Cost Of Shopping Research Articles

Analysis of the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced at Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop Medan

This study uses the full costing method for the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured at Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop Cost of goods manufactured against the selling price and gross profit The purpose of this study is to determine the determination of the cost of goods manufactured at Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop, to determine how much difference in the cost of goods manufactured set by the company with the cost of goods manufactured should be, and to determine the effect of the difference in the cost of goods manufactured against the selling price and gross profit. The benefits of this research are expected to benefit all parties, including for the author, for Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop and Bag! almamater. The type of research used is descriptive research. The data used is primary data. Data collection methods are by interview method observation and documentation Data analysis and analysis techniques used are qualitative analysis and comparative quantitative The results of the study show Determination of the cost of goods manufactured should menun!' general standard is to calculate the elements of the cost of goods manufactured obtained by Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop presents lower results compared to the cost of goods manufactured obtained by the author in accordance with accounting theory. The cost of production obtained by the Raihan Bakery and Cake Shop company for Bika ambon is Rp. 17,744,400, with a cost of goods per pan of Rp. 38,000, and a selling price of Rp. 45,600 while u.

Channel selection strategy: based on buy online and pick up in-store cooperation

PurposeThis paper investigates the buy online and pick up in-store cooperation (BOPSC) of online and offline retailers. Specifically, this study solves the following questions: (1) What is the impact of BOPSC on their optimal price and sales volume of products? (2) When should an online retailer and an offline retailer conduct the BOPSC strategy with each other?Design/methodology/approachThe paper first establishes two game models to explore the equilibriums of online and offline retailers in non-BOPSC and BOPSC. Then the condition for online and offline retailers to implement BOPSC strategy are determined. Furthermore, the applicability of the BOPSC strategy is enhanced by incorporating numerical analysis.FindingsThe study’s findings reveal that BOPSC strategy will not always beneficial to online and offline retailers, which depends on the total cost of online shopping and the product valuation of consumers. BOPSC strategy leads to the increase of prices and online orders, and the demand of offline retailer is eroded. Moreover, BOPS cooperation between different retailers is easier to achieve than omni-channel integration strategy. When the convenience difference between offline shopping and BOPSC pick-up is moderate, the effectiveness of BOPSC strategy can be improved.Originality/valueThis study has the following two main contributions: Firstly, the authors investigate the effects of BOPSC strategy on the prices of online and offline retailers. The study results show that the BOPSC strategy alleviates price competition and promotes a win–win situation between online retailers and offline retailers. Secondly, this paper mainly studies the cooperative behavior between online and offline retailers and reveals the optimal conditions for online and offline retailers to adopt BOPSC strategy. It can help small- and medium-sized online and offline retailers to choose suitable products for BOPSC strategy, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing profit.

The development and validation of a scale to measure perceived value of mobile commerce (MVAL-SCALE)

Mobile commerce (m-commerce) has unique characteristics that differentiate it from in-store and electronic commerce (e-commerce) in several aspects. Therefore, existing customer perceived value (CPV) scales developed for conventional business contexts may not thoroughly capture the CPV of m-commerce (M-VAL). Although a significant and increasing body of literature examined the benefits and costs of mobile shopping, extant literature revealed that no studies had operationalised all of the essential facets to measuring M-VAL. In order to address this gap, this research reported on four studies and generated a scale to encapsulate the holistic approach of M-VAL. A 25 item M-VAL scale was developed through a rigorous scale construction and validation process. The findings showed that M-VAL is a multidimensional, second order, and reflective construct consisting of three primary dimensions and nine sub-dimensions. The M-VAL dimensions are specifically derived as utilitarian value (information value, economic value, and convenience value), interaction value (interface value, visual value, gamification value, and customisation value) and credibility value (system credibility value and social credibility value). The nine sub-dimensions can be concluded as distinct from the dimensions in earlier models in various aspects and are consistent with the unique nature of m-commerce. Notably, the study developed the CPV scale especially for m-commerce, taking into account several elements that differentiated m-commerce from in-store and e-commerce.

Hump-Shaped Cross-Price Effects and the Extensive Margin in Cross-Border Shopping

This paper examines the effect of cross-border shopping on grocery demand in Norway using monthly store × category sales data from Norway’s largest grocery chain 2012–2016. The sensitivity of demand to the foreign price is hump-shaped and greatest 30–60 minutes’ driving distance from the closest foreign store. Combining continuous demand, fixed costs of cross-border shopping, and linear transport costs a la Hotelling, we show how this hump shape can arise through a combination of intensive and extensive margins of cross-border shopping. Our conclusions are further supported by novel survey evidence and cross-border traffic data. (JEL D12, F31, L11, L81)

Impact of Information Technology on Consumer Protection in the Digital Era

Online shopping is one form of non-store patronage medium and the reason customers are moving towards online shopping is that they experience a lot of conveniences. For many housewives planning time, transportation time, and transportation expenses. The present study was conducted for a comparative study of online shopping among the working and non-working women in the urban area of the Agra district. The data were analyzed by using a t-test. Samples of 50 women (25 workings + 25 non-working) were taken from Agra, City. In this study statistically, significant differences regarding online shopping for whom and cost of online shopping were observed (p<0.05) between working and non-working women. Although no significant difference in buying practices of type clothes, beneficial, to facing problems between working and non-working women at 5% level of significance.

A Comparative Study of Online Shopping Among the Working and Non-Working Women in the Urban Area of the Agra District

Online shopping is one form of non-store patronage medium and the reason customers are moving towards online shopping is that they experience a lot of conveniences. For many housewives planning time, transportation time, and transportation expenses. The present study was conducted for a comparative study of online shopping among the working and non-working women in the urban area of the Agra district. The data were analyzed by using a t-test. Samples of 50 women (25 workings + 25 non-working) were taken from Agra, City. In this study statistically, significant differences regarding online shopping for whom and cost of online shopping were observed (p<0.05) between working and non-working women. Although no significant difference in buying practices of type clothes, beneficial, to facing problems between working and non-working women at 5% level of significance.

Structural Classification Methodology and Assignment of General Shop Costs for the Industrial Company’s Production Cost

The paper describes the issues of improving the grouping and rearrangement of indirect costs of industrial companies, as well as their attribution to the production costs (works, services). Structural classification is one of the most urgent problems of accounting and calculation activities. This system involves the economically justified identification and subsequent systematization of indirect costs in the accounting information space and production management of an economic entity in the real sector of the transformation economy. The study goal is to develop a methodology that allows to reduce labor costs and improve the quality of the process. Also, it helps to raise the result of forming the production cost of an industrial company, improves the information base for making managerial decisions and economic strategies for the development of the company. The foundation of the theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the use of structural classification of costs based on dichotomous relations, observations, verification, semantic and multifactorial types of economic analysis, graphical formalization, decomposition. The author considered in detail the existing approaches to the identification of indirect production costs and the model of their inclusion in the cost price. The implementation of the proposed methodology is aimed at ensuring greater efficiency of the accounting and calculation process and awareness of management decision-makers. The study results can be used by practical and scientific workers, state bodies staff in improving regulatory documents.

Welfare Costs of Traditional Shopping

Using data on the number of visitors at the store level, this paper investigates the welfare costs of traditional shopping-trips for the U.S. census blocks. The investigation is based on an economic model, where individuals living in census blocks decide on which store to shop from based on the corresponding shopping-trip costs and idiosyncratic benefits. The implications of the model suggest that the welfare gains from removing shopping-trip costs in percentage terms can be measured for each census block as the weighted average of log distance measures between shopping stores and census blocks. The corresponding results show that the welfare gains from removing shopping-trip costs is about 4% for the average census block, with a range between 0.021% and 18% across census blocks that is further connected to their demographic or socioeconomic characteristics. Certain practical policy implications follow regarding how shopping-trip costs can be reduced to achieve higher welfare gains.

Joint Decision on Pricing and Ordering for Omnichannel BOPS Retailers: Considering Online Returns

Uncertainty in demand and high online return rates tend to generate a large inventory backlog after a hot selling season. Some well-known companies such as Burberry and H&M choose to burn these backlogs, which is very unfavorable to the sustainable development of enterprises and society. The omnichannel BOPS (Buy Online and Pickup in Store) provides consumers with a new and convenient choice of purchasing channels. Considering the probability of online return, we build expected profit models for retailers before and after opening a BOPS channel based on consumer surplus and purchase ratio via an online channel, store channel, and BOPS channel. Then, we prove the existence of optimal solutions and obtain the joint optimization decision on pricing and ordering. The results show that, under certain conditions, when the proportion of online channel buyers increases, the retailers’ optimal decision before opening a BOPS channel is to reduce the price and increase the order quantity, and the retailers’ optimal decision after opening a BOPS channel is to simultaneously reduce the price and the order quantity. Whether or not a BOPS channel is opened, when the purchase proportion of store channel increases, the optimal decision of retailers is to increase the price and order quantity at the same time. Furthermore, when the online return rate, the cost of online shopping, the inconvenient cost of the store channel, and the inconvenience of the BOPS channel relative to store channel increase, the optimal decision of retailers is to simultaneously reduce the price and order quantity. Moreover, when the maximum psychological value of the product increases, the optimal decision is to reduce the order quantity while increasing the price. In addition, the opening of a BOPS channel increases optimal price, optimal order quantity, and maximum expected profit.

Inroad into omni-channel retailing: Physical showroom deployment of an online retailer

The advent of mobile E-commerce and omni-channel consumers has powered the pure-play online retailer's expansion towards omni-channel operations. In conjunction with the online selling channel, our research explores the retailer's deployment of physical showrooms which mitigates consumer fit uncertainty. Beyond asking whether the deployment of physical showrooms can improve the retailer's profit and which assortment strategy is more profitable for the retailer, our analysis also addresses the questions of how the showroom deployment strategy impacts the product prices and the information service provision. The main findings are threefold. First, the effect of physical showroom deployment on retailer's performance is determined by the showroom feasibility. A high level of showroom feasibility (i.e., relatively low setup cost and high proportion of local consumers) is more likely to increase the profit of the retailer who establishes physical showrooms, and vice versa. Second, the profitability of different assortment strategies is closely related to consumers’ showrooming behaviors (i.e., intra-product showrooming and inter-product showrooming). Whether or not the partial assortment strategy is more profitable than the full assortment strategy is determined by the intensity of consumer inter-product showrooming (or the weight of consumers’ valuation on the common attribute of different products). Third, our findings reveal that the expected return cost of pure-online shopping is critical to the retailer's omni-channel pricing and information service decisions. Our research provides implications for online retailers on how to benefit from offline information delivery and consumer showrooming behavior.

Hobbing of Cylindrical Wheels without Coolants

This article studies dry hobbing of external cylindrical wheels by worm wheel hobs and reasons why some gear manufactures use hobbing without cutting fluids. Cutting fluids reduce frictional wear, provides temperature cooling of the tool or workpiece and helps flush away the chips from the cutting zone. But uneven cooling and different cutting conditions on the engaging and disengaging sides of a gear mesh provoke intensive wear of the teeth of the worm wheel hob, thus decreasing the life of worm hobs and increasing both the consumption of cutting tools and expenses for them. In this context, it becomes rather difficult to achieve efficiency and stability for the hobbing process. In the recent times, the cost of coolant disposal has been raised; in some cases, it accounts for 15-20% in terms of shop costs. Research was carried out under the following experimental conditions: a hobbing machine equipped with an automation system of high efficiency and with basic units of high static and dynamic stiffness; a high-accuracy worm hob from powdered metal wear-resistant high-speed steel of grade Р6М5К5; a workholding device with an elastic bush, and various cutting modes. Recommendations are given on using the multi-cycle hob-shifting strategy rather than the strategy of single-cycle shifting; and advantages gained by this technique are observed. Best cutting conditions and precision attained by dry gear-hobbing are described.

Predictors of problematic Internet use in school going adolescents of Bhavnagar, India.

Problematic Internet use (PIU) is the inability of individuals to control their Internet use, resulting in marked distress and/or functional impairment in daily life. We assessed the frequency of PIU and predictors of PIU, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), quality of sleep, quality of life and Internet-related demographic variables among school going adolescents. This was an observational, single-centered, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study of 1,312 school going adolescents studying in Grades 10, 11 and 12 in Bhavnagar, India. Every participant was assessed by a pro forma containing demographic details, questionnaires of Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) for PIU severity, SAD severity, Quality of Sleep assessment and Quality of Life assessment, respectively. The statistical analysis was done with SPSS Version 23 (IBM Corporation) using chi-square test, Student's t test and Pearson's correlation. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to find the predictors of PIU. We found frequency of PIUs as 16.7% and Internet addiction as 3.0% among school going adolescents. Participants with PIU are more likely to experience SAD ( p < .0001), poor quality of sleep ( p < .0001) and poor quality of life ( p < .0001). There is positive correlation between severity of PIU and SAD ( r = .411, p < .0001). Linear regression analysis shows PIU can be predicted by SAD, sleep quality, quality of life, English medium, male gender, total duration of Internet use, monthly cost of Internet use, education, social networking, gaming, online shopping and entertainment as purpose of Internet use. Participants with PIU are more likely to experience SAD, poor quality of sleep and poor quality of life.

Hump-Shaped Cross-Price Effects and the Extensive Margin in Cross-Border Shopping

This paper examines the effect of cross-border shopping on grocery demand in Norway using monthly store*category sales data from Norway's largest grocery chain 2011-2016. The sensitivity of demand to foreign price is hump-shaped and greatest 30-60 minutes' driving distance from the closest foreign store. Combining continuous demand, fixed costs of cross-border shopping and linear transport costs `a la Hotelling we show how this hump-shape can arise through a combination of intensive and extensive margins of cross-border shopping. Our conclusions are further supported by novel survey evidence and cross-border traffic data.

Hump-shaped Cross-price Effects and the Extensive Margin in Cross-border Shopping

This paper examines the effect of cross-border shopping on grocery demand in Norway using monthly store*category sales data from Norway's largest grocery chain 2011-2016. The sensitivity of demand to foreign price is hump-shaped and greatest 30-60 minutes' driving distance from the closest foreign store. Combining continuous demand, fixed costs of cross-border shopping and linear transport costs `a la Hotelling we show how this hump-shape can arise through a combination of intensive and extensive margins of cross-border shopping. Our conclusions are further supported by novel survey evidence and cross-border traffic data.

Optimal trade-in strategy of retailers with online and offline sales channels

Abstract Due to consumers’ online shopping habits, more and more traditional retailers are operating online sales channels for survival. Many retailers selling durable products offer trade-in service to keep regular customers. In practice, these retailers have three channel choices to offer trade-in service: only offline channel (OFC); only online channel (ONC); double channel (DBC). Thus, a retailer with double channel who plans to offer trade-in service needs to pick the optimal choice from OFC, ONC and DBC. To this end, our paper investigates the optimal product price and trade-in rebate under the three choices, respectively, and explores which choice is the best for the retailer. We find that the three channel choices have no effect on the optimal product price, and the retailer under each choice may set the largest trade-in rebate which depends on the magnitude of the consumers’ waiting psychological cost of online shopping and the unit shipping cost. Interestingly, we find that the optimal trade-in demand under DBC is not always larger than those under OFC and ONC. Moreover, no choice always benefits to replacement consumers. Most importantly, we find that if the unit shipping cost is relatively small, OFC is the best choice for the retailer; and if the unit shipping cost is relatively medium, DBC is the best choice; otherwise, ONC is the best choice.

Multiproduct Search and Retail Pricing: Some Empirical Results

The existence of fixed costs of shopping (or search) and consumers' tendency to shop for multiple products induces multiproduct retailers to price otherwise independent products with consideration for one another. Theoretical papers have provided insight into how multiproduct retailers price their products in such an environment. We herein empirically test theories on multiproduct pricing, focusing on Lal and Matutes (1994), Chen and Ray (2012) and Rhodes (2015). Using supermarket scanner data, we provide evidence supporting the exploitive cross-subsidization proposed by Chen and Ray (2012). We also find the effect of economies of scale in search on firms' pricing behavior characterized by Rhodes (2015).

Omnichannel Retail Operations with Buy-Online-and-Pick-up-in-Store

Many retailers have recently started to offer customers the option to buy online and pick up in store (BOPS). We study the impact of the BOPS initiative on store operations. We build a stylized model where a retailer operates both online and offline channels. Customers strategically make channel choices. The BOPS option affects customer choice in two ways: by providing real-time information about inventory availability and by reducing the hassle cost of shopping. We obtain three findings. First, not all products are well suited for in-store pickup; specifically, it may not be profitable to implement BOPS on products that sell well in stores. Second, BOPS enables retailers to reach new customers, but for existing customers, the shift from online fulfillment to store fulfillment may decrease profit margins when the latter is less cost effective. Finally, in a decentralized retail system where store and online channels are managed separately, BOPS revenue can be shared across channels to alleviate incentive conflicts; it is rarely efficient to allocate all the revenue to a single channel. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Features of additive technologies implementation in aerospace equipment production

Additive technologies (AT) are effective when processing relatively small batches of products, when high costs of materials is compensated by lowering fixed costs which are related to the use of traditional technologies. Aerospace equipment production is characterized, as a rule, within single and serial (small and medium series) types of production, which is why additive technologies will be in high demand in this field of engineering production. There is a necessary condition, regarding the widespread implementation and spreading of new technologies. It is its technical and economic efficiency. This article provides specific information on the comparative characteristics of classic and additive technologies of the common purpose and some pros and cons of these technologies. The main disadvantage of layer-by-layer synthesis of complexly shaped products is a relatively long duration of machine processing, resulting in high production costs, depreciation of equipment, and calculation of net costs. It is also noted that the feasibility study of AT use leads to reducing the number of workers and costs for maintaining on-site life safety. Also the usage of AT will lead to the reduction of shop and factory overhead costs due to cheaper logistics. In the field of aerospace engineering the major and promising direction of work in the field of additive manufacturing is to improve the technologies and equipment for the synthesis of products of ceramic and composite materials.

Partisanship and tax competition in the American states

AbstractExisting research identifies partisan differences in taxing choices made by state governments. Research has also found that, even when controlling for intrastate characteristics such as party, jurisdictions respond to the taxing decisions of their neighbours, particularly when citizens can easily cross-border shop. These studies treat political and competitive factors as independent influences on taxes. We suggest they are more likely to interact in taxing decisions. We argue that the political costs of cross-border shopping are higher for Republicans, and the threat of it should have a greater negative impact on taxes when that party controls major state policy-making institutions. Our analyses of state cigarette taxes between 1980 and 2011 confirm that a higher threat of cross-border shopping has a larger negative impact on taxes under Republican governors. We conclude that, by missing the interaction between partisanship and the threat of fiscal mobility, previous work misestimates key influences on tax competition.

The effect of online reviews on e-tailers’ pricing in a dual-channel market with competition

As opinion-rich information produced by consumers, online reviews function as both informants and recommenders. They are rather influential on the purchasing intention of potential consumers. But how to fix price for maximal profits on basis of online reviews remains a true challenge for online-sellers. Consumers are grouped into three types according to the channel of information they refer for purchasing decisions: (1) online information only; (2) online and offline information; and (3) offline information only. Based on the grouping, we construct a review-involved pricing model by the utility theory and game theory. The model considers the competition in pricing between e-tailer and physical retailer channels, and enables measurement of relationship between pricing and online reviews. Numerical simulation is used to explore the relationship between optimized revenue and other factors such as additional cost of online shopping, number of reviews, and applause rate of reviews. The results show that applause rate always has a positive effect on the pricing and profit in e-tails, and so does the number of online reviews except the case of extremely low applause rate. It is also shown that e-tailers can improve their profit by decreasing additional cost of online shopping, though the price will be lower.