Short-circuit Research Articles

Short-circuit current analysis of DC distribution system in a ship with non-electric propulsion

Converting conventional AC radial shipboard distribution system to DC system has been recognized as a potential high impact solution to reduce ship’s fuel consumption. As big ships in Indonesia commonly use low voltage AC (LVAC) distribution system an effort to apply low voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system without replace the propulsion system is a plausible choice. However, technical and economical investigations are required before recommendation to convert the shipboard distribution system to LVDC is officially launched. In this study, technical aspect in the term of short-circuit current is discussed. The goal of this study is to analyze how much the impact on the short-circuit current when LVDC system replaces LVAC system. The impact may affect the feasibility of LVDC system as the short-circuit current in a system dictate the scheme and capacity of the protection devices. Numerical simulations on a sample vessel are performed to obtain the profile of maximum short-circuit currents on all panels. The results show that the utilization of LVDC system decreases the short-circuit current by 10 times. Further investigations on the economic aspect needs to be performed to give clearer view of the feasibility of the LVDC system.

Multiple faults detection in doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine using artificial neural network

The development of fault detection methods in wind turbine (WT), especially for single fault detection, is continuously increasing. However, the rapid growth of fault detection in WT leads to another challenge where multiple faults can occur. The single fault detection method in WT is no longer reliable, especially when multiple faults occur simultaneously. Therefore, multiple faults detection in doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) WT was proposed using an artificial neural networks (ANN) model. These multiple faults include internal and external stator faults happening simultaneously. Internal stator faults cover inter-turn short circuit faults and open circuit faults, while external stator faults cover loss of excitation and external short circuit faults. The performance of the developed multiple faults detection model was measured using accuracy and the root mean square error (RMSE) value. The results show that the developed model performs well with high accuracy and a low RMSE value. Thus, the developed model can accurately detect the coexistence of multiple faults in DFIG WT.

Adaptive fault detection for lithium-ion battery combining physical model-based observer and BiLSTMNN learning approach

Lithium-ion batteries possess one of the best energy-weight ratios, while safety and reliability are critical issues for its continued operation. Due to extreme fast-charging, huge application sizes and variable usage environment, the risk of soft battery faults, including soft internal short circuit (SISC), is increased and may evolve into severe accidents. Therefore, accurate early detection of lithium ion battery fault is imperative to guarantee the battery performance. Motivated by this fact, we proposed a real time fault detection framework for battery soft faults. Based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) and coupling thermal model, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) observer is used for reliable monitoring of battery voltage and surface temperature. Inspired by uncertainty interference during the observation process, we explore an observed-based learning approach that combine physical model-based observer and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural networks (BiLSTMNN) to empower the observer with the ability to learn the uncertainties, which is efficient in distinguishing soft faults information and uncertainties from residual. Furthermore, the memory characteristics of BiLSTMNN are considered to improve the robustness of the detection system, including comprehensive training data and optimized input features. Finally, through the comparative analysis and the robustness evaluation experiments including various driving cycles and internal short circuits (ISC) faults test verity the good performance of the proposed method.

Fabrication and characterization of methylammonium lead iodide-based perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions

<p>This study investigated the fabrication and characterization of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using the one-step spin coating technique under ambient conditions, eliminating the need for expensive glovebox and thermal evaporation equipment. The perovskite layer was annealed at 65 °C for 30 seconds and 100 °C for 30 seconds, 1 and 2 minutes. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show a smooth and uniform surface coverage for the ETL and CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> layers. SEM results also show an average grain size of 397 nm for CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> and an average particle size of ~17 nm for TiO<sub>2</sub> was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of tetragonal perovskite (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>) phase with high crystallinity with a crystallite size of 19.99 nm for the samples annealed for 30 seconds at 65 °C and 1 min at 100 °C. FTIR results also confirmed the presence of anatase TiO2 at wavenumber 438 cm<sup>-1</sup> and the formation of the adduct of Pb<sub>2</sub> with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and MAI is confirmed at 1,015 cm<sup>-1</sup> . From the Tauc plot the bandgap energy of TiO2 and Perovskite layers was determined to be 3.52 eV and 2.06 eV respectively. An open-circuit voltage was 0.9057 V and short circuit current density was 12.2185 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> with a fill factor of 48.05 and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.199%.</p>

Unconventional Thick Cobalt Telluride Electrodes Enable Homogeneous Ion Flow for High Capacity, Fast and Safe Potassium Storage

The demand for high-energy density, fast-charging, and safe potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is crucial for large-scale applications in electric vehicles and grid systems. Despite the potential of thick electrode designs by a conventional technique (CTEs) to boost energy density, they often encounter challenges such as reduced capacity, limited cycling lifespan, and localized short circuits. Here, we present a novel cobalt telluride composite anode by a simple tellurization and subsequent heat reduction, featuring Co1.67Te2 nanoparticles uniformly embedded within an N-doped carbon layer on a trace amount of reduced graphene oxide (CT@NC/rGO). By constructing low tortuosity electrodes (LTEs), a homogeneous distribution of potassium ions and current density is achieved, resulting in enhanced potassium storage performance. The CT@NC/rGO LTEs demonstrate excellent discharge capacities: 311.7, 276.5, and 243.7mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.25Ag-1 for mass loadings of 1.4, 1.9, and 2.8mgcm-2, respectively. At a higher current density of 0.5Ag-1, discharge capacities after 650 cycles are 245.3, 175.6, and 159.2mAh g-1 for mass loadings at 1.6, 2.4, and 3.0mgcm-2, respectively. These improvements are attributed to enhanced pseudocapacitive behavior, reduced charge resistance, and accelerated ion diffusion kinetics, as evidenced by experimental and simulation studies. The proposed strategy for synthesizing high-density electrodes holds promise for developing high-performance metallic compound electrodes for PIBs and potentially extending to other types of energy storage systems.

Underground Cable Fault Detection Using IOT

Abstract: The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilo meters using an Arduino. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. An issue may happen in an underground cable just because of earth tremors or any burrowing procedure. Since the area of the issue happened is obscure it is very hard for the fixing procedure. This hindrance is handled with the assistance of optical fibre framework. A lot of optical strands is put alongside the force cables. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to inbuilt ADC of Arduino to develop precise digital data for display in kilometres. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing the cable length in km and the fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known km to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance, the respective phase along with the distance is displayed on the LCD. The same information is also sent over IOT, interfaced to the Arduino. Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.

Extending a Multi-Physics Li-Ion Battery Model from Normal Operation to Short Circuit and Venting

Abstract Mitigation of Li-ion battery system fires consists of reliable fault detection and proactive, fast discharge control. Both require modeling of failure modes due to high temperatures and currents between normal operation and thermal runaway. In this work, we present a control-oriented, reduced-order, multi-physics model that captures the electrochemical, thermal, gas generation, mechanical expansion, and venting behavior of NMC pouch cells undergoing an external short circuit (ESC) from different initial state-of-charge (SOC). The model is parameterized through experiments by fitting the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) decomposition rate, the cell's thermal parameters, and the particle solid-phase diffusion parameters to capture the first venting timing, peak temperature, and diffusion-limited electrical behavior at high currents. Using a single parameter set, the multi-physics model can capture behavior during an ESC to predict whether a cell will generate gas and vent, predict the vent timing within 10 seconds of it occurring in the experiment, and maximum cell expansion pressure within 10 kPa for cells that did not vent. The model can also predict the SOC trajectory for cells with a high initial SOC within 6% SOC for the 15-minute discharge or until the cell vents.

Surfactant Self-Assembly Enhances Tribopositivity of Stretchable Ionic Conductors for Wearable Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing.

Boosting stretchability and electric output is critical for high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Herein, for the first time, we propose a new approach for tuning the composition of surface functional groups through surfactant self-assembly to improve the tribopositivity, where the assembly increases the transferred charge density and the relative permittivity of water polyurethane (WPU). Incorporating bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) and alkali metal ions into a mixture of WPU and the surfactant forms a stretchable film that simultaneously functions as positive tribolayer and electrode, preventing the conventional detachment of tribolayer and electrode in long term usage. Further the introduction of surfactant and alkali metal ions in WPU forms a strong crosslinking network. Resultantly, the conductivity of the crosslinked film reaches 3.3 × 10-3 mS cm-1 while the elongation at break reaches 362%, which are 4.8×104-fold and 1.3-fold higher than pristine WPU, respectively. Moreover, the surfactant self-assembly impedes the adverse impact of the fluorine-containing groups on tribopositivity. The self-assembled and LiTFSI-doped WPU-based TENG generates an open circuit voltage of 120V, a short circuit current of 7.5µA and a transfer charge of 62 nC, representing a 4-fold increase compared to LiTFSI-doped WPU-based TENG. Consequently, the charge density reaches 155 µC m-2, being the highest recorded for WPU-based and stretchable ionic conductive TENG. This work introduces a novel approach for boosting the output charge density while avoiding the adverse effect of ionic salt in solid conductors through a universal surfactant self-assembly strategy, which can be extended to other materials, such as polyvinyl alcohol. Further, the device was used to monitor and harvest the kinetic energy of human body motion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Atomic level mechanism of disorder-order transformation kinetics at nanoscale in FePt based systems

L10 ordered FePt is one of the most promising materials for spintronic and recording media applications. In the present work, the mechanism of L10 phase transformation in FePt based films with varying initial structures is examined at the nanoscale to understand the ordering process using synchrotron based GIXRD, MOKE, VSM, and techniques with sub nanometer depth selectivity like XRR and SIMS. Precisely controlled compositions of the films are deposited using magnetron sputtering. Rapid thermal annealing is used for post-deposition processing. It is evaluated experimentally that for a shorter annealing time of 70 s at 400 °C, besides volume diffusion, short circuit diffusion paths along the intercrystallite region owing to the presence of nanostructured grains play a dominant role in alloying behavior. A study of the L10 ordering process reveals the crucial role of film structure in controlling the transformation kinetics, texturing of nanograins, and magnetic coercivity. Diffusion studies disclose that type B diffusion kinetics is activated for the annealing time during which L10 transformation occurs in the films.

A Slightly Expanded Graphite Anode with High Capacity Enabled By Stable Lithium-Ion/Metal Hybrid Storage.

Integrating lithium-ion and metal storage mechanisms to improve the capacity of graphite anode holds the potential to boost the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, this approach, typically plating lithium metal onto traditional graphite anodes, faces challenges of safety risks of severe lithium dendrite growth and short circuits due to restricted lithium metal accommodation space and unstable lithium plating in commercial carbonate electrolytes. Herein, a slightly expanded spherical graphite anode is developed with a precisely adjustable expanded structure to accommodate metallic lithium, achieving a well-balanced state of high capacity and stable lithium-ion/metal storage in commercial carbonate electrolytes. This structure also enables fast kinetics of both Li intercalation/de-intercalation and plating/stripping. With a total anode capacity of 1.5 times higher (558mAhg-1) than graphite, the full cell coupled with a high-loading LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (13mgcm-2) under a low N/P ratio (≈1.15) achieves long-term cycling stability (75% of capacity after 200 cycles, in contrast to the fast battery failure after 50 cycles with spherical graphite anode). Furthermore, the capacity of the full cell also reaches a low capacity decay rate of 0.05% per cycle at 0.2C under the low temperature of -20°C.

Simulation and optimization of 30.17% high performance N-type TCO-free inverted perovskite solar cell using inorganic transport materials

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained much attention in recent years because of their improved energy conversion efficiency, simple fabrication process, low processing temperature, flexibility, light weight, and low cost of constituent materials when compared with their counterpart silicon based solar cells. Besides, stability and toxicity of PSCs and low power conversion efficiency have been an obstacle towards commercialization of PSCs which has attracted intense research attention. In this research paper, a Glass/Cu2O/CH3NH3SnI3/ZnO/Al inverted device structure which is made of cheap inorganic materials, n-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO)-free, stable, photoexcited toxic-free perovskite have been carefully designed, simulated and optimized using a one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. The effects of layers’ thickness, perovskite’s doping concentration and back contact electrodes have been investigated, and the optimized structure produced an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.0867 V, short circuit current density (JSC) of 33.4942 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 82.88% and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.17%. This paper presents a model that is first of its kind where the highest PCE performance and eco-friendly n-type TCO-free inverted CH3NH3SnI3 based perovskite solar cell is achieved using all-inorganic transport materials.

Synergetic Triple Absorber Based High‐Efficiency Solar Cell Design

AbstractComputational analysis of triple absorber‐based solar cell structure is undertaken. This solar cell device configuration allows better utilization of the incident solar spectrum. Three different absorbers with a band gap in the range 1–1.5 eV are sandwiched between high‐doped p+ and n+ regions in descending order of electron affinity to form an energy‐matched multiple absorber device. A comprehensive analysis of key device parameters influencing performance, including band gap, conduction band alignment, interfacial defects, and thickness, is presented. The optimized triple absorber device shows beyond Shockley–Queisser limit (SQ limit) performance under the constraint of passivated interfaces with defect density below 1013 cm−2. Wide spectrum coverage leads to high short circuit current and an efficiency of 40.3%, which is higher than the SQ limit for single band gap solar cell.

The investigation of the energy harvesting performance using electrospun PTFE/PVDF based on a triboelectric assembly

Abstract This work presents an investigation into the energy harvesting performance of a combination of PTFE and PVDF materials prepared using a one-step electrospinning technique. Before electrospinning, different percentages of the 1-micron PTFE powder were added to a PVDF precursor. The surface morphology of the electrospun PTFE/PVDF fibre was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tunnelling electron microscope (TEM). The structure was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). A highly porous structure was observed with a mix of the α- and β-phase PVDF. The amount of β-phase was found to reduce when increasing the percentage of PTFE. The maximum amount of PTFE that could be added and still be successfully electrospun was 20%. This percentage showed the highest energy harvesting performance of the different PTFE/PVDF combinations. Electrospun fibres with different percentages of PTFE were deployed in a triboelectric energy harvester operating in the contact separation mode and the open circuit voltage and short circuit current were obtained at frequencies of 4 to 9 Hz. The 20% PTFE fibre showed 4 (51 to 202 V) and 7 times (1.3 to 9.04 µA) the voltage and current output respectively when compared with the 100% PVDF fibre. The Voc and Isc were measured for different load resistances from 1kΩ to 6GΩ and achieved a maximum power density of 348.5 mW/m2 with a 10 MΩ resistance. The energy stored in capacitors 0.1, 0.47, 1, and 10 µF from a book shaped PTFE/PVDF energy harvester were 1.0, 16.7, 41.2 and 136.8 µJ, respectively. The electrospun fibre is compatible with wearable and e-textile applications as it is breathable and flexible. The electrospun PTFE/PVDF was assembled into shoe insoles to demonstrate energy harvesting performance in a practical application.

An optimization of Cs2TiBr6 perovskite solar cell using SCAPS‐1D simulation based on genetic algorithm

AbstractA genetic algorithm (GA) was used in this simulation work and a well‐studied double perovskite structure was chosen to verify the feasibility of the algorithm. To pursue excellent efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell, the experimental and simulation data were summarized to determine the adjustable range of parameters for the simulated cell structure. The GA can help us to determine the best combination among a wide range of potential possibilities. The optimal solution was obtained by substituting the best combination data into SCAPS‐1D and the open circuit voltage (VOC) was 1.08 V, fill factor (FF) was 88.81%, short circuit current (JSC) was 37.06 mA/cm2, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was 35.54%. Compared to the initial simulation results, the efficiency was improved by 10 percentage points and the JSC increased by 12 mA/cm2. From these conclusions, it was clear that the GA provides a faster and more accurate way to find the optimal solution for perovskite solar cells.

A Novel High-Speed Split-Gate Trench Carrier-Stored Trench-Gate Bipolar Transistor with Enhanced Short-Circuit Roughness

A novel high-speed and process-compatible carrier-stored trench-gate bipolar transistor (CSTBT) combined with split-gate technology is proposed in this paper. The device features a split polysilicon electrode in the trench, where the left portion is equipotential with the cathode. This design mitigates the impact of the anode on the trench gate, resulting in a reduction in the gate-collector capacitance (CGC) to improve the dynamic characteristics. On the left side of the device cell, the P-layer, the carrier-stored (CS) layer and the P-body are formed from the bottom up by ion implantation and annealing. The P-layer beneath the trench bottom can decrease the electric field at the bottom of the trench, thereby improving breakdown voltage (BV) performance. Simultaneously, the highly doped CS layer strengthens the hole-accumulation effect at the cathode. Moreover, the PNP doping layers on the left form a self-biased pMOS. In a short-circuit state, the self-biased pMOS turns on at a certain collector voltage, causing the potential of the CS-layer to be clamped by the hole channel. Consequently, the short-circuit current no longer increases with the collector voltage. The simulation results reveal significant improvements in comparison with the conventional CSTBT under the same on-state voltage (1.48 V for 100 A/cm2). Specifically, the turn-off time (toff) and turn-off loss (Eoff) are reduced by 38.4% and 41.8%, respectively. The short-circuit current is decreased by 50%, while the short-circuit time of the device is increased by 2.46 times.

Simulation research of hole transport layer free CsPbI3/MAPbI3 heterojunction perovskite solar cells with an efficiency of 30.33 %

Constructing inorganic perovskite/organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite bilayer heterojunction perovskite solar cells (HPSC) could make far-reaching changes in solar cell power conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, a carbon-based hole transport layer (HTL) free CsPbI3/MAPbI3 HPSC was designed and optimized by one-dimensional solar cell capacitance (SCAPS-1D) software. The film thickness, bulk defect density and doping concentration of each perovskite light absorption layer, and the interface defect density, the electrode work function and the operating temperature changes effect on the device performances were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the HPSC obtained the open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.43 V, short circuit current density (JSC) of 23.39 mA cm−2, fill factor (FF) of 90.67 % and PCE of 30.33 %, which was much superior than the single junction perovskite solar cell due to the suited energy band structure.

A theoretical analysis to reveal the prospects of MoS2 as a back surface field layer in TiS3-based near infrared photodetector

In this article, a photodetector based on TiS3 absorber material, featuring a narrow direct bandgap of 1 eV, has been simulated. Throughout this research, the J-V (current–voltage) curves and spectral responses have been explored by systematically varying the thickness, doping concentration, and defect density of specific layers. The JSC (short circuit current) and VOC (open circuit voltage) of the heterostructure photodetector are found to be 45.77 mA cm−2 and 0.693 V respectively. Also, the responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) are 0.81 A W−1 and 2.19 × 1014 Jones at a light wavelength of 1100 nm. The spectral response exhibits significantly elevated values within the wavelength range of 800 nm to 1200 nm, indicating the device’s ability to detect light in the near-infrared (NIR) region effectively. The novel research offers valuable insights, emphasizing the material’s suitability for photodetector (PD) applications and signaling a promising direction for further research interest in photodetector development.

Enhancing the Efficiency of Non Toxic Perovskite Solar Cell through Cs4CuSb2Cl12 as Interface Layer Using SCAPS-1D

Abstract In recent years, Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have showed promising results to substitute traditional PV technologies due to impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effective production. This study investigates the impact of introducing a Cs4CuSb2Cl12 (CCSC) perovskite quantum dot (PQD) interface layer among active layer and hole transport layer (HTL) in CsGeI3 as well as MAGeI3-based PSCs. It aims in enhancing the function of interface layer (IL) by improving PCE while reducing interface losses. TiO2 and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as the electron transport layer (ETL) and HTL, respectively. SCAPS-1D software was utilized for simulating JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE of various configurations, including passivated and non-passivated structures. The results revealed a substantial increase in JSC from 13.22 mA/cm2 to 15.5 mA/cm2 and PCE from 11.67% to 14.81% for MAGeI3-based PSCs with incorporated PQD layer. Additionally, the fill factor (FF) improved from 50.55% to 76.90%. However, a decrease in VOC from 1.7 V towards 1.24 V was noticed, this was associated with the formation of an energy barrier at HTL/ absorber. For CsGeI3-based devices, a slight improvement in JSC was observed from 21.0 mA/cm2 to 21.8 mA/cm2, whereas VOC remained constant at 1.24 V. The PCE increased from 22.50% to 23.09%, but the FF decreased from 86.83% to 85.48%. However the decrease in the fill factor (FF) may be attributable to a rise in the cell series resistance due to the additional interface, which could impede charge transport and extraction. This simulation study demonstrates that the incorporation of a CCSC PQD IL among active layer / HTL can enhance the PCE and short circuit current of CsGeI3 and MAGeI3-based PSCs, providing a promising avenue for future optimizations and advancements in PSC technologies.

A Human Friendly Self-Assembled Triboelectric Sensor for Multifunctional Tactile Sensing.

Obtaining bioenergy from human movement is not only a prospective complementation to electrochemical power supply such as batteries in portable electronics but also a decipherable process for developing self-powered sensors that can simultaneously monitor the physiological movement. In this study, a low-cost, robust, and environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was prepared with enhanced mechanical stability and tunneling conductivity on the base of cotton fabric. The as-designed TENG may produce energy sustainably by physical movements, and it can yield an amazing 417 V open-circuit voltage, 11.7 μA short-circuit current, and 237.60 mW/m2 excellent power density, showcasing its potential for efficient energy conversion in the single-electrode mode. Besides, such a design also shows real-time tactile perception ability toward human physiological signal and body motion where intelligent application of these environmental benign TENGs in sports and writing training were demonstrated, thus providing vital instruction for the creation of versatile and sustainable TENGs in the Internet of Things era.

Multifunctional electronic skins for ultra-sensitive strain, temperature, humidity sensing, and energy harvesting

Though gaining increasing attention in various portable and wireless electronic devices and sensors, flexible gels used in strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) still suffer from inferior mechanical properties and lack long-term stability. Herein, multifunctional electronic skins (e-skin) from oriented 2D nanosheets enhanced eutectogel were facilely fabricated via a one-step curing strategy with excellent transparency (96%), superb elasticity (1613%), toughness (17.22 MPa). Moreover, the multifunctional e-skin also exhibits temperature and humidity sensibility. Notably, the as-assembled TENG e-skin exhibits high and stable electrical output performances, including an open-circuit voltage of 224 V, short-circuit current of 7.1 μA, and short-circuit charge of 640 nC. Meanwhile, the TENG can easily light up 130 LEDs, charge capacitors to drive a calculator, and sustain a long service life (120 days). Furthermore, it can serve as a self-powered biomechanical sensor to realize the real-time monitoring of various human motions, showing application potentials in wearable electronics, human health management, and energy harvesting systems.