Short Bar Research Articles

‘Short Bars Crossed’ to Remodel the Entire Chest Wall in Children and Adolescents with Pectus Excavatum

BackgroundThe cross-bar technique of minimally invasive pectus excavatum (PE) correction remains underreported, which is especially true of pediatric patients. We therefore reviewed the experience of a Turkish and an Austrian center. An additional novelty characterizing both pediatric cohorts was the use of short bars. MethodsIn a retrospective study, pediatric PE corrections involving ‘short bars crossed’ were analyzed for complications and intra-/postoperative outcomes. Cases with two or three bars were included, given that a horizontal third bar was placed whenever considered useful for upper-chest elevation. All bars were fitted with a single stabilizer near the surgical entry point. In the Austrian center, intercostal nerve cryoablation was used for pain management. Descriptive statistics are presented. ResultsSeventy-eight patients ≤18 years old were evaluable at the Turkish (n = 56) and Austrian (n = 22) centers. Total median values were 16.2 (IQR: 15.1–17.4) years for age and 4.60 (IQR: 3.50–6.11) for Haller index. Ten mild or moderate complications (12.8%) were observed, including just one revision requirement due to bar migration (1.28%). Intercostal nerve cryoablation (n = 13) was associated with longer surgical procedures at 150 (IQR: 137–171) versus 80 (IQR: 60–100) minutes but with shorter hospital stays, given an IQR of 3–4 days versus 4–5 days. Conclusion‘Short bars crossed’—with a single stabilizer in a ventral position close to the surgical entry point—ensure a wide distribution of forces, protect against bar migration, are safe and effective, and offer stability at an age characterized by growth and physical activity. Level of EvidenceIV.

Identification of a new species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenoidea Gyrodactylidae) isolated from Diptychus maculatus in Yarkand River, Xinjiang, China

To investigate Gyrodactylus infection of fish in the river system of Xinjiang (China), Gyrodactylus individuals were isolated from specimens of Diptychus maculatus. Morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA locus revealed that the gyrodactylids belong to new species. Gyrodactylus diptychi n. sp. differs significantly in the morphology of the haptoral structures from 12 known species of Gyrodactylus found in fishes of the subfamily Schizothoracinae. In particular, G. diptychi n. sp. has a relatively short dorsal bar with thick and large ends, flat and straight hamuli roots, and small ventral bar processes. Furthermore, G. diptychi n. sp. is the only representative of Gyrodactylus found on D. maculatus. Using the BLASTn search of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences in GenBank and the Bayesian Information and Maximum Likelihood methods, we constructed phylogenetic trees for G. diptychi n. sp. As a result, our studies clearly identified that G. diptychi n. sp. was the first Gyrodactylus monogenean isolated from D. maculatus and a new species belonged to the subgenus Limnonephrotus.

Analytical solution for forced vibration response of rectangular thin plates attached by straight and curved acoustic black hole beams based on symplectic and impedance method

In recent years, due to the excellent vibration reduction performance of the acoustic black hole (ABH), its application in engineering has become increasingly widespread. This paper proposes an analytical method which combines the symplectic method with the impedance method, for solving the forced response of the rectangular thin plates attached by the straight and curved ABH beams. The ABH beams and plate are connected by a short bar. Firstly, the impedance method is used to obtain the dynamic stiffness of the coupling end of the ABH beam. Secondly, the symplectic method is used to obtain analytical waves of the plates. By utilizing the relationship between force and displacement at plate-beam junction, the dynamic stiffness of the plate at the coupling point can be obtained. Finally, based on wave propagation analysis, the forced vibration response of the hybrid system are obtained. The numerical examples compared the calculation results of this method with the finite element method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the forced response of the hybrid system considered in this paper. Then, the influence of the relative position between the coupling point and the excitation point on the vibration reduction effect was analyzed. This method is analytical, with accurate results and high computational efficiency.

Fortifying Slab Resilience against Touch-Off Explosions: Integration of Innovative Stud Reinforcements and Computational Analysis

Explosions, once limited to military and accidental contexts, now occur frequently due to advances in warfare, local disputes, and global conflicts. Recent incidents, like urban bombings, emphasize the urgent need for infrastructure to withstand explosions. Slabs, critical in architectural frameworks, are vulnerable to explosive forces due to their slimness, making them prime targets for sabotage. Scholars have explored various strategies to fortify slabs, including the use of advanced materials like CFRP laminates/strips, steel sheets and ultra-high-strength concrete, along with reinforcement techniques such as two-mesh and diagonal reinforcements. A novel approach introduced in current research involves integrating vertical short bars, or studs, to enhance slab resilience against touch-off explosions. The aim of this research endeavor is to assess the impact of studs and their utilization in bolstering the anti-contact-blast capabilities of a concrete slab. To achieve this goal, a specialized framework within the ABAQUS/Explicit 2020 software is employed for comprehensive analysis. Initially, a conventionally reinforced slab devoid of studs serves as the benchmark model for numerical validation, facilitating a comparative assessment of its anti-contact-blast effectiveness against the findings outlined by Zhao and colleagues in 2019. Following successful validation, six additional distinct slab models are formulated utilizing sophisticated software, incorporating studs of varying heights, namely, 15 mm and 10 mm. Each configuration encompasses three distinct welding scenarios: (i) integration with upper-layer bars, (ii) attachment to bottom-layer bars, and (iii) connection to both upper- and bottom-layer bars. The comparative merits of the slabs are evaluated and deliberated upon through the examination of diverse response parameters. The research revealed that the incorporation of studs within slabs yielded notable enhancements in blast resistance. Specifically, taller studs demonstrated exceptional resilience against deformation, cracking, and perforation, while also diminishing plastic damage energy. Particularly noteworthy was the superior performance observed in slabs with studs welded to both upper and lower layers of re-bars. This highlights the critical significance of both the integration of studs and their precise positioning in fortifying structural integrity against blast-induced loadings.

Calculations of the Radiation Dose for the Maximum Hormesis Effect

To date, the radiation-adaptive response has been reported as a low-dose-related phenomenon and has been associated with radiation hormesis. Well-known cancers are caused by non-radiation active reactants, in addition to radiation. A model of suppression for radiation-specific cancers was previously reported, but the model did not target radiation-nonspecific cancers. In this paper, we describe kinetic models of radiation-induced suppressors for general radiation non-specific cancers, estimating the dose M that induces the maximum hormesis effect while satisfying the condition that the risk is approximately proportional to a dose above NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level). The radiation hormesis effect is maximal when the rate constant for generation of a risk-reducing factor is the same as the rate constant for its decomposition. When the two rate constants are different, the dose M at which the radiation hormesis effect is maximized depends on both rate constants, but the dose M increases as the two rate constants approach each other, reaching a maximum dose. The theory proposed in this paper can only explain existing experiments with extremely short error bar lengths. This theory may lead to the discovery of unknown risk-reducing factor at low doses and the development of risk-reducing methods in the future.

Gaia DR3 data consistent with a short bar connected to a spiral arm

ABSTRACT We use numerical simulations to model Gaia DR3 data with the aim of constraining the Milky Way (MW) bar and spiral structure parameters. We show that both the morphology and the velocity field in MW-like galactic disc models are strong functions of time, changing dramatically over a few tens of Myr. This suggests that by finding a good match to the observed radial velocity field, vR(x, y), we can constrain the bar-spiral orientation. Incorporating uncertainties into our models is necessary to match the data; most importantly, a heliocentric distance uncertainty above 10–15 per cent distorts the bar’s shape and vR quadrupole pattern morphology, and decreases its apparent angle with respect to the Sun-Galactocentric line. An excellent match to the Gaia DR3 vR(x, y) field is found for a simulation with a bar length Rb ≈ 3.6 kpc. We argue that the data are consistent with an MW bar as short as ∼3 kpc, for moderate strength inner disc spiral structure (A2/A0 ≈ 0.25) or, alternatively, with a bar length up to ∼5.2 kpc, provided that spiral arms are quite weak (A2/A0 ≈ 0.1), and is most likely in the process of disconnecting from a spiral arm. We demonstrate that the bar angle and distance uncertainty can similarly affect the match between our models and the data – a smaller bar angle (20° instead of 30°) requires smaller distance uncertainty (20 per cent instead of 30 per cent) to explain the observations. Fourier components of the face-on density distribution of our models suggest that the MW does not have strong m = 1 and/or m = 3 spirals near the solar radius.

A Wire Guide for Transosseous Osteosynthesis of the Lumbar Spine in Dogs

Introduction. The transosseous osteosynthesis method is actively used both for pathologies of limb bones and for pathologies of the axial skeleton in dogs. The insertion of the fixators through the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae requires the surgeon’s skill and precision in determining the insertion point and direction. To help novice traumatologists, a wire guide has been developed to insert the wires through the structures of the lumbar spine.Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the basis of the experimental laboratory of the Ilizarov Centre (Kurgan city). As part of the state task, lateral interbody fusion was performed at the L4–L6 level with simultaneous bilateral posterior arthrodesis of the sacroiliac joint and external controlled transosseous osteosynthesis of the lumbar spine in 12 adult mongrel dogs. The insertion of wires through the lumbar vertebrae was performed using a wire guide for osteosynthesis of the spinal column, which was assembled from parts of the Ilizarov fixator. The wire guide consists of standard parts of the Ilizarov apparatus: a beam, one radius bar and nine short bars, threaded rods, bolts, flange nuts and two frame dismountable wire clamps. Next, the fixation of wires on the external supports was carried out according to the accepted method. After osteosynthesis, clinical and neurological studies were performed.Results. After the dog was placed on the operating table, the distances from the external cues to the wire insertion points were calculated according to the radiographs. Two wires were put in the fixator at the required levels and, following the technique, a wire was inserted through the structures of the lumbar vertebra using a wire guide. No iatrogenic injuries were observed when using the wire guide. Clinically, after application of the external fixation device on the lumbar spine, on the next day after surgery and thereafter, preservation of all reflexes and functions of the pelvic limbs was observed. Clinical and neurological studies have confirmed the safe insertion of wires through the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae.Discussion and Conclusion. The use of the wire guide is recommended for a novice traumatologist, proficient in the method of transosseous osteosynthesis. The wire guide allows the doctor to orientate himself when inserting the wires through the structures of the spine, in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to the spinal cord and abdominal organs.

Effects of UHPC shear key on strengthening shear performances of wet joint in prefabricated composite beams

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has excellent mechanical properties, which could be used in the connecting region between different prefabricated members to improve the continuity and integrity of prefabricated composite structures. In this paper, a novel kind of wet joint with UHPC shear key was proposed to connect different prefabricated components for assembled steel–concrete composite beams, and the effects of different parameters for UHPC shear key on strengthening shear performances of wet joints were evaluated via a series of push-out tests. Results indicated that the specimens with wet joints mainly failed and slipped in the precast and post-cast concrete interface under the longitudinal force. The application of the UHPC shear key could significantly increase the ultimate shear strength of the interface compared to the single layer of extended reinforcements, and the UHPC shear key with embedded short reinforcements could further improve the shear resistance and ductility to ensure the composite action between the precast slab and wet joint. Compared with the dual layers of extended reinforcements, the combination of the UHPC shear key and short straight steel bar presented a better performance in strength under a relatively lower slip level. In addition, the increase in width was helpful for enhancing the shear strength of the UHPC shear key, but the shear keys with the larger width might cause the failure of the precast part between two UHPC shear keys prior to the UHPC shear keys so limiting the strength development of interface, thus the reasonable design size of the shear key should be selected depending on the precast and post-cast concrete strength. Furthermore, an equation for the wet joint with UHPC shear key was proposed, which considered the proportion of effects of different factors such as the interface bonding strength, interface friction, extended reinforcement, negative bending moment, UHPC shear key and embedded short straight steel bar on the longitudinal shear behavior of UHPC wet joints.

Effect of Mg treatment and cooling rate on primary carbides in GH3128 alloy

The banded aggregation of primary carbides in GH3128 alloy severely affects the thermo-plasticity and creep life of the alloy. Therefore, the effects of Mg treatment and cooling rate on primary carbides in the alloy were investigated in a resistance furnace. To differentiate the cooling rate, after alloying, the molten alloy per heat was air-cooled and furnace-cooled, respectively. The results indicate that neither Mg treatment nor increasing cooling rate can change the composition and type of primary carbides. However, as the Mg content increases from 0 to 0.0130%, the primary carbides are gradually dispersed and reduced in size and increased in number due to the refinement of dendrite structures by Mg treatment. Meanwhile, the irregular skeleton-like primary carbides are interrupted into relatively regular blocks and short bars. Compared with the furnace-cooled samples, the primary carbides in the air-cooled samples are finer in size because the refinement of dendrite structures inhibits the remote diffusion of carbide-forming elements. However, the rapid nucleation of primary carbides in the air-cooled samples results in an increase in their number. Consequently, compared with the furnace-cooled sample without Mg addition, the size of primary carbides in the air-cooled sample with 0.0130%Mg addition is reduced by about 76%, while the number of primary carbides is increased by 6.3 times.

Sparse-View Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction by Bar-by-Bar Neural FDK Algorithm

ABSTRACT The Feldkamp, Davis and Kress algorithm is a computationally efficient reconstruction method for three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography. However, it suffers from severe artefacts when the number of projections is insufficient. Although recent deep learning–based methods have succeeded in reconstructing such sparse-view projections, it is still challenging to reconstruct a large 3D volume efficiently because of heavy memory consumption and difficulty in obtaining sufficient training data. Therefore, we propose a deep learning method to overcome these drawbacks. Our method consecutively reconstructs short bars in 3D CT volume using the intensities of pixels on the moving trajectory projected on the detector of these bars. Then, we feed such pixel intensities into a neural network and train it to simulate the filtering and back-projection processes of the FDK algorithm. Since the reconstruction volume is separated into bars, the neural network can be used with only a small amount of memory. Furthermore, the network can be trained sufficiently with only a few training samples because plenty of bar data can be extracted even from a single CT image. We experimentally demonstrate that our approach works efficiently for both simulated and actual sparse-view CBCT data using training data extracted from only a single CT image.

Compressive behaviour and prediction model for short and slender FRP-confined GFRP bars

Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite bars can be used as internal reinforcement for concrete structures built in harsh environmental and service conditions. Their utilisation as longitudinal reinforcement for compression members is not widely recommended though due to the anisotropic nature of FRP, their complex failure modes, and limited research, especially for slender bars. A more recent innovation has resulted in the wrapping (confinement) of GFRP bars with FRP composites oriented in the hoop direction. These confined bars have demonstrated promising improvement in FRP bar compressive behaviour and ductility. In the current study, the experimental compressive behaviour of eighty short and slender FRP-confined GFRP bars is reported and a compressive strength model is proposed. The experimental parameters investigated are (i) wrapping layers (i.e. one, two, and three layers oriented ± 83.3° to the longitudinal axis of the bar), and (ii) slenderness ratios (i.e. 15, 30, 45, and 60). The resulting compressive load capacity and strength, stress–strain behaviour, and failure modes are then reported for each tested bar. Test results indicate that an increase in slenderness results in decreased strength. In addition, failure modes shifted from splitting to buckling of the longitudinal fibres. GFRP bars with at least two winding layers had a significantly higher compressive strength than the control GFRP bar (not including winding) and they also exhibited bi-linear stress–strain behaviour as well as ductile failure modes. A compressive strength prediction model is then developed, which is based on the modification of the Johnson-Euler buckling theory and correlates well with the experimental results. The research presented herein has the potential to contribute to the development of design guidelines for concrete compression members, such as columns, piers and piles, that are reinforced with FRP-confined GFRP bars.

Study of repair welding on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joints of SUS304 and Q345B steel

In this study, the influence of repair welding on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of SUS304-Q345B dissimilar metal active gas arc (MAG) welding plates was investigated via optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), hardness, tensile, fatigue, intergranular corrosion, and electrochemical tests, in which the zero (R0), primary (R1), and secondary repair welding (R2) were performed by MAG welding. The results showed that, after repair welding, the δ-ferrite morphology in the weld evolved from a continuous dendritic shape to a dispersed worm-like structure and the bar ferrite in the heat-affected zone of SUS304 (HAZSUS304) evolved into short bar ferrite. The grain size of the weld was reduced due to the remelting caused by repair welding. The hardness of the weld increased first and then decreased which was related to the decrease of δ-ferrite morphology and grain size of weld. In the tensile test, all specimens were fractured at Q345B base material (BMQ345B), which revealed that repair welding had little effect on the tensile properties. The fatigue limit strength of R1 didn't reduce significantly, while the fracture position of R2 transferred from the SUS304 base material (BMSUS304) to the fusion line of SUS304 (FLSUS304). The corrosion resistance of R1 weld possessed the best corrosion resistance owing to the finer grain size and better δ-ferrite morphology. The results indicated that repair welding was feasible for the repair and reuse of welded joints, and it was of great importance in engineering applications of welded plates.

Impact of ethanol shock on the structural change and emulsifying capacity of bovine lactoferrin

The current study was focused on the structural change and emulsifying property of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) shocked by diverse ethanol levels (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75%, v/v). The fraction of β-sheet conformation was around 38.0% and dominated the bLF secondary structural component with the ethanol level from 0% to 75% (v/v). Both Try and Trp residues were involved in the interaction between bLF and ethanol. Hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonds played crucial roles in the associations between bLF and ethanol molecules. Morphological observation revealed that the individual microstructures of bLF shocked by different levels of ethanol were irregular nanoparticles, worm-like structures, and short bars. The result of emulsifying capacity suggested that the bLF emulsion was stable at the ethanol level of 45% (v/v). Interfacial tensions were significantly decreased from 17.28 ± 0.27 to 1.78 ± 0.05 mN/m for single aqueous ethanol solutions, and from 13.58 ± 0.41 to 0.39 ± 0.01 mN/m for the bLF-E solutions with the ethanol level from 0% to 75% (v/v). Particle size distribution results and confocal laser scanning microscopy images evidenced that ethanol molecules were adsorbed at the oil-water interface, and bLF molecules escaped from the interface with the ethanol levels from 0% to 60% (v/v). As the level of ethanol was increased from 0% to 60% (v/v), the bLF surface load was significantly decreased from 98.44 ± 0.81 to 0.06 ± 0.06 mg/m 2 . The findings facilitated an understanding of the impacts of the structural variation of bLF and the concentration alteration of ethanol as a co-emulsifier on the emulsifying capacity of bLF. • Ethanol altered the tertiary conformation of bLF and led to its local denaturation. • BLF exhibited a prominent emulsifying capacity at the ethanol level of 45% (v/v). • Ethanol and bLF synergistically reduced the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface. • The structural change of bLF was intrinsically driven to enhance its emulsifying activity. • As a co-emulsifier ethanol modulated the emulsifying capacity of bLF.

Strength and Reliability of Fabricate Zirconia by Additive Manufacturing

Zirconia's distinctive intrinsic qualities have drawn the interest of the dentistry community in medical settings. The technology of additive manufacturing (AM), which produces very little waste, has been utilized to create complex and highly accurate materials. Despite AM has a number of potential benefits for efficiently producing functional, complicated shape zirconia components, there is still a paucity of industrial importance in implementations. Objective: To evaluate the strength and reliability of zirconia manufactured using the AM technology. Methods: A 3D printer was used to create zirconia bars in both horizontal and vertical orientations. The samples' geometrical correctness, density, layer thickness, and ductility were all measured using short bars. In tests for tensile properties, long bars were utilized. Using a caliper, the lengths of three short bars were measured, and the average values were calculated. They were contrasted with the theoretical parameters using a one-sample t-test. Results: It was discovered that varied construction orientations affect dimensional correctness, translucency, and dynamic qualities. Vertical-printed zirconia is denser and translucent than horizontally-printed zirconia. Conclusions: Nonetheless, zirconia that has been printed horizontally has remarkable precision and mechanical qualities. Stress and poor adhesion between the layers of materials should be fixed.

Improvement of the mechanical properties and LBE cavitation erosion resistance of laser cladded FeCrAlTiC coating by Y2O3 addition

• Y 2 O 3 addition causes the evolution of microstructure and distribution of TiC. • Y 2 O 3 addition increases hardness and adhesive strength of the coating. • Adding Y 2 O 3 inhibits the crack of coating in the LBE cavitation erosion condition. This work proves that Y 2 O 3 addition could significantly improve the mechanical properties of laser cladded FeCrAlTiC coatings. Due to the formation of Y 2 TiO 5 and Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 after adding Y 2 O 3 , the TiC particles in coating were refined and their morphologies changed from short bar to sphere. Comparing with the coatings without Y 2 O 3 , the microhardness of the coating increased by 9.88 %, and the adhesive strength of the coating increased by 53.7 %. Moreover, the coating adding Y 2 O 3 showed much better cavitation erosion resistance in high temperature liquid Pb-Bi alloys than the coatings without Y 2 O 3 .

A slow bar in the lenticular barred galaxy NGC 4277

Aims.We characterised the properties of the bar hosted in lenticular galaxy NGC 4277, which is located behind the Virgo cluster.Methods.We measured the bar length and strength from the surface photometry obtained from the broad-band imaging of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and we derived the bar pattern speed from the stellar kinematics obtained from the integral-field spectroscopy performed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer at the Very Large Telescope. We also estimated the co-rotation radius from the circular velocity, which we constrained by correcting the stellar streaming motions for asymmetric drift, and we finally derived the bar rotation rate.Results.We found that NGC 4277 hosts a short (Rbar = 3.2−0.6+0.9kpc), weak (Sbar = 0.21 ± 0.02), and slow (ℛ = 1.8−0.3+0.5) bar and its pattern speed (Ωbar = 24.7 ± 3.4 km s−1kpc−1) is amongst the best-constrained ones ever obtained with the Tremaine–Weinberg (TW) method with relative statistical errors of ∼0.2.Conclusions.NGC 4277 is the first clear-cut case of a galaxy hosting a slow stellar bar (ℛ > 1.4 at more than a 1σconfidence level) measured with the model-independent TW method. A possible interaction with the neighbour galaxy NGC 4273 could have triggered the formation of such a slow bar and/or the bar could be slowed down due to the dynamical friction with a significant amount of dark matter within the bar region.

Study of work-hardening behavior of high manganese steel during compression

High manganese steels are well used for their excellent hardening properties. In this study, we investigate the mechanical responses of high manganese steel in a compressed condition. During compression deformation, twin crystal is first generated inside some of the grains with orientation advantage, and then all of the grains are twinned. Selective twinning on some grains leads to the formation of textural structures. When the plastic deformation is low, twins appear independently and throughout the grain. After the true strain is more than 0.5, the twins appear as many small parallel short bars. Dislocation density does not increase significantly at the beginning of plastic deformation but increases rapidly while the flow stress no longer increases. Simultaneously, the twinning and the increased density of dislocations increase hardness, with a maximum value of 630 HV at a true strain of 0.6, during plastic deformation.

The real Devario browni from the Irrawaddy River basin, and the new Devario ahlanderi from the Salween River basin in Myanmar (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae).

Specimens of Devario from a tributary to the Salween River in Myanmar initially identified as Devario browni but with a different colour pattern, were subjected to a comparative morphological analysis with syntypes and other specimens of D. browni from near its putative type locality. The Salween sample was recognised as representing a distinct species, here named Devario ahlanderi. No significant morphometric differences were found between D. ahlanderi and D. browni. The type series of Devario ahlanderi differed from D. browni and most other species of Devario in the presence of 14 vs 12 circumpeduncular scale rows. Devario ahlanderi, D. browni, and D. fangae shared subadult colour pattern. Adult D. ahlanderi differed from adult D. browni in the trunk colour pattern, consisting of rows of dark blotches or short vertical bars. In D. browni, the flank colour pattern consisted of horizontal dark stripes, the middle of which (the P stripe) frequently diverged anteriorly, enclosing a small light blotch. Specimens previously reported as D. browni from the upper Salween River basin in Yunnan differed slightly in colour pattern, and may represent a distinct species. Devario ahlanderi shared spotted colour pattern with that of one ontogenetic state in D. kysonensis, except that a row of spots marking the P-1 stripe in D. kysonensis was absent in D. ahlanderi. The minimum genetic distance between D. ahlanderi and congeneric species varied from 2.1 to 5% in the mt-coI gene.

A PROBLEM WITH NONLOCAL CONDITION FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL HYPERBOLIC EQUATION

In this paper, we study the problem with a dynamic nonlocal condition for the one-dimensional hyperbolic equation, which occurs in the study of rod vibrations. This problem may be used as a mathematical model oflongitudinal vibration in a thick short bar and illustrates a nonlocal approach to such processes. Conditions have been obtained for input data, providing unambiguous resolution of the task, proof of the existence and singularity of the problem in the space of Sobolev. The proof is based on the a priori estimates obtained in this paper, Galerkins procedure and the properties of the Sobolev spaces.

New record of the Sewing Needle Zipper Loach Paracanthocobitis linypha Singer & Page, 2015 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) from the Chindwin drainage of Manipur, India

Paracanthocobitis linypha Singer & Page, a freshwater nemacheiline zipper loach, is reported for the first time from the Lokchao River of Manipur (headwaters of Chindwin drainage), in northeastern India. The species is diagnosed in having an incomplete lateral line, flank with 10–14 thin dark bars, long bars occasionally alternating with short bars extending up to about lateral mid-line, interspaces broader than bar width. Morphometric and meristic data of the examined specimens were compared with the original description to validate the species identity.