Short Cuts Research Articles

An actinometric method to characterize performance of reflecting UVC reactors used for water treatment

The applicability of chemical actinometry to characterize the fluence in UV reactors with reflections, non-parallel light, and variable water transmittance is limited due to the unknown effective path length or hydraulic shortcuts within the reactor. In this study, the effects of reflection and transmittance on actinometry were examined and a new, optimized and easy method for determining fluence was developed. KI/KIO3 and uridine actinometry experiments were carried out under controlled conditions using a collimated beam apparatus and a completely mixed batch reactor with or without diffuse reflection and compared to biodosimetry results. Whereas optically opaque actinometers such as KI/KIO3 are not directly capable of predicting the fluence of reflecting reactors, the results of uridine actinometry are influenced by reflection and transmission. To precisely predict the fluence rate in UV reactors with uridine, knowledge about the effective optical path length of the light is needed. Here, an existing method to mathematically calculate the optical path length was adopted and optimized for uridine actinometry. Results for average fluence were validated by biodosimetry using MS2 phages under different degrees of reflection and transmission. It could be shown that by modifying the bottom of the reactor with diffusely reflecting polytetrafluoroethylene foil, the fluence rate was increased by a factor of approximately 2.6 and the path length by factor of 2.4. When only half of the bottom was covered with reflective foil, fluence rate increased by a factor of 1.8 and path length by 1.8. Although this new approach cannot replace biodosimetry, to predict the fluence distribution received by microorganisms, it can provide means to characterize more complex reactor designs, validate results of advanced reactor modeling, and quantify fluence for non-parallel irradiation and reflective light, especially for the application of high fluence (e.g., advanced oxidation processes), where biodosimetry may be too sensitive. Further, comparing the fluence obtained with actinometry to the results of biodosimetry might qualitatively indicate hydraulic short cuts or unideal fluence distributions for flow-through reactors.

Evidence for flexible navigation strategies during spatial learning involving path choices

ABSTRACT In a classic study in 1946, Tolman et al. found that rodents chose the optimal path to a hidden goal location when given the option to take a shortcut. Subsequent studies, though, found mixed results, including a previous study in humans showing non-optimal response strategies. Here, we tested human participants in a virtual sunburst maze identical to that employed by Tolman. Across three different experiments, we found that participants consistently employed non-optimal response strategies involving either following the encoded route or using the light as a beacon cue. Adding distal boundary cues (Experiment 2) or enhancing idiothetic cues (Experiment 3) led to the same overall results. Our findings suggest participants’ search strategies are often suboptimal when given the opportunity to spontaneously take a short cut.

Motivating Factors in start-up of service enterprises in Nagaland

Starting an enterprise is a risk taking, challenging and needs mental preparation. Thus, understanding common start up problems and key success factors can help entrepreneurs make the right decision. There is no short cut to success. It has to go through experiment, trial and error and hard working. Nagaland is an agricultural economy, but her Gross Domestic Product is contributed mainly by the services sector. There is a need to explore the avenues and viabilities of different sectors so as to increase the pace of development. This paper analyse the factors influencing start-up of enterprises in the service sector in Nagaland using 233 respondents, who have already set up their business, were selected through random sampling. The study uses five point Likert’s scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (5=strongly agree, 4= agree, 3= undecided, 2= disagree and 1= strongly disagree). The study finds that ‘to be self dependent’ is the most influential factor for starting an enterprise. The study also finds that in micro and small enterprises ‘to be self dependent’ is the driving factor whereas in medium enterprises ‘to create employment’ is the motive of entrepreneurs in starting their business.

A multi‐country systematic review of research on sanctions and equity in social welfare programs

AbstractSocial welfare programs have increasingly implemented work requirements, with punitive measures such as sanctions to enforce compliance. Frontline workers, operating in public environments with limited resources, have discretion over when to issue sanctions and often use short cuts, sometimes guided by bias, to manage caseloads. This study conducts a multi‐country systematic literature review of research related to who gets sanctioned and why with a focus on the experiences of racial, ethnic, and immigrant groups. Through our review of 23 studies, we find that there are significant disparities in sanction use and experience, and that differences are shaped by both frontline and institutional practice. While disparities were highlighted across programs, impacted groups differed based on geopolitical and historical contexts. We summarise findings across studies to provide insights into creating more equitable welfare policies and programs and offer suggestions for future research.

Free surface in two-dimensional potential flow: singularities, invariants and virtual fluid

We study a two-dimensional (2-D) potential flow of an ideal fluid with a free surface with decaying conditions at infinity. By using the conformal variables approach, we study a particular solution of the Euler equations having a pair of square-root branch points in the conformal plane, and find that the analytic continuation of the fluid complex potential and conformal map define a flow in the entire complex plane, excluding a vertical cut between the branch points. The expanded domain is called the ‘virtual’ fluid, and it contains a vortex sheet whose dynamics is equivalent to the equations of motion posed at the free surface. The equations of fluid motion are analytically continued to both sides of the vertical branch cut (the vortex sheet), and additional time invariants associated with the topology of the conformal plane and Kelvin's theorem for a virtual fluid are explored. We called them ‘winding’ and virtual circulation. This result can be generalized to a system of many cuts connecting many branch points, resulting in a pair of invariants for each pair of branch points. We develop an asymptotic theory that shows how a solution originating from a single vertical cut forms a singularity at the free surface in infinite time, the rate of singularity approach is double exponential and supersedes the previous result of the short branch cut theory with finite time singularity formation. The present work offers a new look at fluid dynamics with a free surface by unifying the problem of motion of vortex sheets, and the problem of 2-D water waves. A particularly interesting question that arises in this context is whether instabilities of the virtual vortex sheet are related to breaking of steep ocean waves when gravity effects are included.

Online-based English Listening Skill Learning Model

This article is part of a research entitled "Online-based Student English Learning Models in Facing Curriculum Changes in the New Normal Era". This research was conducted to see and identify online-based listening learning models for students. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method using a questionnaire and the final assignment of the Project course (Lesson Plan and Instruction). The number of samples used was 52 students who took the Project course (Lesson Plan and Instruction). From the 52 students, 6 students chose to teach the listening skill. Data analysis includes observation, open coding, and axial coding. The results reveal that the media used by students in learning listening skills is divided into online and offline media each 50% (3 people. Applications used by students in learning listening skill are divided into the use of British Council Web (16.67%), YouTube (16.67%), Google Meet (16.67%) and offline learning/Face-to-Face (50%). The learning methods that students apply in learning listening are Audio-Lingual Method (66.67%), Scientific Approach Techniques (16.67%), and Community Language Learning (16.67%). The topics presented included: Listening, Procedure Text, Songs, Job Application Letter, and Listening to a short cut of film.

Selective Detection of Mixtures via a Single Nonselective Sensor—Making the Unworkable Sensor Workable by Machine Learning

Highly selective and sensitive detection of chemical mixtures by a single sensor consistently suffers from overlapping response signals. Previous researchers have to make a detour to avoid overlapping through preparing selective sensor materials, tedious preseparation, and time‐consuming operation. Nowadays, machine learning (ML), as one remarkable branch of artificial intelligence (AI), possesses advantages to modernize pathways to approach chemical challenges and provides a novel short cut for chemical mixture detection. Herein, a challenging example of a single nonselective cataluminescence (CTL) sensor with nonequilibrium and especially nonlinear responses is taken for chemical mixture detection. Intelligent recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with gated recurrent units are applied to directly predict mixture component contents from overlapping signals and achieve 100% and 92.22% of prediction accuracy for known and unknown samples, respectively. Furthermore, the physical law of response overlapping is revealed to support the mechanism of the proposed approach. The introduction of RNN into selective sensing not only initiates a distinctive and simple pathway for selective quantitative detection of mixtures via a single nonselective sensor but also can inspire future intelligent detection approaches in analytical chemistry, biological analysis, environmental monitoring, healthcare, clinical therapy, etc.

Fatal Case of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Donor Heart: A Case Report

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetically determined heart muscle disease, and patients are at an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. We report the case of a 39-year-old White man who was found dead at home unexpectedly. He had a cardiac transplant for congenital heart disease at the age of 12 and his condition was maintained with immunosuppression ever since with good cardiac function and right bundle branch block. At autopsy, the heart was enlarged with a weight of 591 g and had fibrous adhesions of the pericardium with endothelialized sutures in the atria and great vessels in keeping with heart transplant. There was focal septal hypertrophy noted on short axis cut. There was diffuse thickening of the coronary arteries, but no significant stenosis was noted. On microscopic examination of the heart, sections of right and left ventricle showed myocyte hypertrophy with extensive widespread myocyte disarray and replacement fibrosis. The histologic appearance was that of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which was responsible for his sudden unexpected death. This postmortem diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a transplanted heart has major implications for the donor family because of the inherited nature of the condition. Follow-up with the donor family is essential in this unique case. This case highlights the importance of autopsy in transplant death cases. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the donor heart most likely did not manifest phenotypically at the time of transplant in this case because the majority present in adolescence and early adulthood, rarely in childhood. This is first report of such a case.

The Big Short's Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

<i>The Big Short</i>'s Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

3D mesh cutting for high quality atlas packing

An efficiently packed, low-distortion parameterization with a short boundary can save a great amount of memory and improve both quality and efficiency of rendering. Existing packing methods begin with an input atlas (or parameterization), but the cuts in the input atlas may be not suitable for a high quality result. We propose a simple yet effective approach to cut an input surface and generate an atlas that comprehensively considers the packing efficiency, the mapping distortion and the boundary length. Viewing the desired cuts on the input mesh as the pullback of a low-distortion mapping from a polysquare boundary, we notice that the above three objectives actually imply a small number of cone singularities with angle deficit of π2k,k∈Z, and orthogonally intersected short cuts passing through all singularities. Therefore, we first leverage a cross frame-field to identify a set of singularities and cancel some of them to balance their amount and atlas distortion. Then, the singularities remained are heuristically connected by short cuts which intersect with each other nearly orthogonally. Results show that our method produces a low-distortion and polysquare-like atlas with controllable number of singularities. Comparing with other atlas generation methods only focusing on distortion, taking our atlas as the input for the subsequent packing algorithm (Liu et al., 2019) is better than using previous cutting strategies on a benchmark containing 5519 cases, because the conflicts among those desired objectives for packing are alleviated at an early stage.

P09.01.A Speak up - a film project about living with a brain tumor

Abstract Background When a person is diagnosed with a brain tumor everyday life change completely. Patients experience severe and fluctuating symptoms and the relatives often become informal caregivers. Together they seek to manage the symptoms and maintain quality in daily living. Especially, cognitive impairments are difficult to manage and often associated with stigma. The purpose of this project was to create awareness and share knowledge about the challenges experienced by those living with a brain tumor and their informal caregivers. The creation of the films was chosen to be an appropriate medium to reach our targeted public population. Even though film cuts are time-consuming with several costs to produce, they have a beneficial perspective. Among the advantages of this media is that film cuts are easy to access and understand, simple to share on social media, and addresses universal and population-specific problems and concerns making the audience wide ranging. Thereby, the film cuts may help prevent prejudices and misunderstandings from arising, and also seek to provide patients with a language and courage to talk about difficult sensitive issues.The Danish Brain Tumor Association (Hjernetumorforeningen) has produced nine short films about being diagnosed with and living with a brain tumor diagnosis. We intend that the film cuts will support and inform patients, relatives/family, friends, and professionals to better understand the complex situations experienced by brain tumor patients. Material and Methods A screenwriter from The Ophelia School of Acting attended several network meetings held by the ‘Hjernetumorforeningen’ and interviewed patients, relatives, health care professionals and board members of ‘Hjernetumorforeningen’ to write the manuscript of each film. Patients and relatives were an ongoing active part of the development until the final product was agreed upon. Results In 2021, nine film cuts of 3-5 minutes premiered in an auditorium at the cinema Dagmar located in Copenhagen. Each film has a specific focus and outline complicated situations experienced from the time of being diagnosed to the establishment of having a new but changed everyday life: 1) A happy family, 2) The operation, 3) The message, 4) A new daily life, 5) Back to work, 6) Freja’s party, 7) Casework, 8) The family support group and 9) Talk about it. Conclusion The 9 short film cuts can be watched at The ‘Hjernetumorforeningens’ website, on YouTube, LinkedIn and on Facebook. The film cuts have gained international attention and can therefore be seen with English subtitles for international dissemination.

Management of biomass of selected grape leaves varieties in the process of methane fermentation

Biogas plants are one of the most stable sources of renewable energy. Currently, there is a noticeable increase in the amount of post-production residues from agricultural production and agri-food processing (fruit and vegetable processing, fermentation, beet pulp, or lignocellulosic waste), which, can be used for biogas production after appropriate pretreatment. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of using the biomass produced during the cultivation of grapes on a selected farm as a substrate for a biogas plant, taking into account the production process. The research was carried out in 2018–2020 in a vineyard located in the Sandomierz Upland in the south-eastern part of Poland. Own rooted vines were grown as a single continuous string with a trunk height of 40 cm and a length of one fixed arm approx. 0.9 m, on which six pivots were left every year after applying a short cut, from which 12–16 fruit shoots were derived, the so-called grapevines. Leaves were collected at random from three locations on the fruiting shoot, a total of 30 leaves in each replicate. Each sample consisted of 1/3 of the leaves collected at the bottom, 1/3 in the middle, and 1/3 at the top of the canopy. Leaf area was estimated with a model 3100 area meter on a sample of 30 leaves from each replicate. Both the quantity and quality of the obtained material as a substrate for methane fermentation were evaluated. Biogas yield tests in optimal conditions for mesophilic bacteria were conducted on three substrate samples referred to as ‘Regent’, ‘Seyval Blanc’, and ‘Solaris’. The yields of the tested material ranged from 51.0 to 59.0 Nm 3 biogas per Mg of biomass.

각색 영화 &lt;숏컷&gt;: 문학과 영화의 서사망

This paper is research on adaptation with a case of Robert Altman’s film Short Cuts, a cinematic collection of 9 short stories and 1 poem written by Raymond Carver. Short Cuts builds a “network narrative” as a multi-stranded movie in stories, plots and characters whose links seem to be accidental in mosaic shots. It also serves as a theme of randomness or luck happening in life as well as directorial techniques. This research examines the film’s network of literature and film in two aspects, a structure and a theme. Altman made the inroads into a movie industry and a new approach to adaptation studies: revisiting and redefining concept of original texts; identifying limits of fidelity-oriented adaptation studies. Being aware of filmic languages such as cuttings and shots, as the movie title shows, is part of the efforts to acknowledge and appreciate creative originality of adaptation movies.

The perception of competence in the newsroom: Why stereotypical dress styles violate Title VII

Title VII prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace “because of sex.” Once on the job, however, courts allow employers to impose trait discrimination policies on employees, including sex stereotypical ones. Based on a survey experiment, we found that sex stereotyped dress styles for women—defined by bright colors, long hair, excessive make-up in contrast to dark suits, ties, and short hair cuts for men—sexualize women, thereby undermining viewers' perception of women's professional competence. A vast social-psychological literature explains “why.” Specifically, gender is a diffuse status characteristic that generally diminishes the perception of women’s capabilities. Sexualized dress styles augment that effect of gender by diverting viewers' attention from women's job performance to the visual attributes of women as objects. Our study confirms that women’s sexualized dress styles decrease viewers’ perceptions of women’s competence. We contend that this reduction in the perception of women’s competence disproportionately disadvantages members of a protected class, women, and, by so doing, constitutes an “adverse effect”. Notably, Title VII prohibits policies that impose adverse effects. Thus, by integrating legal standards with social psychological scholarship, this study presents a new foundation for the claim many legal scholars have sought to make, namely, why at least some trait discrimination policies violate Title VII.

Red and Blue Light Affect the Formation of Adventitious Roots of Tea Cuttings (Camellia sinensis) by Regulating Hormone Synthesis and Signal Transduction Pathways of Mature Leaves.

Light is an important environmental factor which affects plant growth, through changes of intensity and quality. In this study, monochromatic white (control), red (660 nm), and blue (430 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to treat tea short cuttings. The results showed the most adventitious roots in blue light treated tea cuttings, but the lowest roots in that treated by red light. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of light quality affecting adventitious root formation, we performed full-length transcriptome and metabolome analyses of mature leaves under three light qualities, and then conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Phytohormone analysis showed that Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), Abscisic acid (ABA), ABA-glucosyl ester (ABA-GE), trans-Zeatin (tZ), and Jasmonic acid (JA) contents in mature leaves under blue light were significantly higher than those under white and red light. A crosstalk regulatory network comprising 23 co-expression modules was successfully constructed. Among them, the “MEblue” module which had a highly positive correlation with ICA (R = 0.92, P = 4e-04). KEGG analysis showed that related genes were significantly enriched in the “Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075)” pathway. YUC (a flavin-containing monooxygenase), AUX1, AUX/IAA, and ARF were identified as hub genes, and gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of these hub genes under blue light were higher than those under white and red light. In addition, we also identified 6 auxin transport-related genes, including PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, PILS5, PILS6, and PILS7. Except PILS5, all of these genes showed the highest expression level under blue light. In conclusion, this study elucidated the molecular mechanism of light quality regulating adventitious root formation of tea short cutting through WGCNA analysis, which provided an innovation for “rapid seedling” of tea plants.

Evaluation of Electrochemical Performance Tuning By Laser Structuring of Electrodes and Its Impact on Cell Degradation Mechanisms

Tuning of electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries by using ultrafast laser structuring of electrodes is a rather new technical approach. At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) this technology was developed and established for the first time. However, quite recently, other research groups and institutions worldwide also recognized the high potential of this technology for lithium-ion battery production. Lately, a roll-to-roll laser processing infrastructure for structuring large footprint electrode materials for high capacity pouch cells and cylindrical cells was installed at KIT in order to push this technology to demonstrator level, namely technology readiness level 6. The high rate capability of the produced high energy battery cells were significantly improved and twice lifetime of cells could be achieved in comparison to cells with unstructured electrodes. In frame of research, cooperative, and industrial projects the impact of laser structuring for small and large footprint electrodes was studied with regard to lithium distribution caused electrochemical cycling. Hereby, different types of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) as a cathode material and graphite as well as silicon-graphite as an anode material with areal capacities up to 4 mAh/cm2 were investigated. Quantitative lithium distribution along entire electrodes were measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). From the 3D elemental mapping starting points for electrochemical degradation could be identified. In cathode materials the local increase of lithium indicated the formation of electrical short cuts which were most related to electrode material inhomogeneity, e.g., by a macroscopic change in porosity or macroscopic film defects. The compressive stress applied to electrodes and separator during cycling has also a significant influence on lithium distribution and subsequent cell degradation. The appropriate type of laser generated patterns such as holes, lines or grids strongly depends on the application scenario as well as type of materials. For silicon-graphite anodes the huge volume expansion during lithium silicide needs to be considered and more rectangular and broader structure features become relevant. Laser structuring of electrodes showed in all cases, for small and large footprint cathodes and anodes, a rather homogenized lithium distribution along the surface and electrode thickness. For full cells elemental mapping of electrodes facing each other was performed indicating the mutual influence on lithium distribution. It can be concluded that the laser-based 3D electrode concept is beneficial regarding a reduced cell degradation. In addition, it could be proven by LIBS that for the 3D battery concept new lithium diffusion pathways were generated which becomes activated at elevated C-rates. Those new lithium diffusion pathways counteract the increase of diffusion overpotential leading to a higher capacities also for high power operation.

Residue Classification-Based Robust Phase Unwrapping in High-Noise Region

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry can obtain information on the surface of the earth. In fact, the accuracy of phase unwrapping directly affects the accuracy of the digital elevation model, but the problem that has been puzzling people is the low accuracy of unwrapping in high-noise regions. To solve this problem, we propose a new approach based on an improved branch-cut method, which classifies the branch cut. First, connect the short branch cuts and then use the network-flow method to connect the long branch cuts. By categorized branch cuts, each type of branch cut processes part of the residues and divides the region with high residue density into two regions with low residue density for unwrapped, which solves the problem of low phase unwrapping accuracy in high-noise regions. The experimental results of simulation and measured data show that RCBC method shows high unwrapping accuracy in high-noise regions, very short total length of connected branch cuts, and strong robustness.

360 Degree Planning in Construction Industry with Plan of Exigency

World is constructing at a quicker pace in all dimension of innovation. The parameters, which decide the improvement has changed lots in the ongoing, past and will continue changing in future as well. Which is required adequate planning and it comes from the all intersection. However due to quick scaling work environment, organizations generally prefer to do the task in ever quicker and less expensive correspondence that disintegrates physical and group boundaries both inside nations and universally owing to short cuts in planning, more noteworthy accessibility and simpler access to statistics, and the further opening up of worldwide markets are the arrangement of reactant supremacies that is quickening the speed of social change all through the world. Activity postponements are typical an issue in the construction trade and can expand task calendars and their expenses. Ongoing examinations endeavors have concentrated on the quantitative assessment of defer impacts. Writing proposes that the development business needs extra research to deliberately relate the reasons for postponements to their effects. A customary development technique has demonstrated to be insufficient in accomplishing this objective. Mechanization and parallel working has been key mantras of heedless way development. Neglectful way the exercises without early arranging will bring about real slips by and re-working in a large portion of the cases. Innovation, association, data, instruction and beneficial abilities will, along these lines, assume a basically unequivocal job in overseeing the future course of advancement. This paper manages 360 Degree development studies, which is the need of great importance in development. Development/construction as one of the top most businesses experiences trademark changes in conveying the range as quick as conceivable which would bring about better returns. 3600 Planning is the vital key of the development business. This thought won't just affect amount anyway it additionally sway on quality parameters. Human instinct likes to concentrate on one arrangement. An alternate course of action probably won't get the consideration it needs since individuals are exclusively put resources into the grounds activity. Barely work with “Plan A" to be a fruitful and feel investing an excess of energy in a "Plan B" could conceivably undermine that achievement (Myth). As a matter of fact planning isn’t a word per se although it’s a farrago mechanism, which demands time, keenness and endorsement and interchange of dialogue so on and so forth.

The Brettenham storm of 25 July 2021

The <scp>Brettenham</scp> storm of 25 <scp>July</scp> 2021

ON ‘RE-TREADING’ EARLY GEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK

ABSTRACT The method of ‘re-treading’ the fieldwork of past geologists is analogous to the method of ‘re-staging’ historically significant laboratory experiments. Neither provides any short cut to scientific or historical truth, nor grounds for celebrating or condemning the work of past scientists. Yet both can yield valuable insights into those scientists’ on-the-spot thinking, their reasoning and their eventual presentation of their conclusions. As a historical research method, the ‘re-treading’ of fieldwork has been relatively neglected, although it has many parallels with more traditional methods centred on the analysis of texts and their accompanying images. This paper summarises a few examples of ‘re-treading’, drawn from the author’s published research on fieldwork by European geologists in the decades around 1800; but the methods described here can be, and deserve to be, adopted much more widely.