Short-distance Connections Research Articles

279 Neuronal apoptosis is asymmetric during sexual differentiation and lateralization of a nucleus related to courtship vocal behaviour in gerbil neonates

Selective elimination of a large proportion of cortical synapses constitutes the last major stage in brain development which is linked to sexual maturation. Various neurodevelopmental theories have proposed an association between schizophrenia and late brain maturational events. Based on epidemiological and psychopharmacological data, Saugstad hypothesised a relationship between timing of puberty, synaptic density and psychosis proneness. Early puberty should result in an earlier end to synaptic pruning, a larger number of surviving connections and an increased risk for affective psychosis. In contrast, in late maturers prolonged synapse elimination should lead to lower synaptic density which constitutes a diathesis for schizophrenia. We used EEG coherence as a neurophysiological measure of cortico-cortical connectivity. Late maturers were expected to show higher coherence, especially for short-distance connections where lower synaptic density should lead to decreased local differentiation.EEG was recorded from 12 bipolar derivations in 19 early and 19 late maturing subjects of both sexes under conditions of rest and photic stimulation at different flicker frequencies. Whereas there were no coherence differences between early and late maturers during rest, both groups differed during flicker stimulation. As hypothesised, late maturers were found to have higher short-distance coherence. Late maturers were also found to have higher intrahemispheric long-distance coherence. These findings were restricted to δ, α and β2 bands and were more pronounced in males. Our findings are interpreted in terms of a structural difference in neuronal connectivity between extreme early and late maturers.

Timing of puberty and EEG coherence during photic stimulation

Selective elimination of a large proportion of cortical synapses constitutes the last major stage in brain development which is linked to sexual maturation. Various neurodevelopmental theories have proposed an association between schizophrenia and late brain maturational events. Based on epidemiological and psychopharmacological data, Saugstad hypothesised a relationship between timing of puberty, synaptic density and psychosis proneness. Early puberty should result in an earlier end to synaptic pruning, a larger number of surviving connections and an increased risk for affective psychosis. In contrast, in late maturers prolonged synapse elimination should lead to lower synaptic density which constitutes a diathesis for schizophrenia. We used EEG coherence as a neurophysiological measure of cortico-cortical connectivity. Late maturers were expected to show higher coherence, especially for short-distance connections where lower synaptic density should lead to decreased local differentiation. EEG was recorded from 12 bipolar derivations in 19 early and 19 late maturing subjects of both sexes under conditions of rest and photic stimulation at different flicker frequencies. Whereas there were no coherence differences between early and late maturers during rest, both groups differed during flicker stimulation. As hypothesised, late maturers were found to have higher short-distance coherence. Late maturers were also found to have higher intrahemispheric long-distance coherence. These findings were restricted to δ, α and β2 bands and were more pronounced in males. Our findings are interpreted in terms of a structural difference in neuronal connectivity between extreme early and late maturers.