Short Cuts Research Articles

Planøkonomiens kollaps – og andre myter om transitionen i Rusland og Østeuropa

Abstract: The Collapse of the Planned Economy – and Other Widespread Misconceptions of the Transitions in Russia and Eastern EuropeAccording to the prevailing view, the Soviet planned economy collapsed around 1990; it was a failure, because a planned economy cannot work. Comparing this common view, as it appears in numerous quotations from special and general sources, with basic empirical evidence reveals deep discrepancies. This also applies to other common conceptions regarding the transition in Russia and Eastern Europe e.g. environmental problems, agricultural crisis, poverty and inequality. The command economies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not collapse; they were dismantled, and until then they functioned and delivered growth rates comparable to those of western countries. The transition after 1989 was driven by marketliberalistic enthusiasm as a short cut to imitation of western prosperity and entailed a refusal of economic planning in the East and in the West. A more realistic evaluation of the planned economy is important for how we politically and economically address our two great challenges, the global environment, and the global distribution.

"Togetherness in loneliness" - experiences of a group activity for families with a child suffering from cancer as described from the parents' perspective.

When a child is afflicted by a life-threatening disease, it places a huge burden on the family. To gain a deeper understanding of parents' experiences of psycho-social support in a group activity for families with children and adolescents suffering from cancer. Data were collected by means of focus group interviews with 10 parents from eight families with children treated for cancer during the period 2011-2017. The interviews were transcribed and analysed in accordance with qualitative content analysis. An overarching theme"Togetherness in loneliness" emerged, highlighting the importance of sharing experiences, based on the main categories: "a clearing house" and "a meeting place". A clearing house was described as a place for sharing experiences on equal terms and a short cut to care contacts. A meeting place was depicted as a temporary home, a place for recuperation, but that sharing also had a cost. The results revealed that the parents of children suffering from cancer experienced the group activity for such families as an important support during the treatment period. The group served as an arena for mutual support and exchange of experiences, but it was also an easy way for the participants to access psychosocial support at an early stage of the cancer treatment. There was a risk that the participants would be unable to cope with sharing the anxiety and setbacks experienced by others, something that might be difficult to foresee when joining the group.

Parametricity for Nested Types and GADTs

This paper considers parametricity and its consequent free theorems for nested data types. Rather than representing nested types via their Church encodings in a higher-kinded or dependently typed extension of System F, we adopt a functional programming perspective and design a Hindley-Milner-style calculus with primitives for constructing nested types directly as fixpoints. Our calculus can express all nested types appearing in the literature, including truly nested types. At the level of terms, it supports primitive pattern matching, map functions, and fold combinators for nested types. Our main contribution is the construction of a parametric model for our calculus. This is both delicate and challenging. In particular, to ensure the existence of semantic fixpoints interpreting nested types, and thus to establish a suitable Identity Extension Lemma for our calculus, our type system must explicitly track functoriality of types, and cocontinuity conditions on the functors interpreting them must be appropriately threaded throughout the model construction. We also prove that our model satisfies an appropriate Abstraction Theorem, as well as that it verifies all standard consequences of parametricity in the presence of primitive nested types. We give several concrete examples illustrating how our model can be used to derive useful free theorems, including a short cut fusion transformation, for programs over nested types. Finally, we consider generalizing our results to GADTs, and argue that no extension of our parametric model for nested types can give a functorial interpretation of GADTs in terms of left Kan extensions and still be parametric.

Sebészeti beavatkozások nyomai a XVIII. századi váci múmiákon

The primary purpose was to find cases where traces of contemporary surgical interventions can be observed during the examination of the remains of mummified individuals excavated from the crypt of the Dominican Church of the Whites in Vác (1) to get closer to the surgical techniques of the 18th century, (2) to gain information about the way and quality of contemporary health care. Initially, the research focused mainly on the most exceptional, spectacular cases. We looked for traces of autopsy or amputation. Meanwhile, we also found less notable but similarly valuable cases, ones we did not even think about at first.
 When studying the preserved body surface of mummies, we found traces of cuts and presumably found remnants of contemporary bandages. These may be traces of surgical interventions that have been used to treat the various wounds. Traces of long-term bed restraint were also discovered on the back body surface of some mummies. In these cases, no trace of the cubitus's possible healing was found; only an attempt was made to cover and spare the damaged skin with a bandage. In many cases, we observed bandage residues on various body regions and presumably even found residues of the sticky top layers used to secure the bandage.
 Contemporary surgeons were able to cure and repair sprains, it appears that the dislocated fractures could not be appropriately treated. Two leg fractures healed with axial dislocation and limb shortening were found.
 The two dissected cases are entirely different from each other. It is suggested that in the 18th century, there was no generally accepted method to perform an autopsy, and according to our investigations, there was no mandatory protocol for it.
 The case of Terézia Borsodi is the second documented post-mortem caesarean section in Hungary known so far. The case of Terézia Borsodi can be considered a medical historical curiosity by providing an opportunity for a detailed analysis of the contemporary caesarean section technique. The case of Vác is also unique in the world. To the best of our knowledge, nowhere else in the world the corpse of a mother, who died during a caesarean section, has survived.
 As a result of the research, we also found traces of clearly post-mortem cuts that do not suggest an autopsy to determine deaths. These were smaller, short cuts that were only large enough to remove an internal organ. In two cases, an incision was found around the heart.

Effect of the Length of Oat Hay on Growth Performance, Health Status, Behavior Parameters and Rumen Fermentation of Holstein Female Calves.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the length of oat hay on the performance, health, behavior, and rumen fermentation of dairy calves. For this purpose, two hundred and ten healthy two-day-old Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated into three groups: basic diet (calf starter) without hay (CON), or a basic diet with oat hay at either long (OL: 10–12 cm) or short (OS: 3–5 cm) length cut. The basic diet was fed from day 4, while the hay was offered from day 14. All calves were weaned at day 56 and remained in their individual hutches till the end of the trial (day 70). Calf starter intake and fecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight, body size, and rumen fluid samples were collected biweekly before weaning and weekly after weaning. Overall, providing oat hay (OS and OL) in the diet increased the body weight, starter intake, and average daily gain compared to the CON group. Similarly, feeding oat hay improved rumen fermentation. More specifically, hay enhanced the rumen pH and changed the rumen fermentation type. Hay fed calves spent more time on rumination but less time performing abnormal behaviors compared to control. As it can be concluded, feeding oat hay to calves enhances the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and normal calf behaviors, implying improved animal welfare irrespective of the hay length.

Was John B. Watson Inspired by Anna Wyczółkowska and Her Studies in the Mechanism of Speech?

In 1913, an article by Anna Wyczółkowska entitled Theoretical and experimental studies in the mechanism of speech was published in the Psychological Review. It contains the results of her studies on internal speech and thought, which had been carried out by the author seven years earlier, in the psychological laboratory of the University of Chicago. John B. Watson was a participant in the study. Wyczółkowska believed that Watson was inspired by her research. Thanks to his participation, he gradually began to move away from his original interest in animal psychology, towards behaviourism. In his Behaviorist Manifesto published in the same year, Watson took, as one of the arguments for the rightness of his programme, the assumption that the thought process is really motor habits in the larynx, improvements, short cuts, changes, etc. According to Wyczółkowska, it was obviously inspired by her research. Her aforementioned article is still cited in the psychological literature today, and belongs to the canon of the most important early experimental studies in the field of research on thinking and speech processes. This text discusses the relationship between the research conducted by Wyczółkowska and some assumptions of behaviourism. Furthermore it presents the story of Wyczółkowska’s life, her scientific work, social commitment to women’s university education, and activities in the Polish American community.

The Mechanisms of Implementation Support - Findings from a Systematic Integrative Review

Purpose: Mechanisms of Change (MoC) explain how strategies used to enhance the uptake of evidence in social and human services enable change in the behaviors of individual practitioners, organizational leaders or entire organizations, and systems. One such strategy is the use of implementation support practitioner (ISPs). This study examines the mechanisms through which ISPs facilitate behavior supportive of the implementation of research-supported interventions. Methods: A systematic, integrative review was conducted. The conceptualization of MoCs built on a model by Dalkin and colleagues. Results: Based on a unique combination of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, ISPs install trust in and among their stakeholders and utilize this trust to promote meaningful and relevant learning; provide ongoing opportunities for learning, reflection, and support; help to span boundaries; and positively motivate stakeholders. Discussion: ISPs do not represent a short cut to better implementation. They represent an additional implementation challenge that requires dedicated attention and resources.

A short cut to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation

Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a common complication of cardiac surgery and increases the risk of mortality, stroke, morbidity, and extended stay in hospital. 1 Hindricks G Potpara T Dagres N et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42: 373-498 Crossref PubMed Scopus (2081) Google Scholar , 2 Greenberg JW Lancaster TS Schuessler RB Melby SJ Postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a persistent complication. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017; 52: 665-672 Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar , 3 Arsenault KA Yusuf AM Crystal E et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013CD003611 Google Scholar Although other researchers have shown, mostly in small studies and meta-analyses, 4 Gozdek M Pawliszak W Hagner W et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing safety and efficacy of posterior pericardial drainage in patients undergoing heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017; 153: 865-875.e12 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar that this simple surgical procedure reduces the risk of cardiac tamponade, a randomised comparison between posterior left pericardiotomy and standard of care, with postoperative atrial fibrillation as a primary outcome measure, had not been performed until now. 5 Abouarab AA Leonard JR Ohmes LB et al. Posterior left pericardiotomy for the prevention of postoperative Atrial fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery (PALACS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017; 18: 593 Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar In The Lancet, Mario Gaudino and colleagues 6 Gaudino M Sanna T Ballman KV et al. Posterior left pericardiectomy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an adaptive, single-centre, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021; (published online Nov 14.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02490-9 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar report their randomised controlled trial investigating this procedure to fill this knowledge gap. Posterior left pericardiotomy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an adaptive, single-centre, single-blind, randomised, controlled trialPosterior left pericardiotomy is highly effective in reducing the incidence of atrial fibrillation after surgery on the coronary arteries, aortic valve, or ascending aorta, or a combination of these without additional risk of postoperative complications. Full-Text PDF

Vomiting in a toddler – An unsuspected cause

Vomiting in young children can be due to a varied etiology ranging from gastritis, urinary tract infection, and metabolic problems to serious life-threatening conditions such as myocarditis, intracranial space occupying lesions, and acute surgical conditions such as intussusception, malrotation, and torsion testis. However, intractable vomiting in a toddler as presented here was due to an unexpected cause as the history was not initially forthcoming for the same. Here, we presented the case of a 21-month-old girl who was admitted with vomiting and low-grade fever, initially suspected to have viral fever/urinary tract infection. All relevant investigations were within normal limits, ruling out metabolic causes. However, on day 3, she showed features of intestinal obstruction for which imaging was done which revealed a mass in the distal ileum, and she was taken up for immediate laparotomy and the ileal mass was excised, which turned out to be a foreign body, that is, three rubber balls. The child recovered completely post-surgery and was discharged three days later. Hence, the lessons learnt from this case would be that, there is no short cut to detailed history taking and meticulous clinical examination; using imaging at the appropriate time helps in timely intervention and life-saving management.

The molecular biology of grafting: Recent research may provide new applications for a millennia-old agricultural technology.

Plant biologists have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind grafting, yielding insights into plant evolution and expanding the scope of this technique.

Analysis of OHS Costs in the Road Construction Project of Singaraja City – Mengwi (Short Cut Bedugul Point 5 - 6)

Short Cut Bedugul is a short road construction project on the Singaraja-Denpasar route. The short cut development includes the implementation of an occupational health and safety management system (SMK3). The 5-6 point short cut project includes the grade of a large project and places great importance on work safety. Field conditions with high rainfall make the area prone to landslides that can endanger workers, as well as environmental temperatures that reach 20oC which can affect work productivity. The objectives of this study are: To analyze the implementation of occupational safety and health (K3) on the Short Cut project point 5-6 Bedugul. To find out the amount of costs incurred in implementing K3 on the Short Cut point 5-6 Bedugul project. To analyze the percentage of safety and health costs (K3) to the short cut project value point 5-6 Bedugul. The type of research used in this research is descriptive research. and a quantitative descriptive of the construction of the Singaraja City Boundary Road - Mengwi (Short Cut Bedugul point 5–6) the use of K3 such as the use of safety helmets, light vests, masks, gloves, and safety belts is in accordance with the law and is very disciplined and obedient to existing regulations. set. The percentage of K3 costs to the project value refers to the CIRCULAR OF THE MINISTER NO. 66 / SE / M / 2015 Regarding the Cost of Implementing an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) Construction in the Public Works Sector is 0.7%.

Kajian Korupsi sebagai Proses Sosial: Melacak Korupsi di Sektor Sumber Daya Alam di Indonesia

Corruption action develops way more advance compare to corruption studies in Indonesia. Corruption studies are mostly focusing on institutional corruption or using an institutional approach to understand corruption. This research offers to understand corruption better using actor-based and network approaches. Utilising social network analysis (SNA), researchers unpacking corrupt relational actors in natural resources, especially in oil and gas and forestry in Indonesia. We collected six important findings; corruption creates dependencies amongst actors; to be corrupt, an actor must have a strong network and resources that can offer and deliver multi-interests. Corrupt action is a repeated action that creates interlocking relations amongst actors. Interlocking relation serves as a safety belt for each chauffeur. Institutionalisation of corrupt networks only requires a strong corrupt network. The institutionalised corrupt networks shape a shortcut both for the private and public sectors-a short cut that makes bribery and exchange permits possible.

Covid-19 and social care: Union strategies to reshape a dysfunctional sector

In volume 120 of Theory and Struggle (pp. 124-33), I described Unison North West’s Care Workers for Change campaign and how our multidimensional approach to organising in the care sector was informed by the work of John Kelly (Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves, 1998) and Jane McAlevey (No Short Cuts: Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age, 2016). The Covid-19 pandemic has subsequently brought unprecedented catastrophe and human suffering to vulnerable people and workers in our dysfunctional social care system. This contribution first describes the impact of Covid-19 on social care and union responses to it. The focus then turns to competing ideas about how the social care system might be reshaped and the role of unions in pursuing meaningful structural and institutional change that could win lasting improvements for care workers.

Transformer network-based word embeddings approach for autonomous cyberbullying detection

PurposeNowadays people are connected by social media like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube and much more. Bullies take advantage of these social networks to share their comments. Cyberbullying is one typical kind of harassment by making aggressive comments, abuses to hurt the netizens. Social media is one of the areas where bullying happens extensively. Hence, it is necessary to develop an efficient and autonomous cyberbullying detection technique.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors proposed a transformer network-based word embeddings approach for cyberbullying detection. RoBERTa is used to generate word embeddings and Light Gradient Boosting Machine is used as a classifier.FindingsThe proposed approach outperforms machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, support vector machine and deep learning models such as word-level convolutional neural networks (word CNN) and character convolutional neural networks with short cuts (char CNNS) in terms of precision, recall, F1-score.Originality/valueOne of the limitations of traditional word embeddings methods is context-independent. In this work, only text data are utilized to identify cyberbullying. This work can be extended to predict cyberbullying activities in multimedia environment like image, audio and video.

Short branch cut approximation in two-dimensional hydrodynamics with free surface

A potential motion of ideal incompressible fluid with a free surface and infinite depth is considered in two-dimensional geometry. A time-dependent conformal mapping of the lower complex half-plane of the auxiliary complex variable w into the area filled with fluid is performed with the real line of w mapped into the free fluid’s surface. The fluid dynamics can be fully characterized by the motion of the complex singularities in the analytical continuation of both the conformal mapping and the complex velocity. We consider the short branch cut approximation of the dynamics with the small parameter being the ratio of the length of the branch cut to the distance between its centre and the real line of w . We found that the fluid dynamics in that approximation is reduced to the complex Hopf equation for the complex velocity coupled with the complex transport equation for the conformal mapping. These equations are fully integrable by characteristics producing the infinite family of solutions, including moving square root branch points and poles. These solutions involve practical initial conditions resulting in jets and overturning waves. The solutions are compared with the simulations of the fully nonlinear Eulerian dynamics giving excellent agreement even when the small parameter approaches about one.

Bedside decision making-How can we make the cognitive short cuts more efficient?

Bedside clinical decision making by expert physicians invloves various cognitive process described under heuristics. Identification of biases and their correction can make these cognitive short cuts more efficient. It is one of the cost effective way of improving basic clinical skills. A thorough understanding and application of evidence based medicine can further strengthen the clinical management capability of the junior doctor at the bedside.

The Perfect Storm: Exam of a Medical Error and Factors Contributing to Its Possible Escalation.

After an initial medical misadventure, failure of recognition and continuing factors that could perpetuate the error are examined. A critical evaluation of the continuum of care after the initial error was conducted through chart review and comparison to published standards. Analysis of the continuum of care after the original error demonstrated numerous system failures that should have alerted the providers to the initial error. Technology, electronic medical records, lack of critical communications, and short cuts have the potential to not recognize patient care safety issues and potential harm. Medical errors are multifactorial. Blame casting and accusations are not productive. Critical analysis of systems/processes, current technology, eliminating shortcuts, and critical communications may increase patient safety.

Look away to listen: the interplay of emotional context and eye contact in video conversations

ABSTRACT Eye gaze is a fundamental element of social interaction. We investigated the role of gaze direction during video conversations between friends, colleagues or strangers. Participants watched short video cuts of a target person engaging in direct gaze, averted gaze or a mixture of both (gaze direction) while listening to another, invisible, person recounting a neutral or negative autobiographical episode (emotional context). Subsequently, participants rated the target person on empathy, perspective taking and trustworthiness and indicated how close they perceived the relationship between conversation partners. We found that participants rated the target person and the interaction less favourable when the target’s gaze was averted. Critically, these effects of gaze direction were modulated by emotional context: When narrations were negative, (partly) averted gaze had a less negative impact on participants evaluations. Hence, gaze direction is not perceived and interpreted in isolation, but in context.

A study of unfavorable splits in the sagittal ramus osteotomy with a short lingual cut

In the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, a short lingual cut is made on the medial side of the ramus; however, in some cases, a true fracture occurs on the buccal side of the ramus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the splitting pattern of the mandible and the form of the mandible, the surgical technique used, and the postoperative occurrence of relapse after ‘unfavorable’ splits. The investigation examined 143 patients in whom a short lingual cut was attempted. The rate of unfavorable split was 14.7% (42/286). A strong correlation was observed between the reach of the lateral bone cut to the inferior border of the mandible and an unfavorable split. According to multivariate regression, the factors leading to an insufficient lateral bone cut were the degree of inward curvature of the ramus (P=0.001) and the position of the lateral bone cut (P=0.002). There was no significant difference in relapse between cases of unfavorable and normal splits. An unfavorable split does not affect the prognosis of the occlusion, but it is important to confirm the inward curvature of the ramus and set the position of the lateral bone cut adequately to avoid unfavorable splits.

If in Doubt Don't Act Out! Exploring Behaviours in Clinical Decision Making by General Surgeons Towards Surgical Procedures

Clinical decision-making (CDM) plays an integral role to surgeons work and has ramifications for patient outcomes and experience. The factors influencing a surgeons decision-making and the utility of cognitive decisional short cuts used in CDM known as 'heuristics' remains unknown. The aim of this paper is to explore how general surgeons make decisions in high-stake biliary tract clinical scenarios. This was a cross sectional survey comprising of two sections-a 'demographics section' and a 'clinical vignettes section'. Participants were recruited by an email distributed by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Non-parametric testing examined relationships and content analysis was applied for clinical reasoning. 73 participants or 37.6% of the overall population completed the survey. 71.4% of these were male. Most (50%) were higher trainees with moderate levels of overall reflective practice in decision-making. A majority of participants chose conservatively in high-stake biliary tract clinical cases with disease factors (43.5%) weighted highest, followed by personal factors (41.1%) and patient factors (15.4%) in clinical reasoning. The presence of a 'hook' associated with commonly used heuristics did not significantly change decision-making behaviour. In high-stake scenarios, surgeons make conservative clinical decisions, predominantly dominated by disease and personal justifications. The utility of heuristics in lower-stake scenarios should be explored regarding clinical decision-making rationale and outcomes. Practitioners should consider use of patient factors in high-stake decisions to enable shared decision-making when appropriate which can reduce post-decisional regret and support the vision of patient-centred care.