Short Line Research Articles

Spruchzitate

Abstract: The paper tries to determine the aesthetic functions and the generic status of the author's gnomic quotations as a part of his aphoristic poetry. This differs from traditional aphorism collections in that it consists of groups of aphoristic sayings preceded by a title and presented, like certain modern poems, in centered short lines, instead of in prose. Modified in the same way, the quotations approach, albeit not in a generic sense, the poetic character of these aphorisms. Quoting does not reduce the author's discretionary power, because not only does he choose the passages, but he also gives them a Jewish religious interpretation established by the surrounding aphorisms. The main function of the quoted sayings within these mixed poems can be, for instance, that of leading the reader from the initial aphorism to the final one or that of confirming statements expressed in the aphorisms.

Influence of steel slag incorporation on internal skeletal contact characteristics within asphalt mixture

• Shape features of steel slag and limestone were calculated. • Meso-parameters of skeleton such as contact points and length were analyzed. • Gradations dominate the contact performance of steel slag in asphalt mixtures. • Potential interaction exists between gradation and slag content on skeleton contact. • Contact indicators of skeleton are remarkably influenced by aggregate angularity. This study employed X-ray computed tomography (CT) and image processing technology to characterize and quantify the internal skeleton composition within asphalt mixtures incorporating steel slag. The shape indices of steel slag and limestone including form and angularity features were calculated and meso-parameters of skeleton such as contact points, coordination number, and contact length were analysed, aiming to establish the relationship between aggregate shape and skeleton. The effect of gradations and slag contents were considered as well. Results denote gradations dominate the contact performance, the beneficial angularity of steel slag allows the promotion of contact originated by 4.75 mm-16.0 mm particles with surrounding ones in stone matrix asphalt (SMA-13), while encourages the contact from 2.36 mm to 4.75 mm particles in dense-graded asphalt concrete (AC-13). Instead of the common short contact lines in AC-13, the introduction of steel slag assures that SMA mixture creates plentiful longer contact lines among aggregates. Significance analysis indicates there is potential interaction between gradation and slag content on the skeleton contact. The skeleton of SMA mixture is more susceptible with slag content rather than AC one. Among overall meso-parameters, the average coordination number of 4.75 mm-9.5 mm particles and the sum of contact length are closely related to rut depth, and are remarkably influenced by the angularity of aggregate. These findings contribute to optimizing the skeleton design of steel slag asphalt mixture from the perspective of aggregate shape and possess enormous potential to reduce the dual environmental impacts of steel slag accumulation as well as resource mining.

Tangut Character Stroke Detection with Improved Hough Transform

In the research of Tangut character recognition, it was attempted to detect the stroke of character with standard Hough transform (SHT), but hindered by the inability of SHT to detect the curve-line. In this paper, Hough transform with guidance of endpoints (HTGE) was proposed to achieve better performance on the aspect of curve and short line detection. HTGE is implemented based on the conception of hypothesis and verification, first, to assume there is line between each pair of endpoints, and then the existence of line is checked according to the corresponding area accumulated value in the parameter domain. With setting up of test object and evaluation criterion, the experiment was carried out to determine the key parameter for the best performance, and it can be concluded from the experiment result that considerable performance can be achieved with HTGE in the application of line detection.

Passive Lumped DC Line Model With Frequency-Dependent Parameters for Transient Studies

This paper presents a passive lumped model for DC cables and overhead lines, taking into account the frequency dependency of the per-unit-length parameters due to the skin and proximity effects. In comparison to distributed parameter line models, such as the Frequency-Dependent Phase model of PSCAD, the proposed model does not require line propagation delay extraction and does not impose any restrictions on the simulation timestep. As a result, for electrically short lines, the introduced model is more computationally efficient than distributed parameter models as it enables simulation using larger timesteps. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated in comparison with the PI model and the Frequency-Dependent Phase model through time-domain simulations of a DC microgrid and a radial DC distribution feeder. The studies performed in PSCAD focus on fault-induced transients. The results indicate that for electrically short lines the developed model is significantly more accurate compared to the PI model and provides similar accuracy with more computational efficiency compared to the Frequency-Dependent Phase model.

Improved comprehensive energy-based control for MMC-HVDC system

The interconnection of two non-synchronous AC grids is one of the promising applications in the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based high-voltage direct-current transmission system (MMC-HVDC). Due to the complicated internal dynamics of the MMC, energy-based control is becoming an emerging technique to guarantee the robust stability of the MMC. However, conventional energy-based control cannot be applied simultaneously to the power-controlled MMC (PCMMC) and voltage-controlled MMC (VCMMC) interconnected by short or medium DC transmission lines. To address this problem, this paper proposes an improved energy-based control for the MMC-HVDC system aiming to achieve full control of the inner dynamics of MMCs regardless of the DC line length. A completed decoupled mathematical modeling with comprehensive state variables of MMCs is established. Then, a unified control framework for the PCMMC and the VCMMC considering AC grid conditions is developed. A distinct advantage of the scheme is that direct and fast regulation of the DC-side voltage can be achieved to improve the voltage behavior. The other is that the dynamic performance of the submodule capacitor voltages of VCMMC and PCMMC can be conspicuously improved under normal, AC system fault and arm parameter asymmetry conditions. Comparative simulations and hardware-in-loop (HIL) experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Dual-mode microstrip leaky-wave antenna for pattern diversity application.

We present a dual-mode microstrip leaky-wave antenna (LWA), which is characterized by radiating a single beam or dual symmetrical beam. Different from the conventional single-mode microstrip LWA, the designed antenna is based on the odd mode and the even mode of the employed shorted microstrip line. The working principle of these two modes is fully studied by analyzing the electric-field distributions and their dispersion curves. Additionally, it can be found that the odd mode and the even mode are capable of realizing different radiation patterns. Furthermore, a mode translator is particularly designed in order to efficiently excite the concerned two modes. Finally, the presented antenna is simulated, fabricated, and measured, and the simulated results agree well with the measurements. The tested far-field results show that the designed dual-mode LWA realized single-beam scanning from 39° to 64° when the frequency ranges from 4.5 to 5.0 GHz and dual symmetrical beam scanning from 44° to 60° as the frequency varies from 4.5 to 4.9 GHz, respectively.

Parameter Matching and Structural Optimization Design of H-SFCL in MMC Ship MVDC System

As a high-density and high-load system, ship DC system has the characteristics of short power supply line, low system damping. When a short-circuit fault occurs, it will cause serious damage and the direct current circuit breaker (DCCB) is required to cut off the fault current quickly. In our previous paper, a hybrid-type superconducting fault current limiter (H-SFCL) has been proposed, which can help DCCB reliably remove faults and realize fast reclosing. On this basis, the H-SFCL is selected and applied in ship medium voltage direct current (MVDC) system. In this paper, not only the current limiting principle of H-SFCL is introduced, but also its current limiting characteristics in modular multilevel converter (MMC) ship MVDC system are simulated and analyzed. In addition, the paraments selection and coil structural design of H-SFCL are optimized to improve the economy and ensure the safety and stability of the coil. Firstly, the parameter matching method is proposed based on the optimization algorithm in Matlab, and then the electromagnetic force coupling model in COMSOL is built to complete the structural optimization of the superconducting coil. The effectiveness of the optimization results is verified by stress analysis.

Optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a pair of microholes

An optical fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a pair of inner microholes in the fiber core is proposed and demonstrated for refractive index and temperature sensing. The microhole is fabricated by firstly inscribing a short line structure by femtosecond, and then discharging the short line area by using a fusion splicer. The incident light beam on the first microhole is divided into two parts, one remains traveling in the fiber core and the other is directed into the cladding and then collected by the second microhole after multiple reflections at the air/cladding interface. The two parts recombines in the fiber core, thus forming a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. By controlling the separation of the two microholes, transmission spectrum with different free spectral range can be obtained. The sensitivities achieved for refractive index and temperature are ∼ 68.2 nm/RIU and 57.8 pm/°C, respectively. Such a device is robust in structure, easy in fabrication, and convenient in operation.

Effects of local processing parameters on microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of electron beam powder bed fusion manufactured Ti–6Al–4V

Electron beam powder bed fusion scan strategies for parts or part groupings of various sizes and scan line lengths have been found to inadvertently lead to significant variations in crystallographic texture and mechanical properties for Ti–6Al–4V. This occurs over a range of scan line length that is well below the maximum scan line length recommended by the electron-beam powder bed fusion machine manufacturer. The microstructural attributes such as α lath thickness, prior β grain size, and β phase fraction were similar for materials fabricated under short and long scan line length conditions, but the crystallographic textures varied considerably. Electron backscatter diffraction measurements indicate the basal pole [0001]α was strongly aligned with the build direction for long scan line length conditions, whereas 112‾0α were aligned with the build direction for short scan line length conditions. Subsequent prior β reconstructions indicate a preference for alignment of 110β and 100β with build direction for long and short scan line length conditions, respectively. Both yield and ultimate tensile strengths along the build direction were approximately 8% higher for long scan line lengths, consistent with the observed differences in texture. The impact of a sub-solvus hot isostatic pressing was also investigated, however, this did not significantly change the textures of as-built materials or the relative strengths for the two processing conditions.

Application of Probabilistic Random Matrix Management Mode in Student Information Management for Higher Education

Traditional management method of student information is not only slow in operation, poor in confidentiality, and low in work efficiency, but also prone to statistical errors and data loss, which can no longer meet the needs of new situations. Probabilistic random matrix management mode can effectively coordinate the development of various businesses and strengthen their information flow through horizontal and vertical management across functional departments. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous literature, this study expounded the research status and significance of student information management of higher education, elaborated the development background, current status, and future challenges of probabilistic random matrix management mode, introduced the methods and principles of probabilistic matrix factorization algorithm and random matrix factorization model, discussed the service and supervision functions of student information management, analyzed the incentive and guiding functions of student information management, conducted the process analysis of student information management for higher education based on probabilistic random matrix management mode, established student identity document and student status management modules, designed student scholarship, statistics, and data management modules, constructed a student information management system for higher education based on probabilistic random matrix management mode, and finally carried out a case application and its result analysis. The study results show that the probabilistic random matrix management mode is a combination of linear and flat organizational structures and has the advantages of short information lines, fast information feedback, and high operation efficiency; it can input the matrix form of prior data and use statistical probability knowledge to derive the probability density function of posterior feature vector and predict the recommendation result through feature vector. The probabilistic random matrix management mode first calculates student’s behavior sequence through their management information and then calculates the student’s preference sequence according to their behavior sequence and label information and subsequently calculates the similarity matrixes about the students and their information and finally integrates the obtained student similarity matrix into the probabilistic matrix factorization model.

Differentiation of Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism predominant multiple system atrophy in early stage by morphometrics in susceptibility weighted imaging

Background and purposeWe previously established a radiological protocol to discriminate multiple system atrophy-parkinsonian subtype (MSA-P) from Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, we do not know if it can differentiate early stage disease. This study aimed to investigate whether the morphological and intensity changes in susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) of the lentiform nucleus (LN) could discriminate MSA-P from PD at early stages.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled patients with MSA-P, PD and sex- and age-matched controls whose brain MRI included SWI, between January 2015 and July 2020 at the Movement Disorder Center. Two specialists at the center reviewed the medical records and made the final diagnosis, and two experienced neuroradiologists performed MRI analysis, based on a defined and revised protocol for conducting morphological measurements of the LN and signal intensity.ResultsNineteen patients with MSA-P and 19 patients with PD, with less than 2 years of disease duration, and 19 control individuals were enrolled in this study. We found that patients with MSA- P presented significantly decreased size in the short line (SL) and corrected short line (cSL), ratio of the SL to the long line (SLLr) and corrected SLLr (cSLLr) of the LN, increased standard deviation of signal intensity (SIsd_LN, cSIsd_LN) compared to patients with PD and controls (P < 0.05). With receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, this finding had a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 73.7% to distinguish MSA- P from PD.ConclusionCompared to PD and controls, patients with MSA-P are characterized by a narrowing morphology of the posterior region of the LN. Quantitative morphological changes provide a reference for clinical auxiliary diagnosis.

Оценка жителями Российской Федерации своего здоровья и условий получения медицинской помощи

In the context of higher interest of healthcare executives in patient-centeredness, development of value-based healthcare and increasing public satisfaction with medical care, it is very important to have access to detailed information about how people evaluate the care provided, as well as to specify problems associated with receiving care. Such detailed information can provide directions for further development of organizational technologies and serve basis for developing management decisions. T h e p u r p o s e of the study is to analyze results of sociological surveys of the Russian population on self-assessment of health and conditions for receiving medical care. M a t e r i a l a n d m e t h o d s . The study used data available from the Rosstat (Federal State Statistics Service) official website – “Comprehensive monitoring over living conditions of the Russian population” (conducted in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020) in terms of questions related to receiving medical care by the survey respondents, based on a sample survey of representatives of various groups and population strata covering 10 thousand households. Analysis of the presented data was carried out using descriptive statistics methods by the following sections: respondents’ self-assessment of health, smoking and alcohol consumption, receiving outpatient care, receiving dental care, seeking emergency medical care, receiving inpatient care, non-care seeking if medical care is needed. R e s u l t s . The share of those who rated their health as “excellent” and “good” has increased. It should be noted here that males were more optimistic in assessing their health status than females. The share of the respondents reporting a chronic disease diagnosed by a doctor decreased from 30.2% in 2014 to 27.2% in 2020. There is no significant difference between urban and rural population. The share of non-smokers and those who have never smoked decreased from 63.5% in 2014 to 62.1% in 2020. The share of male alcohol consumers remained stable adding up to 70%, while the female share tended to increase from 49.5% in 2014 to 52.1% in 2020. Assessment of an average time spent on making an appointment with a doctor in outpatient settings has not changed in dynamics and equaled to about 18 minutes. The share of those receiving timely medical care out of those applied for care increased from 92.6% in 2016 to 95.1% in 2020. The share of those calling an ambulance tended to decrease: from 10.8% in 2014 to 10.1% in 2020. According to the surveys’ results, every year some 7–8% of the population receive specialized medical care in inpatient settings. The analysis of cases of non–care seeking if medical assistance is needed showed a decreased share of such respondents: 33.6% in 2014, 33.0% in 2016, 34.5% in 2018, and 29.2% in 2020. The share of those failing to get to or experiencing difficulty getting to a health care facility equaled to 3.3%, 2.5%, 2.8% and 1.9%, respectively. 7.2% of the respondents had “no time” for care seeking in 2014, 8.2% in 2016 and 2018, and 4.7% in 2020. A significant decrease in this indicator is rather logical and unsurprising in the context of the pandemic caused by a new coronavirus infection. C o n c l u s i o n s . From 2014–2020, self-assessment of health has improved; in general, males rate their health higher compared to females. Men smoke 5 times more often than women. Generally, they start smoking during the teen years. As a positive trend, we can point out an increasing share of people who quit smoking. Men drink alcohol 9 times more often than women. The share of the female alcohol consumers tends to increase. Negative trends in care delivery are as follows: increased waiting time for emergency medical care; increased average number of days waiting for hospital admission; decreased share of those admitted to the hospital on the day of the visit. Positive trends in care delivery include the following: decreased denials of outpatient care due to lack of necessary equipment or medicines, shorter lines in waiting premises to see a doctor; decreased offers of payed services; decreased waiting time for a doctor’s appointment; increased share of those receiving timely dental care. A tendency among the respondents towards self-medication and not seeking medical care due to lack of time has decreased.

Analysis and Improvement of Large-Disturbance Stability for Grid-Connected VSG Based on Output Impedance Optimization

Except for the benefits of mimicking synchronous generators, virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) still face particular small- and large-disturbance stability problems in practical applications. Therein, the large-disturbance stability is a much more dramatic and intractable problem, such as a short circuit or line tripping. Accordingly, this article explores this challenging problem from the perspective of output impedance optimization for VSGs. First, focusing on the potential risk of overcurrent during the electromagnetic process, the dynamic performances of different virtual impedance control structures used in VSGs are comparatively analyzed, and the output impedance boundary for suppressing the transient current is derived. Then, the output impedance boundaries for maintaining electromechanical transient stability are discussed in depth by using Lyapunov stability theory, which provides novel virtual impedance optimal design guidelines exclusively for the large-disturbance stability. Furthermore, a large-disturbance stability enhancement strategy based on adaptive virtual impedance control is proposed, which can limit the electromagnetic transient current and improves the electromechanical transient stability simultaneously. Finally, experiments validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Implementing High Q-Factor HTS Resonators to Enhance Probe Sensitivity in 13C NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) probes using thin-film high temperature superconducting (HTS) resonators provide exceptional mass sensitivity in small-sample NMR experiments for natural products chemistry and metabolomics. We report improvements in sensitivity to our 1.5 mm 13C-optimized NMR probe based on HTS resonators. The probe has a sample volume of 35 microliters and operates in a 14.1 T magnet. The probe also features HTS resonators for 1H transmission and detection and the 2H lock. The probe utilizes a 13C resonator design that provides greater efficiency than our previous design. The quality factor of the new resonator in the 14.1 T background field was measured to be 4,300, which is over 3x the value of the previous design. To effectively implement the improved quality factor, we demonstrate the effect of adding a shorted transmission line stub to increase the bandwidth and reduce the rise/fall time of 13C irradiation pulses. Initial NMR measurements verify 13C NMR sensitivity is significantly improved while preserving detection bandwidth. The probe will be used for applications in metabolomics.

DIGITAL PAYMENT SYSTEMS: A FUTURE OUTLOOK

Purpose- This study examines the development of digital payment systems with the evolution of communication technologies, financial institutions and fintech companies. Also, this study analyzes the expected effects of developing payment systems and fintech applications. Methodology- The study defines different types of digital payment systems, compares general characteristics of digital payments, provides a timeline of developments for digital payment systems and compares most used digital payment applications. Findings- The payments market is changing in line with consumer behavior. Cashless economies, mobile banking, instant payments, digital commerce, and the growing impact of regulatory agencies are a few trends affecting the payments market. Contactless payments also make the payment process easier and more convenient for consumers who benefit from shorter lines, cash-on-hand issue elimination, and faster moving queues.The Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to witness significant growth in the market such as China and India. Digital and mobile wallets account for 58% of regional e-commerce payments in the region and are expected to reach 68.2% by 2023. The e-commerce sector is witnessing a spike in demand as consumers order essential items such as food and clothes through e-commerce websites, where most consumers prefer the digital mode of payment.Transition towards the cashless economy, emergence of new online financial institutions, a decentralized monetary governance with the adoption of blockchain and cryptocurrencies are envisioned. Advancements in payment technologies as well as digital payment systems adoption will create momentum and create further investments towards digitalization of monetary exchange. Conclusion- It is concluded that evolution of digital payment systems will extend convenience, return, convergence, cross-border and time-limitless transaction. Inclusion of the unbanked is expected to drive growth and create new opportunities. There is a clear transition towards a cashless economy with the increasing adoption of digital payment systems by all spenders. Speed, privacy, convenience, security and decentralization will mean a wider inclusion for all global citizens; even including some unbanked population. Decentralization and blockchain will mean a blur in distribution of wealth, some money leaving the traditional banking systems. Digital payment systems provide a wide range of transaction options to its users; swiped credit cards, electronic checks, mobile wallets and contactless payment. By 2050s, the circulation of physical money is expected to vanish, leaving its place to virtual currencies changed on digital platforms. Keywords: Digital payments, online transactions, digital wallets, e-payment, cashless economy JEL Codes: M21, O33, O42

Effect of shield wires on GICs: Equivalent resistance and induced voltage sources

In transmission power networks and during geomagnetic storms, shield wires can carry induced currents in the same way as phase conductors. Shield wires are not usually considered in the transmission line models used in the study of the impact of geoelectric phenomena in power systems. In this study, the influence of shield wires on GICs in power systems is made clearer. The most simple power system, with one single transmission line connecting two substations and one shield wire, is considered. An analytical expression for the Thévenin equivalent circuit that, in parallel with the substations grounding resistances, produces the same effects on GICs as the complete circuit, is derived. Our model extends the results from previous studies by including the induced voltage along the shield wires. Differences can be relevant in relatively short transmission lines with only some tens of towers, where nevertheless the more simple asymptotic derived expressions may be used. Tests were done using realistic values for the circuit parameters and applied to real transmission lines.

A real-time corner smoothing and interpolation algorithm for short line segments to realize continuous motion of tool axis jerk

Aiming at the problem of acceleration and jerk fluctuation caused by the discontinuity at the corner of the tool path in the continuous short-line machining process, a real-time corner smoothing and interpolation algorithm for realizing the continuous motion of the tool axis jerk is proposed. In the corner smoothing process, the C3 continuity of tool path is realized by constructing a symmetrical PH transition curve satisfying the maximum approximation error constraint between adjacent short lines. In the interpolation process, based on the flexible acceleration and deceleration control method, the feed rate, chord error, acceleration, and jerk constraints are considered. For the smooth C3 continuous path, the acceleration and deceleration profile with jerk-continuous is used for velocity planning and interpolation, and the continuous motion of the tool axis jerk is realized. In this paper, the proposed method is compared and analyzed with the C2 continuous algorithm and the traditional point-to-point interpolation algorithm through simulation and experiment for the same tool path. The results show that the jerk fluctuation of the proposed algorithm is reduced by 60.36% on average compared with the C2 continuous algorithm, and the processing time is reduced by 19.5% compared with the point-to-point interpolation algorithm. It proves that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the vibration of the machine tool and improve the processing efficiency.

Vanishing Point Detection Method Based on Constrained Classification for Checkpoints on Urban Roads.

To solve the problems of computational complexity and inaccuracy in classical vanishing point detection algorithms, such as the cascaded Hough transform, a vanishing point detection method based on constrained classification is proposed. First, the short line data are filtered to avoid interference in straight line detection, and then, the line segment is screened and classified by hierarchical clustering according to the image characteristics of the line segment and the variation pattern of angle similarity. Subsequently, Three types of straight line segments with the most significant angle differences are acquired. To prevent the optimization algorithm from getting stuck in the “wrong” local optimum neighborhood or failing to locate the global optimum, a set of constraints are set to further restrict the search. Afterward, the classified line segments are projected into a finite rhombic space, which are then quantified. The point with the maximum vote is eventually identified as the vanishing point. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only greatly reduces the computational complexity of vanishing points but also largely improves the accuracy of vanishing point detection.

Application of Geoelectrical Resisivity Method for Iron Sand Exploration in Ulakan Tapakis Padang Pariaman

There is no doubt about the presence of iron sand around the west coast of West Sumatra. Several studies have been carried out, but in Ulakan Tapakis area is still under observation, and no investigation of its potential and distribution. One of the methods that can provide models and subsurface descriptions is using goelectrical resistivity method. The geoelectrical application in Ulakan Tapakis was used Wenner-Schlumberger array into 4 section. The section was designed perpendicular to the beach with a length of 47 meters for short lines and 470 meters for long line, the distance between sections was about 65 meters. The results obtained in the form of pseudosection types. Each section describes the distribution and lithology of rocks below the surface. The combination of all sections gives an overview of the iron sand model at Ulakan Tapakis. From the model obtained the results of geoelectrical measurements with the Wenner-Schlumberger array, the distribution of iron sand can be found along the coast of the study area at a depth of 0.7 m - 3 m in short line and 40 m in long line with resistivity values ranging from 52 - 289 Ωm

A modified implementation of the Folded Line Equivalent transmission line model in the Alternative Transient Program

This paper proposes a modified implementation of the Folded Line Equivalent transmission line model to represent three-phase transmission lines. The Folded line equivalent decomposes a line into its open circuit and short circuit contributions. We propose an alternative orthogonal matrix to transform single-phase transmission line parameters, voltages, and currents to the Folded Line Equivalent domain. Because the proposed matrix is orthogonal, it can directly represent bidirectional transformations using circuit components in simulation software, such as the ATP-EMTP. First, the circuit implementation of Clarke’s matrix decouples a three-phase transmission line into its modes. Then, the circuit implementation of the proposed matrix decouples each mode into its open circuit and short circuit contributions. This paper proves that the proposed approach outputs similar results as those obtained by the Universal Line Model and the JMarti model in the simulation of transmission lines under open-circuit, energization, and fault conditions. However, because the proposed model does not derive from the method of characteristics, it can run with simulation times greater than the propagation delay of the transmission line. It is shown that the proposed approach outputs accurate results for time steps that are 10%, 100%, 200%, and 400% of the propagation delay of the transmission line. Thus, one major advantage of the proposed approach is that it can be used to reduce runtimes in the representation of short transmission lines in large complex networks by increasing time steps without compromising accuracy.