Short Break Research Articles

Overtraining of aerobic physical exercise reduce rats (Rattus norvegicus) memory

Overtraining syndrome is a decrease in physical capacity, emotions and immunity due to training that is too often without adequate periods of rest. Overtraining is often experienced by athletes who daily undergo heavy training with short break periods. This research aims to look at the effect of overtraining aerobic physical exercise on memory in mice. The research method was experimental in vivo with the subject of adult male rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Winstar strain aged 8-10 weeks, body weight 200-250 gr. Divided into three groups, namely the control group, aerobic group and overtraining group. The results of memory tests with water E Maze showed an increase in the duration of travel time and the number of animal errors made by the overtraining group (p = 0.003). This study concludes that overtraining aerobic physical exercise can reduce memory in rat hippocampus.

Analisis Tingkat Intensitas Kebisingan terhadap Kelelahan Kerja Karyawan Bagian Produksi PT Sinar Sosro Palembang

Occupational fatigue will increase the level of work errors and reduce performance or producti- vity. If work errors increase, there will be opportunities for workplace accidents in the industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of noise level intensity on occupational fatigue among workers at PT Sinar Sosro Palembang. The research method uses total sampling or the entire population as the study sample i.e. 40 workers of production unit. The study results obtained p-value of 0,864, which means there is no relationship between the level of noise and work fatigue among production unit workers. Nonetheless, the workers who experience mild and medium fatigue are recommended to take a short break for 5-15 minutes every 1 to 2 hours and it is expected for employees to comply more fully with PPE regulations in order to avoid work accidents.

Creating a More Accessible Environment in Anatomical Sciences

A growing number of students with disabilities are entering clinical programs that include anatomical sciences.1,2 Oftentimes, these students are insufficiently accommodated.3 Programs are seeking resources to ensure equal access to their curriculum. A combination of practice and research‐informed efforts have provided guidance to the greater scientific community.4–7 To assist programs with improving inclusion, we focus on three barrier‐removal practices: 1) accommodating the need for extra time in practical exams, 2) accommodating histology exams, and 3) reducing physical barriers in anatomy labs (with application for basic science laboratories), grounding each in legal guidance.Accommodating extra time in practical exams can be accomplished in two ways: First, groups who require additional time can rotate through the practical exam in the last group with traditional time, followed by a short break where all students are dismissed. After the break, the group requiring additional time can rotate through the practical stations a second time utilizing additional time for each station. With this approach, existing rotations are not disrupted and students’ accommodation‐related information is protected. A second approach is to rotate students in the final group through the practical exam in one sitting, at the accommodated time. The number of students with extra time as an accommodation may dictate the most efficient option.Histology exams may present barriers to students with low‐vision, color‐vision deficiency, or processing speed disorders. Leveraging principles of universal design for instruction (UDI) can ensure that practical exams do not serve as barriers. First, programs should maintain enlarged, high contrast, grey‐scale photos and simple magnifiers at each microscope station. If possible, slides should not be stained in blue or red. Instructors should also use letters or numbers to indicate the structure being queried, rather than color. When teaching structures, faculty should move towards greyscale and letter/number indications to introduce students to this approach prior to examination. Microscopes that magnify slides can ensure access for low‐vision students, however, traditional microscopes can also be attached to large monitors. This allows students to self‐select the appropriate size and contrast using built‐in monitor settings. These steps will reduce a myriad of barriers for the disability community. Even with a UDI approach, students may require additional time to adjust monitors.Finally, physical space barriers can be addressed to ensure greater access for all students. During practical exams, stools should be available at all stations. Embed inclusive practices, such as camera systems that project items onto a larger screen allows for closed captioning of instruction. Adjusted and modified equipment can reduce barriers for students with physical and chronic health disabilities, while alternative methods of anatomical instruction (e.g., Anatomage tables) can assist with sensory barriers and allergies.By incorporating principles of UDI and providing slight modifications to assessment structure, anatomical labs can transform to accessible and enhanced learning environments for all students.

When a child is sick: The role of social tourism in palliative and end-of-life care

Drawing upon transformative service research and social tourism literature, this paper explores the relationship between respite care and childhood illness. It focuses specifically upon the short break opportunities attached to respite care offered in children's hospices in the United Kingdom. Pathographies (illness narratives), shared by patients, siblings and family (n = 23), provide unique insights into ways in which each participate in respite care. Participation prompts inclusivity and normality. It offers a break from illness, and contributes to uplifting feelings of optimism, escapism and new beginnings. Conclusions drawn argue the need for healthcare policy to move beyond ‘Dying Well’ narratives into ones which celebrate ‘Living Well with Dying’. Tourism participation has much to offer such a progressive healthcare policy.

Sleep misalignment and circadian rhythm impairment in long-haul bus drivers under a two-up operations system

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to describe working and sleep conditions and to assess how sleep opportunities are associated with obtained sleep and alertness, in a sample of long-haul bus drivers working with a two-up operations system. MethodsMeasures of subjective sleep and sleepiness, actigraphy, circadian temperature rhythm, and psychomotor vigilance tasks were obtained from a sample of 122 drivers from Argentina. Variables were compared between high and low fatigue risk groups, which were formed using a median split of a fatigue risk score. The score was calculated based on drivers' total working hours, maximum shift duration, minimum short break duration, maximum night work per seven days, and long break frequencies. ResultsConsidering a standardized one-day period, sleep in the bus accounted for 1.9±0.1 h of total sleep (57±1% efficiency), sleep at destination for 1.6±0.2 h of total sleep (90±1% efficiency), and sleep at home for 3.8±0.2 h of total sleep (89±1% nap efficiency and 90±1% anchor sleep efficiency). In drivers exposed to high-risk working schedules, the circadian temperature rhythm was weaker (lower % of variance explained by the model) (22.0±1.7% vs. 27.6±2.0%, p <0.05) and without a significant acrophase. ConclusionsDrivers obtained a total amount of weekly sleep similar to the recommended levels for adults, but distributed at different locations and at different times during the day. High-risk working schedules were associated with disruption of circadian temperature rhythms. These results point out to the need of the implementation of shift-work scheduling strategies to minimize sleep misalignment and circadian desynchronization in long-haul bus drivers.

Implementation of EUCAST short incubation break points directly from blood culture bottles in a private microbiology laboratory

Background: Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility results require overnight incubation. A faster turnaround time would allow earlier commencement of targeted therapy and minimise the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Methods: The Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (RAST) methodology published by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) were applied to a representative sample of positive blood cultures from March to August 2019 and compared to the currently used Vitek 2 system and assessed for major [one method reporting sensitive (S) and the other resistant (R)] and minor errors [one method reporting increased exposure (I) and the other S/R]. Results: Nineteen isolates (12 Escherichia coli, 3 Staphylococcus aureus, 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were tested. Six hour RAST results exhibited no major or minor errors. All 96 (100%) of the interpretable isolate/antibiotic combinations were concordant. Thirteen (12% of total) combinations fell in the area of technical uncertainty (ATU) and had to be tested using the pre-existing method. Conclusion: The EUCAST RAST methodology was found to be useful at our laboratory for the commonly isolated blood culture pathogens. While ongoing testing of isolates will be required to fully validate this methodology, it holds promise for laboratories using EUCAST guidelines.

Giden Arama Yapan Müşteri Temsilcilerinin Sorunlarının Belirlenmesine Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma

As a result of developments in information and communication technology, “call centers” have replaced instead of traditional communication in business-customer communication. Today, call centers have become an international industry. The number of employees in this sector in Turkey increased to 117 thousand in 2019. Despite this increase in the number of these employees, referred to as customer representatives, the unfavorable working conditions in the sector draw attention. In this study, the working conditions of a bank call center team performing outbound calls as an external service provider were examined by qualitative research. Interviews were conducted with 10 customer representatives, the results were analyzed by MAXQDA 2020 PRO qualitative analysis program. At the end of the research, it was determined that employees have very long working hours, short break times, they are under high target and sales pressure, they are under constant control, they are subjected to strict performance evaluation systems. Also, employees have various health problems due to talking on the phone for long hours, and they were found to be under stress due to rude customer and manager attitudes. It was observed that the employees were not unionized and did not have sufficient information about the unions. On the other hand, it has been determined that the majority of young employees see this sector as a temporary job and do not think about a future in their work.

Hypolimnetic assimilation of ammonium by the nuisance alga Gonyostomum semen.

Gonyostomum semen is a bloom-forming freshwater raphidophyte that is currently on the increase, which concerns water managers and ecologists alike. Much indicates that the recent success of G. semen is linked to its diel vertical migration (DVM), which helps to overcome the spatial separation of optimal light conditions for photosynthesis at the surface of a lake and the high concentration of phosphate in the hypolimnion. I here present data from a field study conducted in Lake Lundebyvannet (Norway) in 2017–2019 that are consistent with the idea that the DVM of G. semen also allows for a hypolimnetic uptake of ammonium. As expected, microbial mineralization of organic matter in a low-oxygen environment led to an accumulation of ammonium in the hypolimnion as long as G. semen was absent. In contrast, a decreasing or constantly lower concentration of hypolimnetic ammonium was found in presence of a migrating G. semen population. In summer of 2019, a short break in the DVM of G. semen coincided with a rapid accumulation of hypolimnetic ammonium, which was equally rapidly decimated when G. semen resumed its DVM. Taken together, these data support the idea that G. semen can exploit the hypolimnetic pool of ammonium, which may be one reason for the recent success of the species and its significant impact on the structure of the aquatic food web.

Metronome Use Positively Affect Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Parameters: Prospective Observational Multicenter Manikin Study

Objective: Clinical studies have shown that eliminating performer errors is important to ensure high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Literature on the effects of metronome use on the quality of CPR is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metronome use on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: Thirty volunteer emergency physicians who were divided into 15 groups participated in this prospective, observational, multi-center, manikin study. Firstly, each participant performed conventional CPR on a manikin, and then performed metronome-guided CPR after a short break. Parameters affecting CPR quality were evaluated based on the recommendations of the 2015 American Heart Association CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guideline. In addition, the fatigue levels of participants were evaluated using the Borg Fatigue Index. Results: Metronome-guided CPR significantly improved the chest compression rate (median (Interquartile Range-IQR); 128 (22) compressions/min vs. 110 (2) compressions/min; 95%CI, p &lt; 0.001), deep compression rate (median (IQR); 95.25 (80) compressions/min vs. 72.63 (105) compressions/min; 95%CI, p &lt; 0.001), compression depth (median (IQR); 62.50 (11) mm vs. 60.25 (14) mm; 95%CI, p = 0.016), ventilation number (median (IQR); 11.25 (6) ventilations/min vs. 9.50 (1) ventilations/min; 95%CI, p = 0.001), high-volume ventilation count (median (IQR); 10.13 (6) ventilations/min vs. 9.50 (1) ventilations/min; 95%CI, p = 0.026), minute ventilation volume (median (IQR); 11.75 (10) L/min vs. 8.03 (3) L/min; 95%CI, p &lt; 0.05), and fatigue levels (median (IQR); 3 (2) vs. 2 (2); in 95%CI, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed that metronome is a useful device for reaching effective CPR. Metronome guidance may change the CPR parameters positively. This study is in accordance with previous studies which have investigated the effect of metronome-guided CPR on survival.

Just Dance? Teachers Perspectives on Implementing a Daily Classroom Physical Activity Break

ABSTRACT A regular short physical activity break in the classroom may improve classroom behavior. The current study reports on the results of the implementation of a daily 10-min Just Dance break in the classroom. A total of 31 Dutch primary school teachers agreed to participate in the study. We collected data on the frequency of the use of the Just Dance breaks via an online registration system. Data on the long-term barriers and facilitators of the implementation were collected using two online questionnaires. In addition, we held five interviews with teachers to elucidate data on barriers and facilitators. The results show that none of the teachers maintained the Just Dance breaks on a daily basis, and only 19% (n = 6) of the teachers on a weekly basis (i.e., one to three times a week). According to all participating teachers, a lack of time was the primary barrier to implement Just Dance breaks on a daily basis. Teachers who did not maintain Just Dance breaks on a weekly basis also experienced difficulties in 1) keeping all pupils engaged during the full 10-min Just Dance break or 2) getting the pupils focused again after the Just Dance break. Teachers who maintained the Just Dance breaks on a weekly basis provided several practical recommendations for a more sustainable implementation process. This study shows that the implementation process of daily Just Dance breaks is challenging. We recommend providing teachers with professional support when implementing physical activity breaks in their daily program.

Investigation of the chaotic dynamics of the vertical strance of a human body on the model of an inverted pendulum

Different stances of human body are studied in medicine and biology for quantitative estimation and clinical diagnostics of impairments and diseases of the musculoskeletal, nervous, vestibular systems and functions. Human body is composed of ~200 bones and ~600 muscles, and its upright position is unstable due to high complexity of the system and its control mechanisms. Among different techniques of the body sway recording the stabilography is one of the most simple and cheap unit. It is composed by a force platform that can measure the reaction forces over the contact areas between two feet and the platform. The former is portable and can be connected to any laptop via USB port. In this study the functions controlling the vertical stance of a person are studied accounting for the nonlinear dynamics of oscillations of the projection (XC,YC) of center of mass (CM) of the body on the horizontal plane. The time series {XC(t),YC(t)} have been measured on 28 healthy volunteers (age 21-42, height 156-182 cm, body mass 48-84.8 kg). The volunteers were asked to keep a quiet stance on two feet, similar stances with body mass shifted onto the left and then onto the right leg. Each stance has been repeated during 30 s with open and then with closed eyes. After a short break a test with balancing on the left and then on the right leg has been perfrmed. For each case, based on the mathematical model of the inverted pendulum, the calculated control functions u(t) in the form u(t)=k1(r(t)-r0)+ k2(r/(t)-r/0), where r(t) is the radius-vector of the CM, r0 is its averaged value over time, (.)/ means the time derivative. Using statistical analysis, the absence of correlations between the control functions for both different subjects and for different positions of the body of the same volunteer was shown. Based on the calculations of the Lyapunov exponent, the individuals have been classified into groups with stable, weakly and highly unstable control of the vertical position of the body. The modeling of such systems in the framework of nondeterministic chaos models with nonlinear control is discussed.

Low Back Pain (LBP) Incidence, Ergonomics Risk and Workers' Characteristics in Relations to LBP in Electronics Assembly Manufacturing.

Aims:Electronics industry workers might have increased the risk of low back pain (LPB). This cohort study aimed to investigate LBP incidence and provide a baseline of ergonomic factors and workers’ characteristics associated with LBP.Methods:A six-month monitoring phase was designed using 196 electronic workers to identify LBP incidence. Baseline data were collected for ergonomic risk by RULA and lighting intensity measurement. Personal factors and work stress were surveyed by job content questionnaires (JCQ).Results:Ergonomic risk related to sitting posture was indicated at inspection with lamp (66.7%; change needed). High risk was shown among standing workers at punching and E-check processes. The lighting intensity did not meet the recommended standard in the arm range zone 2 of inspection and E-check stations. Dissatisfaction was reported due to work stress, workload, work rhythm, and job control. The six-month LBP incidence was 52.5%. Work experience less than three years (RR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.031.90) and chronic diseases (RR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.091.82) were significantly correlated with LBP incidence.Conclusions:Ergonomic and lighting conditions at E-check and inspection should be improved, and the promotion of short break exercise during shiftwork period is suggested. LBP should be closely surveilled in workers who had less job experience and underlying diseases.

Taking a Short Break from Instagram: The Effects on Subjective Well-Being.

This study investigated whether abstaining from Instagram (Ig) affects subjective well-being among young men and women. By comparing an intervention group (40 participants who take a break from Ig for a week) with a control group (40 participants who kept using Ig), we found that women who quitted Ig reported significantly higher levels of life satisfaction and positive affect than women who kept using it. Whereas positive affect increment depended on social appearance comparison, life satisfaction rose independent of the tendency to compare one's own appearance with others. It is possible that users who are no longer exposed to direct evaluative feedback about their images on Ig-be it related to their appearance, habits, or opinions-can witness an increase in their global satisfaction levels. No significant effects were found among men.

The summer learning effect in writing in New Zealand

The summer learning effect has been identified as a major barrier in creating equitable outcomes in the United States, especially in reading and mathematics. Less is known about the effect in other education systems and subject domains. This research draws on a large sample (N = 4390) to examine the summer learning effect in the comparatively under-researched domain of writing in New Zealand. Results indicate a considerable loss among students despite the relatively short summer break. The drop is substantially larger than the overall summer drop found previously across subjects, and for reading and mathematics specifically. Students from minority ethnic groups showed the greatest drops. Although indigenous students progressed at an equivalent rate than their European peers, the summer drop meant that the gap evident at the beginning of the academic year had widened by the beginning of the next year. At the school level, lower-income schools, which were over-represented by ethnic minority students, were also associated with a greater summer drop even after accounting for ethnicity. The growing inequities created by the effect underscore the importance of addressing this issue. Our findings point to the significance of supporting students’ literacy developments in and outside of school. They call for greater policy attention that would see an examination of the financial and educational resourcing to support schools and families, but also of the access and resourcing of communities in regard to education, libraries and community services.

There is nothing so practical as good theory for tracking destination image over time

Destination image has consistently been a popular theme in the tourism literature. This is due to the important role the construct can play in the intangible nature of consumers’ travel decisions. However, one temporal aspect, of how destination image might change over time, has attracted little academic research attention. This manuscript attempts to make a contribution to this gap in the literature by reporting key findings from an investigation into perceptions held of one of New Zealand’s most popular resort destinations, Rotorua, at three points in time over two decades. The research is narrowly focused on the perceptions of consumers in Rotorua’s largest domestic market, Auckland, and for a specific travel situation, which is short break holidays by car. The research design is based on Fishbein’s multi-attribute theory and Kelly’s personal construct theory. The key finding was minimal changes in Rotorua’s perceived strengths and weaknesses, relative to four competing destinations, in the target market, over the 20 year time period. We propose the theoretical foundations of the research design, and the efficacy of the data analysis, provide DMOs with a valid and reliable means to monitor the strengths and weaknesses of their destination over time.

The Effect of Confidence Rating on a Primary Visual Task.

The current study explored the influence of confidence rating on visual acuity. We used brief exposures of the Landolt gap discrimination task, probing the primary visual ability to detect contrast. During 200 practice trials, participants in the Confidence Rating group rated their response-confidence in each trial. A second (Time Delay) group received a short break at the end of each trial, equivalent to the average rating response time of the Confidence Rating group. The third (Standard Task) group performed the Landolt gap task in its original form. During practice, the Confidence Rating group developed an efficient monitoring ability indicated by a significant correlation between accuracy and confidence rating and a moderate calibration index score. Following practice, all groups performed 400 identical test trials of the standard Landolt gap task. In the test trials, the Confidence Rating group responded more accurately than the control groups, though it did not differ from them in response time for correct answers. Remarkably, the Confidence Rating group was significantly slower when making errors, compared the control groups. An interaction in learning efficiency occurred: the Confidence Rating group significantly improved its reaction times after the initial practice, as compared to both control groups. The findings demonstrate an effect of confidence rating on the formation of processing and response strategies, which granted participants significant benefits in later performance.

Staff and family views of alternative respite services for adults with intellectual disabilities – aims, outcomes and experiences

Background Respite care has traditionally been conceptualised as a short residential break which allows families a break from caring responsibilities. In recent years, alternative respite services have been developed which promote greater social integration and normalisation for people with intellectual and other disabilities. Specific aim: The present study sought to explore the views of service managers and families on the definitions, aims, outcomes and general experiences of these programmes among a sample of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) using a range of alternative respite services. Method Participants were managers of respite services for people with ID (n = 6) and family members (predominantly parents, n = 32) of adults receiving respite services from these organisations. All participants were provided with appropriate information on the study and gave consent. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore participants’ perspectives on alternative respite provision for adults with ID. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, with multiple analysts involved to allow for reflection on the interpretation of data. Findings Managers and families showed diversity in the conceptualisations of respite services, with themes highlighting the importance of the break for both people with ID and families, as well as a clear focus on the needs of and developmental outcomes for the person with ID. As such respite was viewed as both a model of service and an outcome for families and individuals with ID. These differing views appeared to have implications for views on who was the target beneficiary of respite. Discussion The present study reflects alternative respite as a diverse experience for people with ID, their family members and the service providers supporting them. Nevertheless, views were generally positive. Further consideration of the nature of respite services beyond the traditional conceptualisation is warranted.

KAMPANYE LINTAS BUDAYA UNTUK MENGURANGI TINGKAT STRES PADA MAHASISWA PARUH WAKTU DI INGGRIS

Contrary to numbers of labour markets in England, which have been increased presently, the mental health issue regarding work stress has become more threatening in the past fve years. Surprisingly, the dominant group is young ages between 18-29-years-old, particularly full-time students who have a part-time job or work. This circumstance is unfortunate, given the fact that young people are likely to be the key to drive the industry innovation forward. However, the core problem of this matter is current stress relief method that has been provided by a company or institution is probably less relevant to student’s culture and demands. In-depth research was conducted through secondary and primary studies, such as literature analysis; observation of DMU Mental Health Day event; online questionnaire of 50 DMU students; an interview with DMU Employability and Wellbeing staff; interviews with 3 DMU Britain students, and a focus group involving East Asia students. As a result, key fndings were revealed, including: 1) 40 out of 44 DMU full-time students who have part-time job felt stressed due to working; 2) what young people need the most when they were stressed was a short break; 3) East Asia cultures have certain treatments which helped students to get relaxed; 4) students showed less interest in joining stress management services provided by the University and preferred to resolve the problem individually due to the fact that students believe it was their personal. Through this study, ESCAPE15, a social campaign prototype was designed to examine the effectiveness of East Asian relief method in order to alleviate part-time student’s stres in England.

The effect of (a)synchronous music on runners’ lower leg impact loading

Running with musical accompaniment is becoming increasingly popular and several pieces of software have been developed that match the music tempo to the exerciser’s running cadence, that is, foot strikes per minute. Synchronizing music with running cadence has been shown to affect several aspects of performance output and perception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of synchronous music on runners’ foot impact loading. This represents the ground reaction force on the runner’s lower leg when the foot impacts the ground and is an important parameter for the prevention of tibial fracture injuries. Twenty-eight participants ran five times for three minutes and 30 seconds with a short break between each run. During the first 30 seconds of each running sequence, participants ran at a self-paced tempo without musical accompaniment, and running speed and cadence were measured. Subsequently, they were requested to keep their reference speed constant for the following three minutes, with the help of three monitoring screens placed along the track. During this part of the experiment, the music was either absent ( No Music), matched to the runner’s cadence ( Tempo-entrained Sync), phase-locked with foot strikes ( Phase-locked Sync), or played at a tempo 30% slower ( Minus 30%) or faster ( Plus 30%) than the initially measured running cadence. No significant differences between synchronous and asynchronous music were retrieved for impact loading. However, a non-negligible average increase of impact level could be observed for running sessions with music compared to running in silence. These findings might be especially relevant for treatment purposes, such as exercise prescription and gait retraining, and should be taken into account when designing musical (re-)training programmes.

Concerns on future fertility among users and past-users of combined oral contraceptives: a questionnaire survey

Objective: The combined oral contraceptive pill is the most preferred contraceptive method worldwide. Despite high life-time prevalence of infertility of 16–26%, scarce data about concerns of future fertility among COC users are available. We aimed to study whether COC usage induces concerns about fertility.Methods: Online questionnaire-based survey included 1283 current COC users and 1006 past users. The questionnaire covered knowledge and concerns of various aspects of fertility with respect to COC usage.Results: Significantly, more current users (66%) than past users (52%) had considered whether or not COC usage could affect future fertility (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–1.9). Nearly 50% of both groups believed COC usage could impair conception rates after discontinuation. Furthermore, 28% current vs. 19% past users believed COC could diminish the ovarian reserve more permanently. Conversely, 14% current and 11% past users believed that lack of ovulation could ‘spare’ the eggs (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.7–1.3). Significantly fewer current users (22%) vs. past users (35%) had heard, primarily by female friends, that a short break of 1–2 months during long-term COC usage was healthy, (OR 0.72, 95%CI = 0.56–0.92).Conclusions: Health care professionals prescribing hormonal contraception should be aware of misapprehensions and concerns of fertility among users of COC.