Short Face Research Articles

Modelling the green transition of the Chinese economy

This paper develops a stock–flow consistent (SFC) macroeconomic model with an energy sector for China to investigate the effect of green policies on green transition and the economy. We provide an analytical solution for green transition that illustrates the relative cost of using conventional energy with respect to renewable energy to determine the share of renewable energy and how the development of the energy sector promotes green transition. Our solution also demonstrates the necessity of green policies for a green transition. We calibrate the model to the national determined contributions (NDCs) scenarios from the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) and run simulations from 2019 to 2035. The results show carbon taxes stimulate green transition but have a negative impact on the economy, accompanied by a reduction in economic growth, current account deficit and a rise in inflation. Carbon taxes deteriorate firms’ balance sheets. Governments benefit from carbon taxes in the short run but face a higher public debt to GDP ratio in the long run. Carbon taxes reduce carbon intensity and carbon emissions. We also compared the effect of green fiscal policy to conventional fiscal policies financed by carbon taxes (carbon rebate). Green subsidies benefit economic growth more effectively. They reduce inflation caused by carbon taxes and stimulate the green transition further.

Influence of the Rater's Gender on Assessing Facial Beauty in Adult Patients With Vertical and Horizontal Growth Patterns.

Background The evaluation of attractiveness varies from one civilization, culture, and environment to another and between individuals. Gender can also play a role in determining the standards of attractiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rater's gender on the assessment of adult facial attractiveness with a vertical and horizontal growth pattern in patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion. Methodology The study sample comprised extraoral photos taken before the treatment of 120 patients (30 males and 30 females in each group) with skeletal Class I malocclusion and vertical and horizontal growth patterns according to the Bjork sum aged between 18 and 25 years. A panel of 30 laypersons (aged 19-25 years with an average age of 23 ± 0.53 years), including raters from both genders, were selected equally using a disproportionate stratified sampling method through a computer-generated list. The raters used the visual analog scale (VAS) to provide a score for each photograph's aesthetic quality. The most attractive group, which received the greatest aesthetic score, and the least attractive group, which received the lowest aesthetic score, were the two groups formed based on each photograph's mean aesthetic scores. Overall, 13 patients were chosen for each group. Subsequently, the average assessment score for every patient photo set was determined. Independent-sample t-tests were employed to ascertain if the raters' gender made a statistically significant difference in assessing patients with vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Results There were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with vertical growth patterns (p < 0.001), where the average rating of the female raters was significantly greater than that of the male raters in evaluating female patients. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with horizontal growth patterns (p = 0.009), where the average rating of the male raters was significantly greater than that of the female raters in evaluating female patients. Conclusions There is a limited effect of the rater's gender in evaluating facial aesthetics. However, the facial features of female patients with long faces are preferred by females more than males, and males are more critical in evaluating these patients. On the other hand, males favor the facial features of female patients with short faces more than females, and females are more critical in evaluating these patients. These results suggest considering patients' personal characteristics with vertical and horizontal growth patterns during diagnosis and treatment planning.

Chinese medical short text classification model based on DPECNN

Medical short text classification is of great significance to medical information extraction and medical auxiliary diagnosis. However, medical short texts face challenges such as sparse features, semantic ambiguity, and the specialized nature of the medical field, resulting in relatively low accuracy in short text classification. Taking into consideration the characteristics of medical short texts, this paper proposes a Chinese medical short text classification model based on DPECNN. First, ERNIE is utilized to learn text knowledge and information in order to enhance the model’s semantic representation capabilities. Then, the DPECNN model is employed to extract rich feature information, and the classification results are generated through a fully connected layer. In the case of DPCNN, it only considers deep-level contextual semantic information, overlooking the correlation of adjacent semantic information between channels. To address this, ECA channel attention is introduced to account for adjacent semantic information. The use of a self-normalizing activation function helps avoid the problem of vanishing gradients. To enhance the model’s robustness and generalization ability, the FGM adversarial training algorithm is employed to perturb the data. The F1 values achieved on the THUCNews, KUAKE-QIC, and CHIP-CTC datasets are 95.00%, 79.45%, and 82.81%, respectively.

Attractive combinations of female gingival displays, buccal corridor sizes, and facial heights according to orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople of different ages and sexes: a psychometric study

IntroductionEsthetics plays a crucial role in orthodontics and many other dental and medical fields. To date, no study has assessed the combined effects of the 3 facial features ‘facial height, gingival display (GD), and buccal corridor size (BC)’ on facial/smile beauty. Therefore, this study was conducted for the first time.MethodsIn this psychometric diagnostic study, beauty of 27 randomized perceptometric images of a female model with variations in facial heights (short, normal, long), gingival displays (0, 2, 4, 6 mm), and buccal corridor sizes (2%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) were evaluated by 108 judges (36 orthodontists, 36 dentists, 36 laypeople) using a 5-scale Likert scale (1 to 5). Combined effects of facial heights, GDs, BCs, judges’ sexes, ages, and jobs, and their 2-way interactions were tested using a mixed-model multiple linear regression and a Bonferroni test. Zones of ideal features were determined for all judges and also for each group using repeated-measures ANOVAs and the Bonferroni test (α=0.05).ResultsJudges’ sex but not their age or expertise might affect their perception of female beauty: men gave higher scores. The normal face was perceived as more beautiful than the long face (the short face being the least attractive). Zero GD was the most attractive followed by 4 mm; 6 mm was the least appealing. BCs of 15% followed by 10% were the most attractive ones, while 25% BC was the worst. The zone of ideal anatomy was: long face + 0mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; long face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 0mm GD + 15% BC.ConclusionsNormal faces, zero GDs, and 15% BCs may be the most appealing. Facial heights affect the perception of beauty towards GDs but not BCs.

Atlanto-occipital Assimilation an Incidental Cephalometric Finding: Diagnosis and Clinical Implications – A Case Report

Occipitalization of atlas is an osseous anomaly of the craniovertebral junction, which occurs at the base of the skull in the region of the foramen magnum. It is the fusion of first cervical vertebra with the occipital bone of the skull. A 16-year-old patient reported with chief complaint of irregularly placed teeth. Routine lateral cephalogram assessment revealed the presence of fusion between first cervical vertebrae (C-1) and base of skull. The radiographic investigation revealed the presence of fusion along with the clinical findings of short neck, short face, cleft palate, missing teeth, and pain during neck extension and flexion. Such cases of craniocervical anomaly can cause orthopedic and neurological problems like abnormal posture of head, restricted neck movements, cervical pain, pain in extremities, wasting of muscles, and convulsions. The comprehensive radiographic assessment of all structures visible in cephalogram of orthodontic patient can help in identification of such anomalies and sensitize the patients about symptomatic or asymptomatic condition.

Associations between the 3D position of the mental foramen with sagittal skeletal relationships (classes I, II, and III) and vertical facial growth patterns (normal, long, and short faces) in different ages and sexes: a retrospective cohort study of 360 CBCTs

BackgroundThe 3D position of the mental foramen (MF) is of significant clinical value in dental implantology and mandibular surgeries or in local anesthesia. Despite its importance, it is not clearly known how the position of MF can alter in different individuals, since the literature on the associations between the MF position with vertical growth patterns is non-existent and those on links between the MF position and skeletal malocclusions are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate these, for the first time, on cone-beam computed tomographies (CBCTs).MethodsArchival CBCTs of 9 sub-groups (i.e., 3 skeletal Classes I, II, and III × 3 vertical growth patterns ‘long face, short face, normal face’) were collected by evaluating patients’ SNA, SNB, ANB, facial angle, lower facial height, and FMA (n = 9 × 40 = 360). Included cases were older than 17 years and without any history of orthodontic/orthognathic treatments (243 women, 117 men, mean age: 22.28 ± 2.80 years). Perpendicular distances between the MF and 3 fixed bony structures (the mandibular symphysis [S/width], the mandibular ramus [R/length], and the mandibular lower cortex [C/height]) were measured on different sectional planes on both hemimandibles. Left- and right-side measurements were combined. Data were analyzed using the 3-way ANCOVA, Bonferroni, one-way ANOVA, Tamhane, Pearson, and t-test (α = 0.05).ResultsWidth was the smallest in Class II and greatest in Class III cases (all P values < 0.000001, Bonferroni). It was the shortest in long faces and longest in short faces (all P values ≤ 0.00008). The inferior-superior height was larger in Class III than both Classes I and II (both P values ≤ 0.003); there was no significant difference between Classes I and II in terms of height (P = 0.684). Height was the largest in long faces and smallest in short faces (all P values < 0.000001). The anterior-posterior length was the largest in Class III and smallest in Class II (all P values < 0.000001). Length was larger in short-face people versus normal- or long-face individuals (P ≤ 0.00003); nevertheless, long and normal faces did not differ in terms of length (P = 0.448). Subjects’ age was not correlated with their MF positions (P ≥ 0.579, Pearson coefficient). Sex dimorphism existed only for height (P = 0.009, t-test) but not for length or width.ConclusionsThe MF position may considerably differ in various horizontal or vertical growth patterns and sexes. This should be noted in mandible surgeries.

Two new species of ektopodontid marsupial from the lower deposits of the Etadunna Formation (latest Oligocene), South Australia and a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Ektopodontidae

Molar morphologies of the latest Oligocene genera, Chunia and Ektopodon, are easy to distinguish, but species determinations are more difficult. As more specimens have been collected, more maxillary fragments with molars and/or alveoli and a portion of the rostrum preserved are available. With a suite of maxillae now known, new ektopodontid features have revealed themselves, including the shortening of the rostrum compared to other families of contemporary possums. The facial angulation represented by the flexure of the rostrum at the boundary between P3 and the molar row results in the rostrum being angled differently than the molar row. Ektopodontids have a significantly greater angulation and thus shorter faces, compared to that seen in contemporary phalangeriform possums. Two new species of the genus Chunia, from the lower Etadunna Formation, South Australia, can be distinguished from the type species, Chunia illuminata, of the Ditjimanka Local Fauna. Differences in molar morphologies and the degree of facial angulation distinguish a new species of Chunia from the lowest faunal zone and the Minkina Local Fauna (facial angulation of 52°) from C. illuminata from the next higher faunal zone (Ditjimanka Local Fauna), which has a greater facial angulation of 63°, while a second new species of Chunia, also from the Dijimanka Local Fauna, has a facial angulation of 58° and intermediate molar traits. The degree of facial shortening is a valid discriminator between species of ektopodontid marsupials as it coincides with the species level differences in dental morphology. Additionally, C. omega from the Tarkarooloo Local Fauna is placed in new genus, Ngathachunia, as it is outside of the hypodigms for both of the previously described genera, Chunia and Ektopodon. A well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the family indicates the species of Ektopodon form a monophyletic clade, while the species of Chunia are paraphyletic.Judd A. Case [jcase@ewu.edu], Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA. Case, J.A., Month, 202X. Two new species of ektopodontid marsupial from the lower deposits of the Etadunna Formation (latest Oligocene), South Australia and a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Ektopodontidae. Alcheringa XXX, X–X. ISSN 0311-5518.

Why the short face? The face lengths of sthenurine kangaroos scale with negative allometry

ABSTRACT The larger species in many mammalian clades have relatively longer faces than their smaller relatives. This has been shown to be true for extant kangaroos (Macropodinae), who follow the CREA rule of positive facial allometry; but the extinct short-faced kangaroos (Sthenurinae) have not so far been examined. Using linear measurements, rather than CREA techniques, we show here that sthenurine face lengths scale with negative allometry, thus differing from the trend seen in their extant relatives.

Factors affecting obstructive sleep apnea severity depending on craniofacial morphological type

AbstractAimAs the craniofacial morphology has major effects on the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Asians, factors contributing to the severity of OSA may differ depending on craniofacial characteristics. This study investigated factors affecting OSA severity in patients according to craniofacial morphological type.MethodsStudy participants comprised 227 men examined following a diagnosis of OSA between May 2017 and October 2021. We examined cephalometric X‐rays and results of polysomnography on presentation, and classified the craniofacial morphological type of the participant as “long face type” (Group L) for facial axis (Fx) angle &lt;86° or as “short face type” (Group S) for Fx angle ≥86°. We conducted stepwise binomial logistic regression analysis with apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/h or AHI &lt; 15 events/h as the dependent variable and age, body mass index (BMI), and the cephalometric parameters SNA, SNB, Fx, PNS‐P, MPT, MP‐H, SPAS, MAS, and IAS as independent variables.ResultsBMI and PNS‐P in Group S and BMI and MP‐H in Group L were identified as independent predictors of AHI ≥ 15 events/h.ConclusionsFactors affecting severity of OSA differ by craniofacial morphological type, with factors of obesity and hyoid bone position for long face‐type patients and obesity and soft palate length for short face‐type patients. Optimal treatment requires consideration of craniofacial morphology and establishment of treatment policies that take causative factors into account.

To Net or Not to Net, That Is the Question: A Regulatory Review for Calculating the ESG Impact of Hedge Fund Portfolios

Sustainable finance regulation has largely overlooked alternatives, particularly hedge funds, given the greater complexity of strategies and asset classes. However, regulators are now expanding their scope to recognize the role that hedge funds can play in sustainable finance. The role of short selling in sustainable finance, especially in a net zero context, has been increasingly discussed and debated among regulators, market participants, investor initiatives, investor trade organizations and ESG data providers. There is a concern that hedge funds may intentionally or unintentionally employ short selling to misrepresent their real-world impact which is distinct from exposure to financial risk. This article summarizes these arguments and traces the signals from UK, US, and European regulators. It contributes to the discourse by providing considerations to the channels of influence, specifically the efficacy of short selling among different asset classes to affect the cost of capital; the time-varying aspect of short selling; and the limitations that short sellers face when engaging corporates. Last, the EU—as the regulator with the most mature regulatory framework—appears to establish a compromise that balances safeguards against greenwashing with the mechanics of portfolio management and reporting.

Assessment and comparison of cranial base morphology in individuals with long face and short face.

The objectives of the study was to assess and compare the cranial base morphology in long face and short face. The study comprises 64 individuals (32 in each group). Group I consists of individual's with long face and group II comprises individuals with short face. Individuals were classified into groups with the help of lateral cephalometric parameters like Gonial Angle, Anterior facial height, Posterior facial height, Jarabak's Ratio, and Y-axis. Linear and angular measurement in the cranial base was taken. The results showed statistically significant difference in Sella-Nasion, Sella-Basion and Nasion-Sella-Basion between the two groups. Sella-Spinoethmoidal suture, Nasion-Spinoethmoidal suture, Spinoethmoidal suture-Sella-Basion, Frankfurt Horizontal-Sella-Nasion, Frankfurt horizontal-Sella-Basion, Frankfurt horizontal-Sella-Spinoethmoidal suture showed no statistically significant difference among the groups. The study concluded that individuals with long face have a greater Sella-Nasion, Sella-Basion, Nasion-Sella-Basion compared to individuals with short face.

Comparative Evaluation of Rate of Intrusion and Amount of Periapical Root Resorption with Temporary Anchorage Devices and Connecticut Intrusion Arch in Adult PopulationA Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: Deep bite is a complaint where there is an increase the in the vertical overlap between the upper and lower arch front teeth. Deep bite is a relatively short face with a square gonial angle and flat mandibular plane are related to the skeletal dimensions that influence this condition. An untreated, deep overbite leads to the problems such as: abnormally increased wear and harm to the teeth, periodontal complains issues with occluding and chewing food, headaches and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), painful sores or ulcers, loss of tooth structure and tooth itself. There are various treatment modalities which aid in correction of these anomalies. Such as: mini screw implants Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) and various intrusion arches. Need of the Study: Due to the paucity of evidence regarding rate of intrusion and the correlation of root resorption with use of bilateral TADs and Connecticut Intrusion Arch (CIA), with the aid of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), the present study will be conducted to provide an insight into the efficacy of both treatment modalities to correct deep bite and identify which of the two modalities provide less damage to the root and surrounding structure. Materials and Methods: The following prospective interventional study will be conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi, Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The duration of study will be two years. A sample of 20 patients will be split into two groups to perform the study. Bilateral TADs will be implanted in group A, while CIA will be placed in group B to allow for the intrusion of front teeth. All the patients will be started with initial levelling and alignment using MBT 0.022” bracket prescription. After leveling and alignment miniscrew implants (TADs) will be placed in the labial cortical plates in between the lateral and canine bilaterally in Group A and CIA will be placed in patients allotted to Group B. CBCT records will be collected in the following time intervals: Before applying intrusion mechanics (T0 ), After one month of applying intrusion mechanics (T1 ), three months after applying intrusion mechanics; (T2 ) six months after applying intrusion mechanics (T3 ). Rate of intrusion and amount of root resorption will be assessed and compared between these time intervals. Expected Outcome: The rate of intrusion using different intrusion mechanics have been assessed by other studies, however, they have not been correlated with the amount of root resorption caused by these technique. Therefore, the present study intends to evaluate and compare the rate of intrusion and the amount of root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth using TADs and CIA and thereby assessing better modality in correction of deep bite.

마스크와 모자 개발을 위한 20∼24세 남성의 얼굴 및 머리 유형 분석

This study attempted to analyze the face and head shape of 20∼24 aged males using the 8th Size Korea Survey and classify the types to find out the characteristics of each type. Through this, it was intended to provide data to help develop fashion items that span the face and head, such as masks and hats. A total of 39 items of data were analyzed with the SPSS 26.0 program. Among the measurement items on the face and head of men in 20∼24, the items with the largest standard deviation were Head Circumference, Bitragion Coronal Arc, Sagittal Arc of Head, Bitragion Cellion Arc, Bitragion Chin Arc, Menton to Occiput Length, etc. There are many items related to the vertical length of the face and head, indicating that men in 20∼24 have a large individual difference in the vertical length of the face and head. The face and head parts of 20∼24 aged males were classified into six categories: face and head vertical, face front width, face, and head thickness, eye spacing, under-eye vertical, and face protrusion. There were four types: short lower face & short face type, long lower face-flat face and thick head type, long-big face and flat head type, and wide-protruding face and thick head type. When developing a mask pattern, the mask

Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and Compliance

Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and Compliance

Correlation between Facial Soft Tissues and Vertical Facial Pattern in 12-16 Years Old Untreated Patients

Background: Soft tissue paradigm shift has accentuated significance of soft tissue variables in diagnosis &amp; treatment planning. Aim: To find a correlation between facial soft tissues and underlying vertical facial patterns in young untreated patients. Methods: The lateral cephalograms of 170 young individuals were divided into three equal groups, i.e., long, average, and short face, in accordance with the vertical facial patterns. This was done using a cross-sectional research design. Upper and lower lip lengths and extent of lip protrusion were measured for each individual. Non-probability consecutive sampling was done. The relationship between face soft tissue and the vertical facial pattern was examined using the Pearson Correlation test and less than 0.05 p-value was held statistically significant. Result: Significant correlation between upper and lower lip lengths and vertical facial form was found. Similarly significant positive correlation between protrusion of upper and lower lips and vertical facial pattern was found. Conclusion: Cephalometric analyses suggest the vertical dimensions of facial soft tissues conform to the vertical skeletal patterns. The long facial patterns have increased lip lengths and procumbent lips. MeSH words: Cephalometric analysis, Cross-sectional study, Vertical facial pattern, Lip length

The state of knowledge of the jaguar Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora, Felidae) during the Quaternary in Uruguay

Felids are the top predators in the environments they inhabit. They entered South America at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, but their fossil record in Uruguay, although informative, is scarce. In the present contribution, three new materials (two hemimandibles and an isolated first lower molar) assigned to Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) are described. This material came from Quaternary sediments (Sopas, Dolores, and Libertad Formations) from several localities in Uruguay. Based on this material, different aspects of the paleobiology and paleoecology of jaguars are discussed. Remains of these felids were previously listed but never described; thus, the material analyzed here is the first fossil records reliably determined for P. onca in Uruguay. These felids would have shared an ecological niche with other large carnivores during the late Pleistocene in Uruguay, such as saber-toothed cats (Smilodon populator Lund, 1842; S. fatalis Leidy, 1868), Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771, and short face bears Arctotherium Burmeister, 1879; and they would have fed upon medium-sized herbivores, principally in vegetated environments.

Asociación entre el perfil anatómico y la severidad del Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño en una muestra de pacientes peruanos

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the total or partial limitation of the passage of air through the upper respiratory tract during sleep, it has two forms of presentation: central and obstructive (related to anatomical profile). Objective: To determine the relationship between the anatomical profile and severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in adult patients of a Private Clinic in Lima Norte, Lima, 2020-2022. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. We used medical records of patients diagnosed with OSA during the period 2020-2022 in a private clinic in Lima, Peru. Our variable was the severity of OSA, in addition to apnea-hypopnea per hour (AHI), in addition we also took oxygen desaturation index (ODI), Epworth Scale, CT90%, body mass index (BMI), minimum saturation and snoring and of the newborn reported in the clinical history. The response variable was OSA . Results: a total of 120 clinical histories were studied. The predominant OSA was mild (29.2%), followed by very severe (26.7%). In very severe OSA, patients with retrognathia had 3.0 higher frequency, those with long face had 30.0 lower frequency and those with short face had 4.0 higher frequency, compared to patients with normal face (40 vs 7 vs 41 vs 37; p&lt;0.01). Conclusions: OSA is associated with the anatomical profile. The ANGLE scale was the one most associated with OSA compared to the Friedman Score. OSA was associated with BMI, IDO, minimum saturation, and maximum heart rate.

Association between Anterior Alveolar Dimensions and Different Vertical Facial Patterns

Objective: To determine the association of anterior alveolar dimensions with different vertical facial patterns at a tertiary care Hospital. Material and Methods: This Cross-sectional study took place in Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, during 6 months form June 2018 to December 2018. Patients with age group 18-30 years and both genders were included. All the subjects were divided into three groups, Average face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of 56% -58%), short face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of &lt;55%) and long face (Subjects with LAFH-TAFH ratio of &gt;59%), The vertical facial pattern was calculated from TFH i.e., the LAFH and TAFH ratio All the data was recorded by the study proforma for the purpose of analysis. Results: Total 90 patients were studied; their mean age was 21.12+3.47 years. Females were in majority 52.2% and males were 47.8%. Long face was 37.8%, short face 37.8% and average face were 24.4%. Mean upper posterior alveolus width was significantly higher in short face of vertical facial pattern, and mean of upper anterior alveolus height was higher in long face (p-&lt;0.05). Mean of upper anterior alveolus width was significantly higher in average face of vertical facial pattern, and lower anterior alveolus height was markedly higher in long face of vertical facial pattern (p- 0.001). Though mean of lower anterior alveolus width and lower posterior alveolus width were insignificantly associated with vertical facial pattern. Vertical facial pattern was statistically insignificant according to gender p-value 0.226. Conclusion: There was a significant association between dimensions of anterior alveolar among different vertical facial patterns. Kewords: Anterior alveolar dimensions, vertical facial pattern

A Study of Facial Index among Patients Visiting Orthodontics Department at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan

Objective: To determine mutifarious facial types of the patients and also determine gender dimorphism. Study Design: Case-control study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Multan from 1st December 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred patients were included in the study having 50 females and 50 males. The patients were asked to sit up straight with eyes focused on a distant point at eye level. The Bertillon caliper was utilized to measure the morphological face height as a vertical distance from nasion (n) to gnathion (gn). The facial width was estimated transversely as a distance between the right and left zygion (zy) points employing the same caliper. Results: According to the Banister classification the most common facial type was found to be hypereuriprosopic (52%) which symbolizes very short and broad faces. Euriprosopics were 28% and mesoprosopics were 15%.Pertaining to gender dimorphism both males and females were predominantly hypereuriprosopic (31% in females and 21% in males). The second common face type reported was euriprosopicin males (20%) and for females it was mesoprosopic (10%). Conclusion: Facial phenotype is strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The most common facial type was hypereuriprosopic followed by euriprosopic. Keywords: Facial index, Facial type, Gender dimorphism

Application of digital solutions to improve the operation of short food supply chains

Short food supply chains (SFSCs) are today widely promoted due to the positive impact on social, economic and environmental sustainability. However, short chains face several specific challenges (e.g., meeting the requirements of consumers and ensuring optimal operations). The application of innovative solutions and digitalisation can support the actors of SFSCs to achieve these goals. Solutions and methods were collected based on the innovativeness and applicability of SFSCs. Systematic analysis of the needs of SFSCs for technological and non-technological innovations was carried out by partners of the SmartChain project. Based on the research, recommendations were made for the participating SFSCs regarding potential innovations. A significant proportion of the identified solutions have digital elements that were collectively assessed as a suitable solution in the case of the studied SFSCs. The current work provides an overview of the potential implementation of the collected innovative solutions having digital elements and addresses the primary needs and issues of SFSCs where the application is relevant. Highlighted areas of performance are marketing, communication, packaging and labelling, and logistics.