Short Contribution Research Articles

Fault ride through capability of grid forming wind turbines: A comparison of three control schemes

The popularity of converter-based generations, such as wind and solar, suggests that future power systems will be dominated by power-electronic converters, reducing the share of conventional generation, and, inevitably decreasing inertia and short circuit contribution of the system. When this happens in power systems, they become more vulnerable to instabilities. A promising solution for counteracting this vulnerability could be equipping converter-based generation units with grid forming control schemes. A study of the fault-ride through capability of wind turbines with different grid forming control schemes is presented in this paper. In this context, Virtual Synchronous Machines, Power Synchronisation Control, and Distributed PLLs based Control are considered. The performance of these control schemes is evaluated and compared during three-phase symmetrical faults using a case study that consists of a wind turbine connected to an AC grid. The simulated results indicate the strengths and drawbacks of each control scheme during faults.

Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sub Saharan Africa Countries: ARDL and ECM Analysis

The long-run relationship between human capital and economic growth in Sub Saharan African (SSA) countries was examined using An ARDL and ECM cointegration analysis approach. The endogenous and human capital theory posits that human capital accumulated acquired from the education system contributes to economic growth in any economy. Despite many years of huge government expenditure in education, SSA countries appears to experience little or no economic growth. Studies on the long term effects of human capital on economic growth in SSA countries remain few despite a growing body of research in literature. Using data from 37 SSA countries for the year 2000- 2018 an Autoregressive Distributed Lag ARDL and Error Correction Model (ECM) cointegration the study estimated a Dynamic Fixed Effects model (DFE) to examine the long run relationship between human capital and economic growth. The findings revealed that a cointegration relationship exist between human capital and economic growth. Secondary education had a significant but weak positive effect on economic growth in the short run and a weak negative effect on economic growth in the long run. Primary education however, had an insignificant contribution to economic growth both in the short and long run. Physical capital hadsignificant and strong positive effect on economic growth in the short run whilst in the long run it has an insignificant effect. SSA countries interested in enhancing long run term economic growth through human capital should consider promoting access to secondary school enrolment and improving the quality of primary education. The study providedempirical evidence on the short and long run contribution of human capital to economic growth in SSA countries.

Migration and diffusion characteristics of air pollutants and meteorological influences in Northwest China: a case study of four mining areas.

In the process of exploiting mineral resources, dust enters the environment through air suspended particles and surface runoff, which has a serious impact on the atmospheric environment and human health. From all-year and seasonal scenarios, the migration trajectories and cumulative concentration based on the secondary development of Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) in four mining areas (SF, BC, SJZ, and MJT) in Northwest China are studied. The convergent cross mapping (CCM) method is used to study the causal relationship between concentration and meteorological factors. In this process, the problem of missing non-station meteorological data is solved with the help of the inverse distance weighted interpolation method, and the problem in which the convergence requirements of the CCM algorithm cannot meet the requirements is solved with the bootstrap method. The results indicated that the short path has the characteristics of slow movement, short migration path, low altitude(< 1 km), and high contribution rate, while the long path has the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the concentration is centered on the pollution source and diffuses around, with a diffusion radius of 220–270 km, showing a serious pollution center and slight gradient settlement on the edge, but the overall distribution of accumulated concentration is uneven. The results also show that temperature (TEMP and S_TEMP), evaporation, and air pressure are the main meteorological factors affecting the all-year concentration. The concentration and meteorological factors in the four mining areas also show significant seasonal characteristics, and the correlation in spring, summer, and autumn is stronger than that in winter. This study not only provides a reference for the green and sustainable exploitation of mineral resources but also provides theoretical support for the joint prevention and control of transboundary pollution.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19706-w.

Memory Modulation Via Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Status, Perspectives, and Ethical Issues.

While research to improve memory or counter decay caused by neurodegenerative diseases has a fairly long history, scientific attempts to erase memories are very recent. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation for memory modulation represents a new and promising application for the treatment of certain disorders [such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)]. However, numerous ethical issues are related to memory intervention. In particular, the possibility of using forms of non-invasive brain stimulation requires to distinguish treatment interventions from the enhancement of the healthy. Furthermore, a range of important societal and legal concerns arise when manipulating memories. In this short contribution, we address some of the most significant ethical, social, and legal implications surrounding the application of memory-modulation techniques and offer a series of reflections and considerations, which we hope can be of use to guide -and perhaps regulate- their potential, future implementation in society.

A Short Logical Review of the Kalām Cosmological Argument

n this short contribution we discuss the logical validity of the Kalām cosmological argument as presented by W. L. Craig. This discussion suggests the argument fails at being logically valid if we admit a distinction between first and second order variables.

“We’re Not Invisible…We’re In Second Place.” Disrupting (Thus Connecting) Transnational Gender Narratives Within Veterans Studies

In this short video contribution, I share and explore an insight emerging from ongoing ethnographic fieldwork in Southeast Europe. This fieldwork is part of a broader anthropological research project alongside combat veterans from a number of nationalities (and ethnicities) in Former Yugoslavia, including Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina, and Kosovo. The brief video accompanying this abstract opens with a series of portraits of women war veterans from Croatia (who served in the Croatian War of Independence between 1991–1995 and beyond) in order to center the voices that inform this contribution. This format also foregrounds a discussion that questions the seemingly default or generalized usage of the “invisibility” trope within academic narratives that seek to reflect and represent women veterans and their socio-political realities; transnationally and cross-culturally. It is demonstrated that the invisibility trope is not universally embraced or acknowledged by women veterans and as such, the trope must be more carefully developed and deployed within the field of veterans studies. Recognition of this need to disrupt and adjust tropes that emerge from North Atlantic-centric research facilitates present-day reflexivity as well as future efforts toward a decolonized/decentered field of study. View video at <a href="https://youtu.be/J3_v2z22ibQ" target="_blank"><em>https://youtu.be/J3_v2z22ibQ</em>.</a>

Reply to STOTEN 802 (2022) 149713: The fallacy in the use of the “best-fit” solution in hydrologic modeling

In this reply we respond to the short discussion contribution by Abbaspour (2022) in which a fallacy in the use of “best-fit” model solutions to be employed in hydrologic modeling studies is illustrated. Abbaspour (2022) advised to perform stochastic model calibration and proposed to employ the R- and P-Factor statistics for a model evaluation together with suggested thresholds for a model to be acceptable. In a minimal working example we followed the proposed stochastic approach for model evaluation and show that the proposed R- and P-Factor metrics and their thresholds accept implausible model ensemble simulations which would have been rejected in an individual assessment with the NSE metric. In this way, we want to raise the caution to rely on single performance metrics for model evaluation and the use of globally defined thresholds to define model acceptance.

Historic Climate in Heritage Building and Standard 15757: Proposal for a Common Nomenclature

Research on the relationship between microclimate and heritage buildings or historic buildings has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Research has focused on indoor climate or indoor microclimate or the environment or micro-environment, and the field of these studies regards several variables, physical—air temperature, air speed, relative humidity—or chemical, dust, CO2, pollution, etc., all of which can have an effect or damage buildings or artifacts inside buildings. Moreover, all these variables should be monitored in a monitoring campaign following the standard EN 15757; in spite of this, scientific literature contains mistakes with regard to the words and objects of study. In this short contribution, the author proposes a common nomenclature in the research field of climate and microclimate in heritage buildings and heritage artifacts. A new nomenclature should be useful for the community of heritage scientists working on preventive measures to distinguish between climate and environment, or the object of study, e.g., the room (wall, wood structure, fresco, etc.) where the artifacts are or the air around them (painting, canvas, statue, piece of furniture, documents, books, etc.).

Crime, violence, and coercive power

ABSTRACT Social scientists regularly differentiate sharply between crime and political violence. They often argue that unlike the political forms of violence such as wars, terrorism, or revolutions the criminal acts of violence lack clearly defined ideological aims. In this short contribution, I reflect on the special issue articles which all successfully challenge this dichotomy. Furthermore, I expand on these arguments to emphasize the centrality of coercive power in the development and legitimation of social orders throughout history.

On the correction of multiple minute sampling rainfall data of tipping bucket rainfall recorders (Short Contribution)

In the last decades of the 1900s, the tipping bucket rainfall gauges (TBG) were used to record the sub-daily rainfall data. In the first period of the rainfall data recording, as a result of the lack of efficient data storage and data transmission, the sampling period of the TBG devices was chosen in a magnitude of 10–20 minutes. Consequently, there are historical datasets characterized by several minutes long sampling periods. Since the turn of the 2000s, the data handling has been revolutionized; the sampling period has diminished to one minute. There is a systematic error of the TBG technique which has been investigated since the middle of the 1900s. Between 2004 and 2008, a comprehensive research was performed to determine the correction equation for several TBG devices. These results can be utilized for the short sampling period measurements (one minute sampling), but for longer sampling period data, further corrections are needed. In this paper, a supplementary correction is presented. On the base of the mathematical determination of the correction factor, simple estimation will be proposed to be able to execute the necessary correction. After the presentation of the correction factor, a general correction factor is proposed for larger geographical regions and wide time span of the measurements. The revision of the historical rainfall data recorded by TBG devices can be important in several issues, such as the re-evaluation of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and in other fields.

A Short Contribution to the Extension of the Group C(n)

In this work, we study the extension problem of a group with type C(n)=∑_(i∈I) C_P^∞ by using a cyclic group of order p. Also, we prove the following two results: 1-) The group C(n) has only one extension which is compatible with R_3. 2-) The group C(n) has two extensions which are compatible with R_2.

The Regulation of Alcohol Marketing in France: The Loi Evin at Thirty.

When adopted in 1991, the French Loi Evin was pioneering as one of the first in the world to regulate alcohol marketing as extensively. This short contribution assesses whether it remains fit for purpose over 30 years later. To this effect, it assesses its main provisions, considers the legislative amendments that have ensued as well as the extensive interpretation French courts have given of its scope, before concluding that the prospects for its revisions are limited in the near future.

A Short Contribution To Von Shtawzen's Abelian Group In n-Cyclic Refined Neutrosophic Rings

This paper is dedicated to study the group of units (Von Shtawzen's group) of some numerical n-cyclic refined neutrosophic rings such as integer, rational, and real case. Where we write the elements of these abelian groups by using equations derived from the values of some circulant numerical determinants.

Observation of a New Polyhalide Phase in Ag-Cl2 System at High Pressure

In this short contribution, we examine Raman spectroscopic data from high-pressure and high-temperature experiments with an Ag-Cl2 system, and find that they are in good agreement with previously observed and calculated spectra of polychloride species. Our results imply the formation of a hitherto unknown AgClx compound, which warrants further study.

Rarefied atmospheres

We have been using remote connections for many years, for decades; already in the past millennium it was largely in use by several industrial holding companies, in politics, in journalism, in entertainment. But only in the last two years, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the call system has undergone an unexpected development: modified and enriched platforms, simplifications in connections, expansion of accessibility. A sort of interaction pseudo-democratization. Today and in few months, video-calling has become a widespread custom regardless of social media; it’s strongly inter-generational and available even from faraway places. What are the consequences of this new pervasive competence and what the rebounds on the practice of knowledge transmission? The emerging scenarios are different and depend on many variations. The aim of this short contribution is to trace a framework, a field of possibilities, using a simple and proven analytical analysis: the SWOT.

Black digital outer spaces: Constellations of relation and care on Twitter

AbstractIn this short contribution, I witness the underrepresentation of Black PhD students and scholars in the UK academy, and I reflect on my use of Twitter to build a constellation of connections to Black PhD researchers, academics, and activists to think with and learn with. I write this in the form of a tweet thread, a method of scholarly writing that I learned from Black activists, students, and academics on Twitter, and I use this space to mention meaningful learnings from individuals in my own constellation of connections.

The Billefjorden Fault Zone north of Spitsbergen: a major terrane boundary?

The Billefjorden Fault Zone is a major terrane boundary in the Norwegian Arctic. The fault separates basement rocks of Svalbard’s north-eastern and north-western terranes that recorded discrete Precambrian tectonothermal histories and were accreted, intensely deformed and metamorphosed during the Caledonian Orogeny. Although the fault represents a major, crustal-scale tectonic boundary, its northward extent is not well constrained. The present short contribution addresses this issue and presents new seismic mapping of structures and rock units north of Wijdefjorden, where the Billefjorden Fault Zone may continue. This study shows that there is no evidence for major faulting of the top-basement reflection, and therefore, that the Billefjorden Fault Zone may die out within Wijdefjorden–Austfjorden, step ≥ 20 km laterally, or be invisible on the presented seismic data. Seismic data also suggest that Caledonian basement rocks in Ny-Friesland (north-eastern terrane) are not significantly different from basement rocks below the Devonian Graben in Andrée Land (north-western terrane). Potential implications include the absence of a major terrane boundary in northern Spitsbergen.

Time-domain modeling of wave-based room acoustics including viscothermal and relaxation effects in air.

Air absorption can be a significant source of attenuation, which should be considered in long-duration wideband acoustics simulations. In this short contribution, a time-domain model for three-dimensional wave propagation including viscothermal and relaxation effects (air absorption) is developed and coupled with locally reactive impedance wall conditions through a conservative energy framework. The model is discretised with a finite-difference time-domain method, and numerical stability is established with a discrete energy balance. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.

Edinburgh Lamarckians? The Authorship of Three Anonymous Papers (1826\u20131829)

In the space of four years, from 1826 to 1829, the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal published three anonymous articles seemingly advocating doctrines inspired by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Decades of scholarship have initially attributed the most outspoken of the three articles, the 1826 “Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology,” to Robert Grant, and subsequently to Robert Jameson, thanks to a critical reassessment by James Secord (1991). More recently, scholars have also ascribed to Jameson an article published in 1829, “Of the Continuity of the Animal Kingdom by Means of Generation from the First Ages of the World to the Present Times.” A third short contribution, the 1827 “Of the Changes which Life has Experienced on the Globe” has been credited to the Franco-German Ami Boué. Research undertaken over several years has led to the identification of the three authors hiding behind the veil of anonymity. They were not the ones scholars have agreed upon, nor were they really “Lamarckians.” The discussion of the ways in which the three texts reached Edinburgh broadens our understanding of the daily working practices of contemporary periodicals and of the networks of circulation of texts at the Continental level. Finally, when considered within their proper conceptual and social context, the three articles throw light on the many ways in which, during the 1820s, European amateurs, naturalists, and journalists debated the succession of life forms throughout the history of the Earth.

Undici dipinti per Bagnacavallo Senior

This short contribution presents a group of little-known paintings, here attributed to Bartolomeo Ramenghi, better known as Bagnacavallo Senior.