition primarily identified by social and communication deficits. However, over 70% of autistic individuals also show motor function deficits, which are evident even when simple stereotyped movements are performed. In this study, we have asked 24 autistic and 22 non-autistic adults to perform pointing movements between two markers 30 cm apart as quickly and as accurately as they can for 10 seconds. Motion tracking was employed to collect data and calculate kinematic features of the movement and aiming accuracy. At the group level, the results showed that autistic individuals performed pointing movements slower but more accurately compared to non-autistic individuals. At the individual level, we have used Machine Learning methods to predict autism diagnosis. Nested result Cross-Validation was used, which in contrast to commonly used K-fold Cross-Validation avoids pooling training and testing data and provides robust performance estimates. Our developed models achieved a statistically significant classification accuracy of 71% and showed that even a simple and short motor task enables discrimination between autistic and non-autistic individuals.

Disinhibition of the Nucleus Accumbens Leads to Macro-Scale Hyperactivity Consisting of Micro-Scale Behavioral Segments Encoded by Striatal Activity.

The striatum comprises of multiple functional territories involved with multilevel control of behavior. Disinhibition of different functional territories leads to territory-specific hyperkinetic and hyperbehavioral symptoms. The ventromedial striatum, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, is typically associated with limbic input but was historically linked to high-level motor control. In this study, performed in female Long-Evans rats, we show that the NAc core directly controls motor behavior on multiple timescales. On the macro-scale, following NAc disinhibition, the animals manifested prolonged hyperactivity, expressed as excessive normal behavior, whereas on the micro-scale multiple behavior transitions occurred, generating short movement segments. The underlying striatal network displayed population-based local field potential transient deflections (LFP spikes) whose rate determined the magnitude of the hyperactivity and whose timing corresponded to unitary behavioral transition events. Individual striatal neurons preserved normal baseline activity and network interactions following the disinhibition, maintaining the normal encoding of behavioral primitives and forming a sparse link between the LFP spikes and single neuron activity. Disinhibition of this classically limbic territory leads to profound motor changes resembling hyperactivity and attention deficit. These behavioral and neuronal results highlight the direct interplay on multiple timescales between different striatal territories during normal and pathological conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key part of the striatal limbic territory. In the current study we show that this classically limbic area directly controls motor behavior on multiple timescales. Focal disinhibition of the NAc core in freely behaving rats led to macro-scale hyperactivity and micro-scale behavioral transitions, symptoms typically associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The behavioral changes were encoded by the striatal LFP signal and single-unit spiking activity in line with the neuronal changes observed during tic expression following disinhibition of the striatal motor territory. These results point to the need to extend the existing parallel functional pathway concept of basal ganglia function to include the study of limbic-motor cross-territory interactions in both health and disease.

Effects of substrate heat accumulation on the cold sprayed Ni coating quality: Microstructure evolution and tribological performance

The residual stress and distortion caused by non-uniform temperature distribution has limited the application of cold spray (CS) technique as an effective additive manufacturing and damage repair method for large-scale components. In order to investigate the influence of heat accumulation on coating quality, two types of CS Ni coatings with different building dimensions were deposited onto substrates. The type II Ni coatings with smaller fabrication size possess a fully dense microstructure without cracks, while the type I coatings with larger size show a significantly higher porosity value. The type II coatings show relatively higher microhardness. The tribological tests show that the type II Ni coatings present a better wear resistance with lower coefficient of friction and lower wear rate. The distinct worn morphologies show that the lower microhardness and porous microstructure of type I coatings lead to numerous delamination and exposure of interior coating. According to the temperature history recorded by infrared imaging camera, higher average temperature was found at the type II coatings due to enhanced heat accumulation of coating/substrate system at the short nozzle movement. The increased particle plastic deformation can further promote the coating densification rate and further ameliorate the coating quality. It can be summarized that the nozzle trajectory and deposition strategy can affect the temperature distribution and determine the coating qualities. This work provides a potential guidance for the optimization of coating quality by cold spraying additive manufacturing.

‘Wapper wat meer met je handen’

Abstract ‘Flap those hands’ ‐ The influence of gestures on retention and speaker’s assessment in an informative presentationTo convey information during an oral presentation speakers not only use words, they also gesticulate. Their gestures can be divided into iconic, metaphoric, deictic and beat gestures (McNeill, 1992). Beats (repetitive, short movements) are frowned upon by some presentation skills advisers. Earlier research that focused on short speeches, mostly about concrete topological content, found that gestures help the listener to understand and remember the content. Presentation skills courses, however, focus on longer, more abstract informative speeches. To explore how gestures influence both retention and assessment of the speaker in such longer speeches, an experiment was conducted. Participants (N = 229) were asked to watch a fifteen minute informative presentation accompanied by PowerPoint slides, either (i) without gestures, (ii) with only beat gestures, or (iii) with a mix of iconic, metaphoric, deictic, and beat gestures. Participants were tested on retention and on their assessment of speaker qualities. An ANOVA showed a significant effect for retention. When a speaker accompanied his speech with only beat gestures, this resulted in higher scores than when this speaker remained in a static position. Also, when the speaker used only beat gestures, he was seen as more ‘natural’ than when he remained in a static position. These results do not imply causality. They may, however, temper advisers’ warnings against using beat gestures in presentations.

Determination of working resistance based on movement type of the first subordinate key stratum in a fully mechanized face with large mining height

AbstractThe increase in extraction height will increase the mining‐induced overlying strata failure height. In this scenario, the strata pressure behavior is strong in a fully mechanized face with large mining height (FMFLMH), which frequently causes coal wall falls, roof falls, and hydraulic support failure accidents (e.g., support closure and hydraulic column damage). The key to solving these issues is to determine support's working resistance of the FMFLMH. In this paper, comprehensive theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field observation were applied to determine the support's working resistance in the FMFLMH based on movement type of the first subordinate key stratum (SKS 1). First, six kinds of movement types of SKS 1 in the FMFLMH are found and defined by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, which are the direct caving movement type of cantilever structure (direct caving), the double‐sided rotation movement type of cantilever structure (double‐side rotation), the quadratic rotation movement type of cantilever structure (quadratic rotation), the alternative movement type of cantilever structure hinged structure (alternate hinged), the voussoir beam structure movement type (voussoir), and the short voussoir beam structure movement type (short voussoir), respectively. Besides, based on this, the support load calculation model of each movement type was established, and a formula for the support working resistance of each movement type was obtained. Finally, the correctness of the formulae for the support working resistance under six types of movement of SKS 1 were verified using measurement data from four FMFLMHs in China. These research results have important guiding significance for reasonable selection of support and ensuring safe mining of the FMFLMH.

Superdiffusive Searching Skill in Animal Foraging

Random walk related to diffusion driven transport is widely used to describe phenomena in the context of physics, biology, statistics, and econometrics. However, contrary to the normal (Gaussian) diffusion process, anomalous diffusion takes place in many natural phenomena ranging from turbulence to animal foraging. In situations where spreading process is more rapid than the normal diffusion, the distribution of steps comprises many short movements broken episodically by less frequent long excursions, commonly known as Levy flight. Recent quantification of high resolution foraging data of many free-ranging animals suggest that they display Levy flight behavior in environments where prey is scarce. This article describes the fundamental properties of Levy flight and how it encodes the statistical characteristics of the animal foraging patterns.

Task specificity and the timing of discrete aiming movements

In discrete aiming movements the task criteria of time-minimization to a spatial target (e.g., Fitts, 1954) and time-matching to a spatial-temporal goal (e.g., Schmidt et al., 1979) tend to produce different functions of the speed-accuracy trade-off. Here we examined whether the task-related movement speed-accuracy characteristics were due to differential space-time trade-offs in time-matching, velocity-matching and time-minimizing task goals. Twenty participants performed 100 aiming trials for each of 15 combinations of task-type (3) and space-time condition (5). The prevalence of the primary types of sub-movement (none, pre-peak, post-peak, undershooting and overshooting) was determined from the kinematics of the movement trajectory. There were comparable distributions of trajectory sub-movement profiles and space-time movement outcomes across the three tasks at the short movement duration that became increasingly dissimilar over decreasing movement velocity and increasing movement time conditions. Movement time was the most influential variable in mediating sub-movement characteristics and the spatial/temporal outcome accuracy and variability of discrete aiming tasks – a role that was magnified in the explicit task demands of time-matching. The time-matching and time-minimization task goals in discrete aiming induce qualitatively different control processes that progressively contribute beyond the minimal time conditions to task-specific space-time accuracy and variability characteristics of the respective movement speed-accuracy functions.

Joining the dots: How does an apex predator move through an urbanizing landscape?

Examining the movement of apex predators is difficult in urban environments due to private land ownership; however, understanding their movement is critical given the current and rapidly increasing rate of urbanization globally. Of equal importance is the understanding of what landscape factors allow these movements to occur. We used the powerful owl (Ninox strenua), an urban apex predator in Melbourne, Australia, as a case study to understand their movement ecology in urban environments.Owl movement was recorded using automated GPS logging devices deployed on ten powerful owls, resulting in 10870 GPS locations. In combination with these positions, four environmental covariates, and a priori understanding of owl ecology were used to assign movements to three different states (prey handling/eating, foraging and transitory) based on step length and turning angles between sequential locations in a hidden Markov model.We demonstrate that the environmental covariate combination of time of night, Euclidean distance to riparian vegetation, and NDVI best described movement states. Owl movement states changed across the night. Shorter movements with many turns were made towards the beginning of the night in riparian areas with high NDVI. This behavior is most likely linked to prey handling, suggesting powerful owls are more likely to hunt early in the evenings and as such travel short distances while carrying large prey items. Transitory movements with limited changes in turning angles were the dominant movement state towards the end of the night. As owls leave areas of high NDVI, they quickly travel long distances across cleared land and impervious surfaces to connect to the next habitat patch where they then transition back into shorter step lengths where NDVI is higher.This research highlights the critical importance of riparian vegetation and high NDVI areas in driving powerful owl movement and foraging in urban landscapes. Conservation priority should be placed on retaining and restoring riparian corridors as areas not only for powerful owls and their prey, but also for many other species that utilize similar resources.

Measuring Public Transport Accessibility for Elderly

The growth acceleration in the older population has been observed in many countries which creates a significant challenge to transportation. Public transport is an essential component of most people’s lives. This specific group of population growth will require special attention to accessibility and mobility issues in combination with the transport system which undoubtedly can play a key role to support ageing. Good health, quality of life and independence are fundamental values for the life as well as mobility. For people such as senior citizens, public transport needs to be accessible and affordable in order to provide them with the opportunity to fulfil their medical, shopping and recreational needs. Providing access to transport for people with age 65 &amp; over is not a marginal problem and it is expected to grow in the future. The most important concern in accessibility is the relatively short distance and high frequency movements from a permanent home. This study will identify the travel pattern &amp; mode for elderly commuters in greater Melbourne, Australia. The study will also suggest strategies to improve the use of public transport system to promote ageing in place.

Movement type of the first subordinate key stratum and its influence on strata behavior in the fully mechanized face with large mining height

The extraction height of a fully mechanized face with large mining height is large, so the mining-induced overlying strata failure area will be enlarged, which may result in various accidents such as water inrush accidents. In this paper, a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and field observations was applied to investigate the movement types of the first subordinate key stratum and its influence on strata behavior in the fully mechanized face with large mining height. The results showed that there were two structural forms and six movement types of the first subordinate key stratum in the fully mechanized face with large mining height. Additionally, conditions favoring the formation of these movement types were presented. The two structural forms of the first subordinate key stratum were the cantilever structure and the stable hinged structure. The cantilever structure of the first subordinate key stratum was located in the caved zone and could present four movement types: direct caving movement of the cantilever structure, double-sided rotation movement of the cantilever structure, quadratic rotation movement of the cantilever structure, and alternative movement of the cantilever structure-hinged structure. The stable hinged structure of the first subordinate key stratum was located in the fractured zone and could present two movement types, namely, voussoir beam structure movement and short voussoir beam structure movement. Additionally, the movement law of each movement type of the first subordinate key stratum and its influence on the strata behavior of the fully mechanized face with large mining height were revealed. Finally, the correctness of the six movement types of the first subordinate key stratum and the corresponding formation conditions were verified using measurement data from four fully mechanized faces with large mining height in China. The outcomes may contribute to reasonable selection of supports and ensuring safe mining of the fully mechanized faces with large mining height.

Echo questions in Brazilian Portuguese

ABSTRACT Brazilian Portuguese (BP) can have the wh-element in-situ with two types of sentence intonation: (a) the rising intonation of a yes/no question, in which case it is interpreted as an echo question, and (b) the falling intonation, similar to that of a declarative sentence, in which case it is interpreted as an ordinary question. Kato (2013) analyzed the falling intonation type as a fake wh-in-situ, with a short movement of the wh-element to a lower focus position, inspired by Miyagawa’s (2001) proposal for Japanese whereas the rising intonation type was analyzed in accordance with Kayne’s (1994) proposal, with the whole TP containing the wh-element moving to Spec of C. In this article we maintain the analysis of the wh-in-situ with falling intonation as a fake in-situ but analyze the echo question as a short yes/no indirect question. The languages used to support this analysis of BP are English, French, and Japanese.

Novel methods in track-based alignment to correct for time-dependent distortions of the ATLAS Inner Detector

ATLAS is a multipurpose experiment at the LHC proton-proton collider. Its physics goals require high resolution and unbiased measurement of all charged particle kinematic parameters. These critically depend on the layout and performance of the tracking system and the quality of its alignment. For the LHC Run-II, the system has been upgraded with the installation of a new pixel layer, the Insertable B-layer (IBL). The offline track alignment of the ATLAS tracking system has to deal with about 700,000 degrees of freedom defining its geometrical parameters, representing a considerable numerical challenge in terms of both CPU time and precision. An outline of the track based alignment approach and its implementation within the ATLAS software is presented. Special attention is paid to describe the techniques allowing to pinpoint and eliminate track parameter biases. During Run-II, the ATLAS Inner Detector Alignment framework has been adapted and upgraded to correct very short time scale movements of the sub-detectors. In particular, a mechanical distortion of the IBL staves up to 20 µm has been observed during data-taking. The techniques used to correct for this effect and to match the required Inner Detector performance are presented.

New design total knee arthroplasty shows medial pivoting movement under weight-bearing conditions.

To assess, using model-based dynamic radiostereometric analysis (RSA), the biomechanical behaviour of a new design posterior-stabilized (PS) fixed-bearing (FB) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in vivo while patients performing two common motor tasks. The hypothesis was that model-based dynamic RSA is able to detect different behaviour of the implant under weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions. A cohort of 15 non-consecutive patients was evaluated by dynamic RSA 9months after TKA implantation. The mean age of patients was 73.4 (65-72) years. The kinematic evaluations were performed using an RSA device (BI-STAND DRX 2) developed in our Institute. The patients were asked to perform two active motor tasks: sit-to-stand in weight-bearing condition; range of motion (ROM) while sitting on the chair. The motion parameters were evaluated using the Grood and Suntay decomposition and the low-point kinematics methods. The dynamic RSA evaluation showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the biomechanical behaviour of the prosthesis during the two motor tasks. When subjected to the patient weight (in the sit-to-stand) the low point of the medial compartment had a shorter motion (5.7 ± 0.2mm) than the lateral (11.0 ± 0.2mm). This realizes a medial pivot motion as in the normal knee. In the ROM task, where the patient had no weight on the prosthesis, this difference was not present: the medial compartment had a displacement of 12.7 ± 0.2mm, while the lateral had 17.3 ± 0.2mm. Model-based RSA proved to be an effective tool for the evaluation of TKA biomechanics. In particular, it was able to determine that the fixed-bearing posterior-stabilized TKA design evaluated in this study showed a medial pivoting movement under weight-bearing conditions that was not present when load was not applied. Under loading conditions what drives the pattern of movement is the prosthetic design itself. By the systematic use of this study protocol future comparisons among different implants could be performed, thus contributing significantly to the improvement of TKA design. IV.

Comparing mobility patterns between residents and visitors using geo‐tagged social media data

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of residents and visitors is vital in tourism studies, urban planning, and local economic development. However, most existing studies consider visitors as one group, while overlooking the difference in mobility patterns between subgroups of visitors and residents. In this research, we analyzed the mobility pattern of local Twitter users and visitor Twitter users, from the flow network and evenness distribution of user activities. The results show that short distance movement is the dominant type of activity not only for residents, but also for visitors. Moreover, intra‐county movement accounts for the primary type of movement for all groups of Twitter users. Besides, the centrality index of Twitter users reconstructs a core–peripheral structure, and there is some relationship between the centrality index and population size. Further, the spatial distribution of evenness index at different spatial scales shows a clear “T”‐shaped core–peripheral structure. However, we need to synthesize multiple open big data to improve the study and conduct the analysis in future work at finer spatial scales, such as census tracts, census blocks, or the street level.