Short Devices Research Articles

Remote Follow-Up Technologies in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Motivations for outcome data collection in TBI are threefold: to improve patient outcomes, to facilitate research, and to provide the means and methods for wider injury surveillance. Such data play a pivotal role in population health, and ways to increase the reliability of data collection following TBI should be pursued. As a result, technology-aided follow-up of patients with neurotrauma is on the rise; there is, therefore, a need to describe how such technologies have been used. A scoping review was conducted and reported using the PRISMA extension (PRISMA-ScR). Five electronic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, PsycInfo, and Scopus) were searched systematically using keywords derived from the concepts of “telemedicine,” “TBI,” “outcome assessment,” and “patient-generated health data.” Forty studies described follow-up technologies (FUTs) utilizing telephones (52.5%, n = 21), short message service (SMS; 10%, n = 4), smartphones (22.5%, n = 9), videoconferencing (10%, n = 4), digital assistants (2.5%, n = 1), and custom devices (2.5%, n = 1) among cohorts of patients with TBI of varying injury severity. Where reported, clinical facilitators, remote follow-up timing and intervals between sessions, synchronicity of follow-up instances, proxy involvement, outcome measures utilized, and technology evaluation efforts are described. FUTs can aid more temporally sensitive assessments and capture fluctuating sequelae, a benefit of particular relevance to TBI cohorts. However, the evidence base surrounding FUTs remains in its infancy, particularly with respect to large samples, low- and middle-income patient cohorts, and the validation of outcome measures for deployment via such remote technology.

Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors for Environmental and Agricultural Monitoring.

The precise monitoring of environmental contaminants and agricultural plant stress factors, respectively responsible for damages to our ecosystems and crop losses, has nowadays become a topic of uttermost importance. This is also highlighted by the recent introduction of the so-called “Sustainable Development Goals” of the United Nations, which aim at reducing pollutants while implementing more sustainable food production practices, leading to a reduced impact on all ecosystems. In this context, the standard methods currently used in these fields represent a sub-optimal solution, being expensive, laboratory-based techniques, and typically requiring trained personnel with high expertise. Recent advances in both biotechnology and material science have led to the emergence of new sensing (and biosensing) technologies, enabling low-cost, precise, and real-time detection. An especially interesting category of biosensors is represented by field-effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which enable the possibility of performing in situ, continuous, selective, and sensitive measurements of a wide palette of different parameters of interest. Furthermore, bio-FETs offer the possibility of being fabricated using innovative and sustainable materials, employing various device configurations, each customized for a specific application. In the specific field of environmental and agricultural monitoring, the exploitation of these devices is particularly attractive as it paves the way to early detection and intervention strategies useful to limit, or even completely avoid negative outcomes (such as diseases to animals or ecosystems losses). This review focuses exactly on bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring, highlighting the recent and most relevant studies. First, bio-FET technology is introduced, followed by a detailed description of the the most commonly employed configurations, the available device fabrication techniques, as well as the specific materials and recognition elements. Then, examples of studies employing bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring are presented, highlighting in detail advantages and disadvantages of available examples. Finally, in the discussion, the major challenges to be overcome (e.g., short device lifetime, small sensitivity and selectivity in complex media) are critically presented. Despite the current limitations and challenges, this review clearly shows that bio-FETs are extremely promising for new and disruptive innovations in these areas and others.

Control of flow separation over an axisymmetric flared body using ramped vanes

Experiments were performed at Mach 2 to assess the effectiveness of Ramped Vanes (RVs) in delaying the onset of shock-induced flow separation due to an axisymmetric compression corner. A cone–cylinder-flare model with a 24° flow deflection angle at the cylinder/flare juncture was selected for this study. A single row of RVs was placed 50 mm (10δ) upstream of the compression corner, to manipulate the incoming boundary layer and thereby bring alterations to the shock–boundary layer interaction flowfield. RVs with three sub-boundary layer heights viz. 1.4 mm, 2.1 mm and 2.8 mm (h/δRV=0.33, 0.50 and 0.67 respectively) were employed and their separation control performance was compared. Counter-rotating vortices originated from these devices, generating alternate upwash and downwash bands within the boundary layer. When the shorter devices were used, early and delayed onset of separation were noticed along the upwash and downwash regions respectively. However, as the devices grew taller, the increase in separation length along the upwash region seemed to diminish. Ultimately, when the tallest devices (h=2.8 mm) were introduced, the entire corrugated separation line was successfully pushed downstream of the uncontrolled separation line. Besides instigating these variations in the separation scale, the vortices also caused topological changes within the separation region. But, despite achieving a substantial delay in separation, the RVs were unable to shift the separation shock’s oscillations to higher frequencies.

A Short Knowledge Assessment Tool Is Valid and Acceptable for Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BackgroundFor people with inflammatory bowel disease, validated knowledge questionnaires are valuable to identify gaps in understanding and explore the impact on disease variables.AimsThe aim of this study was to validate the short knowledge questionnaire Inflammatory Bowel Disease Knowledge Inventory Device 2, known as IBD-KID2, for use with adults with inflammatory bowel disease.MethodsConcurrent validity of IBD-KID2 was assessed by comparing scores with those achieved on the Crohn’s and Colitis Knowledge Score (CCKNOW). IBD-KID2 reliability was assessed with test–retest completion at two time points, generalizability assessed by comparing IBD-KID2 cohort scores at different recruitment centres, and acceptability assessed using participant survey.ResultsSeventy-five adults with inflammatory bowel disease completed the study. The mean percentage scores achieved on the IBD-KID2 and CCKNOW were 72.8% (SD 16.0) and 49.7% (SD 18.2), respectively. There was a significant correlation between IBD-KID2 and CCKNOW scores (R 0.573, P < 0.005), confirming concurrent validity. IBD-KID2 reliability was confirmed as no significant difference was seen between scores at test and retest (mean difference −0.2, P = 0.92). Generalizability was established as no significant score difference was seen between recruitment centres after controlling for population differences. The acceptability survey showed that 49 (69%) participants preferred IBD-KID2 to the CCKNOW, 60 (85%) found the IBD-KID2 easier to complete, and 38 (53%) considered the CCKNOW as most suitable for adults.ConclusionsIBD-KID2 is a valid, reliable, and generalizable tool for measuring knowledge in adults with inflammatory bowel disease with good acceptability. IBD-KID2 is easy and quick to complete, hence limiting respondent burden.

GNSS real-time precise point positioning with BDS-3 global short message communication devices

Global short-message communication (GSMC) service is a new function of BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Broadcasting precise orbit and clock corrections via GSMC provides an opportunity for real-time precise point positioning (PPP), especially in the areas where internet-based communication is not available, such as deserts and oceans. This research achieves a real-time multi-GNSS PPP based on the precise orbit and clock corrections broadcast via BDS-3 GSMC. To reduce the data size, the precise corrections of only visible GNSS satellites are broadcast, and three messages are used to broadcast the corrections of GPS, Galileo and BDS satellites. The encoding strategy of corrections is designed and a procedure for real-time PPP with BDS-3 GSMC is described. To evaluate the positioning performance of the proposed real-time PPP scheme, the simulated kinematic real-time PPP experiments with BDS-3 GSMC corrections and Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) real-time precise orbit and clock products are carried out by using observations of 7 days from 12 globally distributed IGS stations. The positioning accuracy in E, N and U components reach up to 3.3, 3.8 and 5.9 cm with GSMC corrections, which is comparable to that with CNES real-time products. Furthermore, a vehicle real-time PPP experiment is conducted using the devices with the function of BDS-3 GSMC and the positioning accuracy reach up to 4.1, 2.2 and 7.1 cm in E, N and U components after convergence.

Simplified Thermal Runaway Model for Assisting the Design of a Novel Safe Li-Ion Battery Pack

This paper presents a simplified thermal runaway model (FEM) used to guide the design of a novel battery pack designed to resist thermal runaway propagation passively. The model is based on the heat equation for a 2D geometry with a heat generation term based on the maximum amount of energy measured using a custom-made calorimeter. The model was validated against experimental data using a 48-cell subscale of a full-scale battery pack for three different runs with three trigger cells with Internal Short Circuit Devices (ISCD) implanted in the separators. One trigger cell was placed at the edge, one placed in the middle, surrounded by six cells, and one placed in one corner of the subscale pack. It was shown that by simplifying the geometry and looking at the complex thermal runaway propagation mechanism only from a thermal perspective (no electrochemical reactions or fluid flow), the model predicted the experimental data with good precision. Furthermore, such a model was used to validate some experimental observations, which indicated the practicality of such a simplified design tool.

Perovskite light-emitting diodes

Light-emitting diodes based on halide perovskites have undergone rapid development in recent years and can now offer external quantum efficiencies of over 23%. However, the practical application of such devices is still limited by a number of factors, including the poor efficiency of blue-emitting devices, difficulty in accessing emission wavelengths above 800 nm, a decrease in external quantum efficiency at high current density, a lack of understanding of the effect of the electric field on mobile ions present in the perovskite materials, and short device lifetimes. Here we review the development of perovskite light-emitting diodes. We examine the key challenges involved in creating efficient and stable devices, and consider methods to alleviate the poor efficiency of blue-emitting devices, leverage emission in the long infrared region and create spin-polarized light-emitting diodes. This Review examines the development of perovskite light-emitting diodes, exploring the key challenges involved in creating efficient and stable devices.

Back-gate effects on DC performance and carrier transport in 22 nm FDSOI technology down to cryogenic temperatures

This paper presents an in-depth DC characterization of a 22 nm FDSOI CMOS technology down to deep cryogenic temperature, i.e., 2.95 K. The impact of the back-gate voltage (Vback) on device performance, i.e., threshold voltage (VT) and carrier transport, is investigated over a wide temperature range. Moreover, semiclassical and quantum transports of two-dimensional carrier gas are investigated. The effective mobility (μeff) extracted from short devices at cryogenic temperatures is lower than actual mobility due to the presence of ballistic transport. The discontinuous ID–VG is found in both long and extremely short transistors, which is ascribed to the intersubband transition happening during the scattering event. Oscillatory ID–VG due to resonant tunneling manifests itself in short devices at cryogenic temperatures and depends on Vback. On the other hand, the worse subthreshold swing is found for short devices in the saturation regime and at cryogenic temperatures due to source-to-drain tunneling.

Design Of Environmental Monitoring System in Farm House Based on Zigbee

In these days there are rapid changes in the environment which causes the major effects in the world. The farms are having the certain requirement to maintain the environment. Manually this process cost a huge Manuel work. In large poultry’s it is hard to check and maintain the required environment in the suitable level for the animals in the farm. we proposed a solution for the problem by designing the automatic environmental monitoring system in the Animal forms. Here we are detecting the hazard situations and working on them to retain the environmental conditions in that farm to normal. The controller or maintenance officer of that farm can check these values either in the control room in pc or in the mobile screen. We are using the latest Zigbee technology to transfer the data from the control board to the computer. In case of the temperature fluctuations and humidity fluctuations it is hard for the animals to survive in that hard temperature. So when there is low labor available or in night times then this board plays key role to control the situations. When the situations are critical then this automatic environmental monitoring system works effectively to bring the situations under control. We designed this controlling process in a low cost manner so when compared to the labor wages here it is very low cost. When there are more number of farms in a particular area then we can access the data of all the farms at a time in the monitoring system. Here we are using the short range communication device for high speed.

E-waste Awareness and Management Among People Engaged in E-waste Selling, Collecting, Dismantling, Repairing, and Storing Activities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Associated with the increasing demand and supply of short life-span electrical devices, e-waste generation is rapidly increasing. This created a special business for some informal groups: dismantlers, e-waste sellers, repairers, and storekeepers. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness, management strategies, and associated influencing factors among the central role players of the e-waste-related business. A cross-sectional study was used to assess the awareness and management of 345 purposely selected e-waste workers including all those who are actively engaged in e-waste buying, selling, dismantling, storing, and transferring. A questionnaire was used to obtain the required information. The findings show that about 92% of the dismantlers, 70% of the sellers, and 55% of the repair and maintenance workers have poor awareness. The awareness level of the respondents is strongly associated with the newness of the issue ( V = 0.64) and lack of concern ( V = 0.44), and moderately associated with educational status ( V = 0.31), their lack of access to information (0.31), job type (0.28) and income level (0.26). The e-waste management among the study groups was limited to unsafe disposal (50%), unsafe storage (36%), and transfer (14%) to other users. The analysis showed that there is a statistically significant association between their job type and management systems (chi2 (6) = 139, P &lt; .005, V = 0.45). Cramer’s V ( V = 0.45) shows a strong association between their job type and the e-waste management strategies. The awareness level of the respondents is very poor and influenced by several complex factors. During the study period, no study groups were practicing any of the proper e-waste management at all.

STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM DOPED MnS NANOMATERIAL SYNTHESIZED BY MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SOLUTION METHOD

Manganese sulfide (MnS) is a wide band gap material which has the potential use in short wavelength optoelectronic devices, photo-catalysis, solar cells etc. To alter the various properties of MnS nanomaterial, it was decided to add magnesium (Mg) as the dopant. Mg-doped MnS nanomaterial was synthesized by microwave-assisted solution method. From XRD and HRTEM studies, the crystallite size of the sample was estimated. Optical characterization of the sample was done by recording the UV-visible-NIR spectrum. The luminescent properties of Mg-doped MnS nanomaterial was analysed. The functional groups of the sample was found by FTIR studies and thermal stability was checked by TG/DTA studies. Also, Mg-doped MnS nanomaterial was characterized by SEM, EDAX and SAED studies.

Prior Placement of Male Urethral Slings Can Increase the Need for Revision of Artificial Urinary Sphincters.

Background: Recurrent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following male sling can be managed surgically with artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) insertion. Prior small, single-center retrospective studies have not demonstrated an association between having failed a sling procedure and worse AUS outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of primary AUS placement in men who had or had not undergone a previous sling procedure. Methods: A retrospective review of all AUS devices implanted at a single academic center during 2000–2018 was performed. After excluding secondary AUS placements, revision and explant procedures, 135 patients were included in this study, of which 19 (14.1%) patients had undergone prior sling procedures. Results: There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics between patients undergoing AUS placement with or without a prior sling procedure. Average follow up time was 28.0 months. Prior sling was associated with shorter overall device survival, with an increased likelihood of requiring revision or replacement of the device (OR 4.2 (1.3–13.2), p = 0.015) as well as reoperation for any reason (OR 3.5 (1.2–9.9), p = 0.019). While not statistically significant, patients with a prior sling were more likely to note persistent incontinence at most recent follow up (68.8% vs. 42.7%, p = 0.10). Conclusions: Having undergone a prior sling procedure is associated with shorter device survival and need for revision or replacement surgery. When considering patients for sling procedures, patients should be counseled regarding the potential for worse AUS outcomes should they require additional anti-incontinence procedures following a failed sling.

Clinical outcomes following long versus short cephalomedullary devices for fixation of extracapsular hip fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although both long and short cephalomedullary devices (CMDs) are used in the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures, the advantages of either option are subject to debate. This study aims to evaluate the differences in clinical outcomes with long versus short CMDs for extracapsular hip fractures. Studies included must have included subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up and reported on at least one of the following outcomes: rate of reoperation; rate of peri-implant fracture; operating time; blood loss; complication rate; length of hospital stay; 1-year mortality. Only articles written in the English language were included in this study. A search was conducted across the databases of Medline, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), CINAHL and Scopus for articles published from the inception of the database to 1 November 2020. Included studies were assessed for their risk of bias using the Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2) and the risk-of-bias in non-randomized studies – of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. A total of 8460 fractures from 16 studies were included in the analysis, with 3690 fixed with short, and 4770 fixed with long CMDs. A meta-analysis of the results revealed that short CMDs offer peri-operative advantages, while long CMDs could offer longer-term advantages. Limitations of this study include a lack of randomized control trials included in the analysis. In conclusion, when planning for the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures, a patient specific approach may be necessary to make a decision according to the individual risk profile of the patient.

Prototipe Pengaman Kebakaran Rumah Menggunakan Thermal Camera

80% of cases of building or house fires in Indonesia are caused by electrical short circuits. Currently, there are only MCB and ELCB devices protecting for building electrical installations, but these devices cannot protect the conditions that cause fires. In a short circuit, there will be heating of the short cable or device. In this study, researchers used a thermal camera that can be placed on an electrical panel to be able monitor the temperature of electrical panel which includes cables, MCB, or can be placed on other devices. When the detected object temperature exceeds a predetermined limit, the device will provide a warning in the form of sound and text and can automatically cut off electricity in the building's electricity network. This research produces a prototype of a power grid safety device using a Raspberry Pi that can be applied to buildings and objects that have the potential to emit excess heat that can cause fires. Systems it will be able to monitor, provide warnings and can automatically cut off the electricity network when the temperature of the observed object exceeds the specified limit and has the potential to emit excess heat which can cause a fire.

The Role of Subcutaneous ICDs in the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death

The ICD is an important therapy in the prevention of sudden cardiac death. The transvenous-ICD (TV-ICD) has been the primary device used for this purpose. However, mechanical and infectious complications occur with traditional TV-ICDs increasing morbidity and mortality. The subcutaneous-ICD (S-ICD) system was developed to circumvent some of these complications, but S-ICDs have their inherent set of limitations as well. These include inappropriate shock delivery, lack of bradycardia, antitachycardia or CRT pacing therapy and shorter device longevity. The S-ICD is now included in guidelines as an acceptable alternative to TV-ICDs among patients without pacing indications. This review discusses the rationale for S-ICDs by reviewing studies including the PRAETORIAN, PAS and UNTOUCHED trials.

Deposition and characterization of (In1-xAlx)2O3 films with tunable photoelectric properties

The ternary (In1-xAlx)2O3 (IAO) films with tunable photoelectric properties were prepared on the SiO2 (110) substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The influences of different In-Al contents x [Al/(In+Al) atomic ratio] on the structural, morphological and photoelectric properties of the IAO films were studied. XRD analyses showed that the films turned from high quality cubic In2O3 structure to amorphous phase as the In content decreased. All the IAO films exhibited outstanding optical properties with mean transmittances over 84% in the visible range. The optical band gap for the films could be modulated from 3.71 to 5.29 eV as the x value varied from 0 to 0.9. The Hall mobility and carrier concentration declined while the resistivity increased with the In content decreased. The obtained results indicate the properties of IAO films can be effectively modulated by changing the In-Al components, thus this material can be applied in the fabrication of short wavelength photoelectric devices.

Intrinsic Mechanism of Mobility Collapse in Short MOSFETs

The mobility degradation with channel length is examined from the viewpoint of electrostatic effects that alter not only the threshold voltage but also the transport properties. Even operated at low drain voltage, short MOSFETs are subject to a strong lateral electric field present over a significant portion of the channel. The lateral field, responsible for threshold voltage roll-off, causes a local degradation in the velocity and mobility of electrons and holes. The low-mobility regions located near the source and drain tend to merge in short devices, giving rise to an ineluctable mobility collapse that compromises the benefit of downscaling. This mechanism is fundamental and universal as it applies to all kinds of MOSFETs. A model of mobility collapse, totally different from existing theories, is proposed together with supportive numerical simulations.

Substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter for short range device application using rectangular open loop resonator

The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is the candidate for many application in microwave, terahertz and millimeter wave application. It because of SIW structure can integrate with any component in one substrate than others structure. A kind components using SIW structure is a filter component, especialy bandpass filter. This research recommended SIW bandpass filter using rectangular open loop resonator for giving more selectivity of filter. It can be implemented for short range device (SRD) application in frequency region 2.4 - 2.483 GHz. Two types of SIW bandpass filter are proposed. First, SIW bandpass filter is proposed using six rectangular open loop resonators while the second SIW bandpass filter used eight rectangular open loop resonators. The simulation results for two kinds of the recommended rectangular open loop resonators have insertion loss (S&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt; parameter) below 2 dB and return loss (S&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; parameter) more than 10 dB. Fabrication of the recommended two kind filters was validated by Vector Network Analyzer. The measurement results for six rectangular open loop resonators have 1.32 dB for S&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt; parameter at 2.29 GHz while the S&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; parameter more than 18 dB at 2.26 GHz – 2.32 GHz. While the measurement results has good agreement for eight rectangular open loop resonators. Its have S&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt; below 2.2 dB at 2.41 – 2.47 GHz and S&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; 16.27 dB at 2.38 GHz and 11.5 dB at 2.47 GHz.

A Systematic Review of Compliant Mechanisms as Orthopedic Implants

Abstract Currently available motion-preserving orthopedic implants offer many advantages but have several limitations to their use, including short device lifetime, high part count, loss of natural kinematics, and wear-induced osteolysis and implant loosening. Compliant mechanisms have been used to address some of these problems as they offer several potential advantages - namely, wear reduction, reduced part count, and the ability to achieve complex, patient-specific motion profiles. This article provides a systematic review of compliant mechanisms as orthopedic implants. Based on the PRISMA guidelines for an efficient review, this work identified fourteen implantable orthopedic devices that seek to restore anatomical motion by utilizing mechanical compliance. From reviewing these implants and their results, advantages and consequences for each are summarized. Trends were also identified in how these devices are capable of mitigating common challenges found in orthopedic design. Design considerations for the development of future compliant orthopedic implants are proposed and discussed.

Compact and broadband mode demultiplexer using a subwavelength grating engineered MMI coupler

A compact and broadband mode demultiplexer (DEMUX) using a subwavelength grating (SWG) engineered multimode interference (MMI) coupler is proposed and analyzed in detail. To effectively separate the input T E 0 and T E 1 modes, the input port is formed by cascading two tapers, connected by a silicon wire, in a single SWG MMI coupler. Moreover, by partially tailoring the grating duty cycle of the SWGs, an extra phase shifter is directly integrated in the MMI coupler, parallel to the input port for adjusting the phase in mode conversion. The input T E 0 mode can pass through the first taper and the silicon wire while being cut off and evolve into SWGs in the second taper, so that it is hardly affected by the extra phase shifter and directly mapped into the output port via MMI. On the contrary, the input T E 1 mode is cut off in the first taper and evolves through the sidewall of the first taper into two T E 0 -like components in the SWG region. Then an extra π / 2 phase shift between them is generated by the phase shifter. Finally, they are combined into the output T E 0 mode via MMI. By carefully choosing the structural parameters, the proposed T E 0 / T E 1 mode DEMUX shows a broad bandwidth of 350 nm from 1520 to 1870 nm for insertion loss &lt; 1.0 d B and cross talk &lt; − 10 d B and achieves a low insertion loss of 0.37 dB/0.40 dB and cross talk of − 18.50 d B / − 17.00 d B for T E 0 / T E 1 input at 1550 nm, within a short device length of only 18.6 µm. In addition, the device also shows a good fabrication tolerance to the deviations of structure parameters.