Short Gun Research Articles

Enhanced Crime Prediction with Computer Vision-Yolov4 Approach

This research paper presents the development of an artificial intelligence safety application on an HP Pavilion gaming machine, utilizing criminal footage from reputable databases like the UCF-Crime open-source dataset. The system underwent meticulous data annotation to identify five distinct classes crucial for anomaly detection: Person, Short Gun, Handgun, Knife, and Rifle. Supervised machine learning techniques were applied, focusing on monitoring human trajectories and employing deep-SORT and Euclidean distance computations to track individuals, simulating real-world crime scenarios. The AI safety model showcased outstanding performance with an average precision rate of approximately 86.43%, exceeding 90% after 2000 iterations, demonstrating versatility across all categories with notable average precision accuracies for rifles (98.90%), handguns (96.93%), and knives (97.66%). Enhancements to the Python script improved the system's ability to detect weapons sub-objects in human subjects and classify potential perpetrators as high risk, a novel aspect of this study.

Short Gun Approaches for Alternate Bearing Control in Olive- A Review

Short Gun Approaches for Alternate Bearing Control in Olive- A Review

In Silico Prediction and Evaluation of the Selected Microbial Strain with Prebiotic Properties

Probiotics are useful bacteria which helps the human body when taken in adequate amount to improve the overall health as well as prevention of various illnesses. Probiotics can be used in treating many diseases ranging from respiratory tract infections to gastrointestinal diseases. Lactobacilli species are omnipresent in the environment and they also play an important role in food and other industries. Besides the environment they are also part of intestinal, oral and vaginal microbiome. In this study we have considered the Lactobacillus casei BL23 strain and compared with the other majorly commercialized strains and found that they are almost similar to the former strain. The genome of the BL23 was sequenced using a combination of pyro-sequencing and short gun sequencing. The CRISPR array is identified by using the CRISPR finder tool. The present study analysed the genome completely for the presence of antibiotic resistance that acquired as a defence mechanism and tried to forward the study and apply it in the food safety. In-silico analysis of Lactobacillus casei BL23 genome sequence resulted in CRISPR as immune or defence mechanism against the foreign elements. There is only one array and 21 spacers. The genome sequence data clearly showed that there are no plasmids present in this strain. The result obtained suggested that Lactobacillus casei BL23 can be utilised in food industry as it facilitate its application as a probiotic or starter culture in food industries and considered to be save as it is free of virulence determinants.

System for an acoustic detection, localisation and classification

<p class="Abstract">Currently, acoustic detection techniques of gunshots (gunshot detection and its classification) are increasingly being used not only for military applications but also for civilian purposes. Detection, localisation, and classification of a dangerous event such as gunshots employing acoustic detection is a perspective alternative to visual detection, which is commonly used. In some situations, to detect and localise the source of a gunshot, an automatic acoustic detection system, which can classify the caliber, may be preferable. This paper presents a system for acoustic detection, which can detect, localise and classify acoustic events such as gunshots. The system has been tested in open and closed shooting ranges and tested firearms are 9 mm short gun, 6.35 mm short gun, .22 short gun, and .22 rifle gun with various subsonic and supersonic ammunition. As ‘false alarms’, sets of different impulse acoustic events like door slams, breaking glass, etc. have been used. Localisation and classification algorithms are also introduced. To successfully classify the tested acoustic signals, Continuous Wavelet and Mel Frequency Transformation methods have been used for the signal processing, and the fully two-layer connected neural network has been implemented. The results show that the acoustic detector can be used for reliable gunshot detection, localisation, and classification.</p>

Strain-based health monitoring and remaining life prediction of large caliber gun barrel

When a large caliber rifled gun fires, wear and fatigue damage the gun barrel and lead to the end of its useful life. It is important to understand the gun barrel condition during its service time and to predict the remaining useful life. In this paper, three traditional life prediction methods, including heat-based, dimension-based and velocity-based method, are summarized and proved to be insufficient for predicting the remaining useful life. A novel strain-based approach to life prediction of gun barrel is presented and analyzed theoretically, in which the strain of the outside surface of gun barrel is selected as a health index of the gun barrel. A large number of laboratory experiments on engraving small caliber projectiles have been carried out to verify the reasonability and feasibility of this strain-based method. Self-made copper and brass jacketed projectiles were pushed through a short gun barrel section under quasi-static and dynamic loading. The hoop and axial strains were measured using strain gauges and stored for analysis. Experimental results are listed as follows. (1) The measured strains do reflect the interaction between projectile and gun barrel under different test conditions. (2) Material property of jacket and diameter of projectile have influence on the external strains. (3) The jacket undergoes friction and plastic deformation during the engraving process. Effects of strain rate and thermal softening play critical roles in affecting the projectile and gun barrel interaction. This finding helps to explain that higher strains at low charges and lower strains at high charges occur to a 155 mm gun during firing practice.

Enhancing the properties of WC/Co detonation coatings using two-component fuels

Detonation spraying of WC/Co was conducted with two-component fuel using a computer-controlled detonation spraying system. The in-flight temperatures and velocities of the particles were calculated and optimized for C2H2/C3H8/O2 and C2H2/C4H10/O2 detonation gas mixtures. The stable spraying mode was realized in a short gun barrel thanks to the formation of a stratified explosive charge by means of precise computer-controlled supply of the gas components. The stand-off distance was varied from 50 to 400 mm and the substrate tilt angle relative to a plane normal to the spraying direction was varied from 0 to 60°. The formation of splats was analyzed to determine the optimal spraying mode. The microstructure and porosity of the coating were studied, and microhardness, bonding strength and wear resistance were measured. It was found that spraying with two-component fuels produces coatings with enhanced properties. For the WC-12wt.%Co coatings, the following characteristics were achieved: porosity of <0.5%, microhardness of 1500 HV300 and ASTM G65 abrasion wear of <1mm3/1000 rev. It was found that the coating properties do not deteriorate significantly with increasing the substrate tilt angle up to 30°: e.g., the abrasion wear increases by 17% only.

Assessment of Extent and Severity of Pellet Induced Abdominal Injuries, a Rare Variant of Weapon Violence: A Prospective Study

Background: The use of a Pellet gun, a form of short gun used for mob control in many conflict zones, has posed a serious challenge to the surgeons in assessing the extent of trauma caused by these pellets. Objectives: To study the role of conventional available investigations for trauma like ultrasonography and computed tomography scans in assessing the severity of the injuries caused by the pellets. Methodology: 50 patients having pellet injuries predominantly in abdomen without other associated trauma were included in the study. The decision for surgery was taken on the basis of clinical and CECT (Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography) findings and these findings were then compared with intra-operative findings. Results: 30/50 patients were decided to be operated on the basis of Clinical and CECT findings. On exploration, it was observed that 18/33 patients really needed exploration while as 15/33 patients could have been managed conservatively. This was observed in next 20/50 patients who were put on conservative management with similar CECT findings. Of these 20 patients, 17 did well while as 3 were explored later in view of developing peritonitis and were found to have small bowel perforations. Conclusion: Conventional investigations for trauma like FAST and CECT abdomen are not ideal for assessing the severity of pellet induced abdominal visceral injuries which result in high rate of unnecessary laparotomies. Also the abdominal pellet trauma patients can be well managed conservatively until hemodynamically stable even though CT scan shows pellet penetration into peritoneal cavity or bowel lumen.

Efficacy of silicon priming and fertigation to modulate seedling's vigor and ion homeostasis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline environment.

Seed preconditioning, a short gun approach to modulate the effects of abiotic stresses on crop plants, has recently gained considerable attention of the researchers to induce salinity tolerance in agronomically important crops. The present study was conducted to explore the comparative efficacy of presowing seed priming with silicon (Si) and Si fertigation to modulate the wheat growth and ion dynamics. Seeds of wheat variety, PUNJAB-11, were sown in Petri plates having nutrient solutions with (120mM) and without NaCl. Six levels of Si (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50mM), applied as sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), were tested either as a seed priming agent or as a supplement in the nutrient solution. Priming of seeds with Si mitigated the adverse effects of salinity stress on germination percentage, root as well as shoot length, dry and fresh weight. Application of Si either as preconditioning of seeds or addition in the growth medium resulted in reduced accumulation of sodium (Na(+)) in wheat seedlings under saline environment. Seedling's potassium (K(+)) contents either remained unaffected or decreased whereas calcium (Ca(2+)) contents decreased at all Si concentrations except at 30mM when Si primed seeds were grown under salt stress. Addition of Si, under salt stress, in cultivation medium exerted a positive effect on seedling's K(+) and Ca(2+) contents. Silicon contribution to decontamination strategies was evaluated.

Computational Investigation of High Velocity Ballistic Impact Test on Kevlar 149

The Kevlar is an organic high crystalline fiber belonging to the aromatic polyamide family extensively used for its strength. Kevlar fiber posses high cut resistance and flame resistance, hence they have a wide range of application in ballistic and defense [2]. This paper investigates how K-149 behaves mechanically under sudden high velocity impact, it also shows which types of Kevlar grade hold the maximum impact stiffness capacity. In addition it also predicts the stress induced on the specimen at the time of impact. The ballistic impact object considered as 9mm standard size bullet used in short gun. The assumed velocity for these cases is 650m/s. The specimens K-149 &amp; k-49 taken to be rectangle with the standard size 50 mm x 50 mm. The computational analysis done on Kevlar 49 &amp; 149 and the results have been compared with the help of the pictorial representation of post processing abaqus results and the best ballistic material can be chosen. This paper also provided the recommended research data to fill the technology gap in defense material science.

Ejection patterns of shot residues made from 9 mm Parabellum gun, 9 mm short gun, .38 revolver and 7.62 mm Cetme rifle

In firearm shot combustion primary residues are first expelled, which form a distal cloud, followed by the bullet accompanied by secondary residues and finally the rest of the combustion residues or the tertiary residues. The secondary residues are expelled in high amounts and very dark concentrated soiling is deposited on the target. The distal cloud forms dispersed, light or blurred soiling. Depending on the distance and taking into account the characteristics of the shot residues, we estimate that the distances can be calculated sub-classifying them into: contact wound shots; shots at close range with dense or clustered soiling; shots at close range with medium concentration soiling; shots at close range with blurred or low density soiling; shots at close range with gunpowder tattoo; and short and long distance shots.

Envelope analysis of intense relativistic quasilaminar beams in rf photoinjectors:mA theory of emittance compensation

In this paper we provide an analytical description for the transverse dynamics of relativistic, space-chargedominated beams undergoing strong acceleration, such as those typically produced by rf photoinjectors. These beams are chiefly characterized by a fast transition, due to strong acceleration, from the nonrelativistic to the relativistic regime in which the initially strong collective plasma effects are greatly diminished. However, plasma oscillations in the transverse plane are still effective in significantly perturbing the evolution of the transverse phase space distribution, introducing distortions and longitudinal-transverse correlations that cause an increase in the rms transverse emittance of the beam as a whole. The beam envelope evolution is dominated by such effects and not by the thermal emittance, and so the beam flow can be considered quasilaminar. The model adopted is based on the rms envelope equation, for which we find an exact particular analytical solution taking into account the effects of linear space-charge forces, external focusing due to applied as well as ponderomotive RF forces, acceleration, and adiabatic damping, in the limit that the weak nonlaminarity due to the thermal emittance may be neglected. This solution represents a special mode for beam propagation that assures a secularly diminishing normalized rms emittance and it represents the fundamental operating condition of a space-charge-compensated RF photoinjector. The conditions for obtaining emittance compensation in a long, integrated photoinjector, in which the gun and linac sections are joined, as well as in the case of a short gun followed by a drift and a booster linac, are examined. @S1063-651X~97!10706-1#

Low Voltage Injection into the Electron Linear Accelerator

The use of low gun voltages for linac injection is, in general, impractical because the capture, or trapping, fraction of injected electrons is slight unless other especial devices are employed. For example, single gap cavities have been used as pre-accelerators, rather than velocity modulation prebunchers. Ordinarily a tapered phase velocity structure suggests itself; however, at very low voltages a reasonable disc thickness excludes any volume for the cavity. This report describes a novel use of a constant phase velocity periodic structure to capture and bunch a low voltage beam which is currently being used in low energy accelerators. A proposed additional use of this scheme is for obtaining very short pulses. Normally, high voltage diode guns have a perveance considerably lower than low voltage guns, requiring, therefore, a short high voltage pulse which is difficult to achieve owing to rise and fall time. It is suggested that the trapping scheme described above, using an achievable short pulse and low voltage gun will provide short beam pulses.

The experimental characteristics of a wide dynamic range crossed-field gun

This paper briefly describes the experimental verification of the properties of a wide dynamic range crossed-field gun [1]. This gun, which is a combination of a Kino short gun (or it could be a Kino long gun) and a two-section transformer region, can be used to inject electron beams (with cathode current density varying over a wide range) into the interaction region under optimum conditions and under conditions of a fixed magnetic field. The beam injection level and its injection velocity can also be varied over a wide range by suitably adjusting the electric fields in the two sections of the transformer. The fabrication of the experimental tube is also briefly described.

Beam convergence and current limitations in crossed-field electron guns

A simple derivation leads to a useful expression for the maximum achievable convergence in a crossed-field electron gun in terms of the normalized final beam potential. Expressions for maximum attainable beam currents are given. These show the severe limitations on the short gun at high values of magnetic field.

Noise reduction in crossed-field guns by cathode tilt

In this letter, noise studies of a short Kino gun with and without cathode tilts are described. It is found that for B/B c ≈ 1 there is a sharp increase in noise without any cathode tilt in a short Kino gun. For tilted cathodes noise appears only for B/B c > 1. Two tilts have been investigated in order to study the relative effect. A tilt produces an extra component of magnetic field at the cathode surface in addition to the magnetic field in the conventional direction. With tilted cathodes the noise output is reduced by two orders of magnitude from that obtained from an untilted cathode in a short Kino gun.

Direct synthesis of crossed-field electron guns—A novel gun for producing Brillouin flow

A direct approach to the synthesis of crossed-field electron guns is presented. An iterative approximation to the desired beam form is achieved by application of the paraxial ray equation alternatively solving for potential and curvature along the beam while maintaining certain end-point conditions and the desired convergence pattern. When sufficient accuracy is obtained, polynomial approximations are used to express shapes of the trajectories and the electric fields along the beam edges in analytic form. The electrodes to produce the necessary electric fields along the beam edges are calculated by Kirstein's method. A conformal transformation is used to transform the beam edge into the real axis of a complex plane and analytic continuation of a suitable complex potential function is employed to find equipotential lines. These are transformed back into the plane of real coordinates and are surfaces along which electrodes can be placed. A novel short gun which produces a Brillouin beam has been designed using the iterative approach. The availability of beam curvature as a variable has made it possible to find an electrode system which controls the transition from the cathode-region flow characteristics used in Kino's short gun to a drift Brillouin beam. Detailed experimental evaluation of the gun reveals that the beam characteristics are in good agreement with those predicted theoretically.

A Wide Dynamic Range Crossed-field Gun†

ABSTRACT Generally, a short Kino gun can give an electron beam with optimum launching conditions only for the designed value of the cathode current density. For other values of the cathode current density the beam has a y component of velocity and it enters the interaction region with cycloid formation. Also, the y location of the beam changes with the cathode current density. This is true unless the various parameters, including the magnetic field, are simultaneously changed. A transformer is described which, when placed at the gun exit, helps in launching beams of widely different cathode current densities under optimum conditions, without changing the magnetic field. The gun-transformer combination thus results in a wide dynamic range gun. The same gun can be used for CW and pulsed operations. The transformer allows electronic control of the level at which the beam is injected into the interaction region, thus providing control of gain, efficiency and noise. Heretofore, this level was varied by adjusti...

Low-noise Measurements on an Injected-beam Medium-power Crossed-field Amplifier†

ABSTRACT Very low-noise measurements on an injected-beam crossed-field amplifier are discussed. Various considerations in the design of the low-power amplifier are discussed. The major factors in the achievement of low-noise measurements are the minimization of diocotron gain, use of a short Kino gun, introduction of a velocity-jump-type noise transformer and attenuation/elimination of the undesirable modes. The dependence of noise-figure value upon the various parameters is investigated. It is found that the effect of slight discrepancies in the values of one parameter can be compensated by proper adjustment of another suitable parameter. Broadbanding of the low-noise data is discussed. It is found that the uniformity of the line, good matches at the input/output transitions and a matched load are also necessary for low-noise results.

Investigation of a Convergent Flow Crossed-field Gun†

ABSTRACT An abbreviated version of the Kino short gun has been developed for use as a crossed-field beam injection system. The gun is terminated at a plane where the theoretical average space-charge density, beam location and beam thickness are approximately equal to the corresponding Brillouin quantities for the given anode-sole region conditions. The theoretical design was subjected to a digital computer analysis with the results indicating some intersection of the electron trajectories, although the beam configuration was essentially as predicted. Modification of the cathode ramp electrodes resulted in either laminar flow or uniform cathode emission, but not simultaneously. Experimental investigations carried out in a beam analyser indicated better than 90% transmission of cathode current to the collector for theoretical operating conditions. Beam profile measurements verified that the beam entered the anode-sole region with the desired thickness and at approximately the Brillouin beam location. Furthe...

A Modified Short Kino Gun for Low Noise Operation†

ABSTRACT Results obtained from the eigenvalue perturbation method and Monte Carlo calculations are discussed. It is noted that the space-charge waves experience a growth during the latter part of the beam trajectory in the first half cycloid before the beam enters the interaction region. From the formula for the diocotron gain for a beam between two conducting planes, it is shown that diocotron gain is maximum when the beam is placed symmetrically with respect to the two conducting planes and is reduced to zero value when the beam position approaches either of the two conducting planes. Some further considerations for diocotron gain reduction are discussed. These results are in agreement with the experimental results. It is shown that the growth noticed in the earlier methods is essentially due to the diocotron gain during the latter part of the beam trajectory in the gun region. For low noise operation, a virtual elimination of the latter part of the gun region in the short Kino gun and a modified short ...